دکتر ناهید شفیعی

The objective of this study was to validate a model for diagnosing neglected curriculum aspects in the secondary education system of Tehran.

This applied research utilized a descriptive-survey methodology. The study population included all secondary school teachers in Tehran, from which a random sample of 370 teachers was selected. Data were collected using a researcher-designed questionnaire that assessed eight dimensions of literacy with reliability coefficients ranging from α = 0.93 to α = 0.96. Confirmatory factor analysis, covariance analysis, and structural equation modeling were employed to analyze the data.

The findings revealed significant correlations between causal, contextual, strategic, intervening, and consequential conditions and the neglected curriculum pathology model. These results indicate that the current secondary education curricula in Tehran require revisions and enhancements to comprehensively address the educational and developmental needs of students.

This study emphasizes the importance of revising and improving the secondary education curriculum. The results highlight the need for greater focus on neglected literacy dimensions, which can contribute to the overall quality of education and student development. It is recommended that educational policymakers use these findings to enhance current curricula and adopt innovative strategies to increase their effectiveness

The aim of the study is to design a model for the development of creativity in primary school students in Tehran. The research method is applied in terms of its objective, qualitative in terms of data type, and a systematic grounded theory (paradigmatic) approach in nature. The target population of the study includes experts in the fields of educational sciences and psychology. Using a purposive sampling method of the theoretical type and based on theoretical saturation, 15 experts were selected for interviews. The research instrument was a semi-structured interview, during which the dimensions, components, and indicators of the model for developing creativity in Tehran’s primary school students were outlined. Initially, in-depth interviews with the experts were conducted to develop the interview form. Subsequently, open coding was used to extract the indicators, which were categorized into components and indicators using axial coding. The identified components and indicators were then sent to 15 experts for further analysis through selective coding, interviews, and brainstorming sessions. Consequently, the model was finalized with 5 dimensions, 16 components, and 102 indicators for fostering creativity in primary school students. After final validation and prioritization by the experts, the dimensions, components, and structural indicators of the model were drawn and revalidated by the experts.

The present research has explored and investigated the level of attention of the elementary school curriculum to skill learning. The studied data was collected through a questionnaire based on quantitative research. The sample size consisted of 196 teachers of primary school in the 10th district of Tehran and 30 teachers. Data analysis was done through factor analysis. The results showed the level of attention of the elementary school curriculum to skill learning components (self-awareness - boldness - control of emotional and behavioral emotions - empathy - relationship with peers - cooperation - verbal component (conversation) - effective listening - honesty and truthfulness - trustworthiness - not being jealous - creative thinking - critical thinking - understanding the problem - decision making - time management - hardware and software - global internet network - environment friendly - efficient energy consumption - waste management - entrepreneurship - financial management - healthy nutrition - proper coverage - awareness of diseases) is not suitable .

The Goal of this study is to design a model of foster nurture management for primary school principals (studied in Tehran) and its orientation is developmental and practical.

The approach of this research is inductive and a qualitative method has been used to do it. Type of field research and case study method were used. The statistical population of the study were breeding experts. In the present study, 16 experts were interviewed using purposive sampling method. The resulting data were then analyzed through open, axial, and selective coding.

The results showed that the components of foster nurture management include value dimension, belief dimension, cultural dimension of facilities, physical dimension, rational dimension, emotional dimension, social dimension, political dimension, economic dimension, job dimension and dimension. It is individual and the requirements of foster care management include compliance with Iranian-Islamic culture, compliance with laws and belief systems, meritocracy, supervision, positive attitude, proper budgeting and service extension training and the consequences of foster care management including benevolence. Is sharing responsibility, communication skills, enhancing student empowerment and participatory thinking.

Therefore, according to the results of nurture management, it can be concluded that today the school is not only responsible for the transfer of information and cultural heritage, but its influence in the growth and development of the student's whole personality.

Descriptive evaluation plays an important role in the new education system. In fact, descriptive evaluation has a new look at the role of the teacher, the role of the student and the place of evaluation in the teaching-learning process. The aim of the present research was the pathology of the descriptive evaluation system and providing a suitable model in the primary education period (the case study of Alborz province).research

The research method was self-emergent in terms of the qualitative design of the foundation's data type. The statistical population of the research included (experts or experts and pathology specialists of the descriptive evaluation system in the elementary school), the sample size was determined by taking into account the law of saturation, the number of 21 people with a purposeful (informed) snowball sampling method. The data collection method was library method, and the measurement tool was semi-structured interview. In order to analyze the data, coding was used.

Based on the paradigm model of the descriptive evaluation system model in the elementary school, according to the existing damage of education in Alborz province, it has 20 main categories and 72 subcategories out of 236 open concepts, it is approved and can be used in the field of descriptive evaluation. It also showed that the central, causal, strategic, contextual, mediating and consequential categories identified in the descriptive evaluation model have high credibility and are approved by experts.

It seems that the model designed for the descriptive evaluation system in the primary period is approved with regard to the existing damages in the education of Alborz province.

The purpose of the current research is to design a research literacy curriculum model for Islamic Azad University students.

It was done using the qualitative method and based on the data theory of the foundation. In this research, the systematic approach attributed to Strauss and Corbin and paradigmatic logic were used. The scope of this research was used in the first part of all secondary sources, including texts, books, publications, related websites and existing reports, and in the second part, 18 professors and visiting professors of the field of curriculum planning in the field of research literacy were used in a targeted manner and Snowball interviews were conducted until theoretical saturation was reached. The research method was semi-structured interview and it was done according to coding. Data analysis was done in the first part with the help of secondary sources, including all texts, books and publications, in the second part, in-depth semi-structured interviews with open, central and selective coding professors.

The student research literacy curriculum model includes sixteen elements of needs assessment, goal, content, time, space, learning activity,teaching method, evaluation, materials and resources, thinking, motivation, budget, research ethics, professor's role, grouping, consequence.

The model obtained in the research literacy curriculum of students of Islamic Azad University of Tehran had the necessary validity

Abstract
The purpose of this research is to design a model for facilitating experimental sciences based on the reverse approach in elementary school. According to its purpose, the research method is a mixed exploratory research (qualitative-quantitative) based on thematic analysis and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research in the qualitative part includes 14 participants of the interview part (including experts in the field of curriculum, experts in the field of experimental sciences and teachers with high experience in elementary school) and participants in the texts content part (including documents published in reliable scientific databases in recent 5 years leading to the time of analysis and adjustment of the fourth season (2017 to 2022). The sampling method in the interview section is purposeful snowball type; and in the text section it is purposeful based on the purpose of the research. The statistical population in the quantitative section includes all primary school teachers in Khuzestan province with a sample of 193 people and was selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling method. The tool of the qualitative part is an interview, and that of the quantitative part is a questionnaire. The analysis of the qualitative part is using the theme analysis method proposed by Atride-Sterling (2001), and the quantitative part is SPSS and Amos software. The results showed that the facilitation model includes six organizing themes: objective and visual teaching, teacher activity in the reverse method, teacher-student interaction, teaching for learning, teacher motivation and ability, and active participation of families, which has a total of 31 basic themes. In the validation of the designed model, the examination of the structural model showed that the above model has a good fit.
Extended abstract
One of the important and practical lessons during education is experimental science, which is taught to students from the moment they enter school until the end of the academic year (Raisi Ardali, 2020). The purpose of teaching experimental sciences in the primary school curriculum is to educate people with scientific literacy, who must be equipped with knowledge, skills and scientific insight of behavior based on values ​​and competences, and who must understand the phenomena related to experimental sciences and are familiar with science and technology (Simsek, 2020). Reviewing the results of the Tims test, which is the most important international adaptation study in the field of teaching experimental science and mathematics in the fourth grades of primary along with eighth grades of secondary school, and is held every four years under the supervision of the International Association for the Evaluation of Academic Progress (Zianejad Shirazi et al, 2022), shows Iran's poor performance in mathematics and experimental science lessons in the fourth grade of elementary school compared to other countries (Kasyani N, Zarei, 2019). The 21st century educational systems emphasize the importance of paying attention to student-centered learning in which students participate and direct their own learning. In student-centered learning environments, students must actively participate in learning. Participation should be organized through learning activities such as discussion, problem solving, and peer learning. These types of activities are known in a new method called the reverse learning method or the reverse class (Kazu, 2020). But despite the fact that in recent years, the reverse learning method has been proposed as an alternative model of education to improve students' knowledge and skills, interaction and self-efficacy in learning; mostly this method has been neglected in the field of teaching experimental sciences (Ahmed & Indurkhya, 2020).
Reverse learning is a type of blended learning that reverses traditional perceptions of pre-class and in-class activities. This teaching method gives students the opportunity to have more control over their learning. However, teachers should check whether students' activities in the classroom lead to more pre-learning or not (Nuhoglu Kibar, 2020). Based on this, the current research is looking for an answer to this question: What is the pattern of facilitating experimental sciences based on the reverse approach in the elementary school?
Theoretical Framework
Reverse learning
Reverse learning is an approach that has aroused the interest of researchers and educators today. Reverse learning, as the name suggests, is exactly the reverse of the traditional teaching method. If we want, this learning style can be summed up in one sentence: doing school work at home and doing homework at school. It is an educational model in which students learn educational content at home through online or offline educational videos, and the teacher in the classroom solves the problems and answers the students' questions and talks with them (Khorshidi & Ghaidi, F, 2022).
Aybirdi & Atasoy sal (2023) investigated the effect of reverse learning on the achievements of L2 learners. They showed that reverse learning had significant effects on students' scientific achievements compared to the traditional method.
Dong (2021) in a research entitled the effectiveness of the flipped classroom in collaborative learning showed that the flipped classroom was effective in improving academic performance and promoting higher level thinking abilities, such as critical thinking and self-recognition and evaluation.
Research According to its purpose, the research method is a mixed exploratory research (qualitative-quantitative) based on thematic analysis and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research in the qualitative part includes 14 participants of the interview part (including experts in the field of curriculum, experts in the field of experimental sciences and teachers with high experience in elementary school) and participants in the content part of the texts (including documents published in reliable scientific databases in last 5 years lead to the time of analysis and adjustment of the fourth chapter (2017 to 2022). The sampling method in the interview section is purposeful snowball type; and in the texts section it is purposeful based on the purpose of the research. Statistical society in the quantitative part includes all primary school teachers in Khuzestan province with a sample of 193 people, which were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling method. The tool of qualitative part is interview, and of quantitative part is questionnaire.
Research To analyze the qualitative part, the method proposed by Atride-Sterling (2001) was used through the theme analysis method; and SPSS and Amos software were used to analyze the quantitative part. The results showed that the facilitation model includes six organizing themes: objective and visual teaching, teacher activity in the reverse method, teacher-student interaction, teaching for learning, teacher motivation and ability, and active participation of families; which has a total of 31 basic themes. In the validation of the designed model, the examination of the structural model showed that the above model has a good fit.
The current research was conducted with the aim of designing a model for facilitating experimental sciences based on the reverse approach in elementary school. The results of this research are in agreement with the results of Aybirdi & Atasoy sal (2023), Dong (2021), Sahebyar et al, (2021), Jafarkhani et al, (2020), Tajari & Bayani (2019), Niro & Hajian (2020), Smallhorn (2017). Based on the study of Jafarkhani et al, (2020), the implementation of the reverse learning method has a positive effect on the learning and motivation of multi-grade students and helps the multi-grade teacher in the learning process and classroom management. Erkan & Duran (2023) in the context of the fourth elementary science lesson show that basic activities using reverse teaching have a positive effect on students' scientific creativity and their basic activity; and with this method, most students find the activities useful, structured and entertaining.
According to the results of the research, the following suggestions are presented:It is necessary for educational systems in different educational levels, especially in the primary period, to use a creative reverse approach and use the opportunities and facilities of educational films and videos, internet spaces, and educational podcasts. In this regard, teachers should provide elementary students with new subjects of experimental sciences in the form of video, podcast or audio recording, and ask them to observe and take notes and bring them to class as homework.

Experimental science is one of the most important fields of learning, and it means the ability and capacity to use scientific knowledge, to raise scientific questions and extract answers, and the results based on experimental evidence, to understand and understand the natural world, and to help make correct decisions about its facts. It is against the changes made by human activity. On the one hand, the primary science curriculum tries to introduce students to scientific fields and provide conditions for further study and learning in the future and at higher levels, and on the other hand, by informing students and teaching them ways of thinking, it prepares them for living in a society. prepare scientifically (Zarghampour et al 2014). In the meantime, learning in the classroom in a reversed manner is a reliable method that facilitates the work of teaching and learning in the educational system (Otero-Saborido 2018). The reverse learning method is one of the student-oriented methods (Goudarzi, Nikyar & Arjomandi 2019). In flipped learning classes, educational programs are integrated; and students collect the content to be learned from multiple scientific sources and bring it to the classroom. Several researches show that the reverse learning method is more efficient than the traditional method (Al Mulhim 2021, Dong 2021, Gholami, Zare & Fallah 2023; Dobakhti, Zahrabi & Masoudi 2023, Samiee Zafarghandi & Abdi Navideh, 2022). Considering that the reform and restoration of the educational system due to the development of technology and new methods requires a change in the traditional teaching method, it seems that the reverse learning method can be a suitable solution for such educational changes to improve the learning and teaching environment, therefore The purpose of the present research was to design the role model of the learner based on the reverse learning approach in the experimental science course of the elementary school.

 The current research was a mixed exploratory (qualitative-quantitative) research method. In the qualitative part, the thematic analysis method was used to answer the research questions and model design, and in the quantitative part, structural equation modeling was used to check the fit of the model. In the theme analysis, Attride-Stirling (2001) suggested method was used. In the process of analysis, primary codes related to the reverse approach in experimental science education were extracted from the texts (interview texts and selected articles), the data were summarized and consolidated by examining repeated cases, and the basic themes were formed. In the following, the organizing themes were determined by combining and summarizing the basic themes, and then the overarching themes (curriculum elements in the reverse approach) were determined. To check the validity of the results, Cohen's kappa coefficient was checked. In the qualitative part, the participants in the research were in two parts: the participants of the interview part (including experts in the field of curriculum, specialists in the field of educational sciences, and teachers with high experience in elementary school) and the participants of the content part of the texts (including the documents published in reliable scientific databases in The last 5 years leading to the time of analysis and adjustment of the fourth chapter (2017 to 2022 AD). In the sampling of the interview section, the purposeful sampling method of the snowball type was used. The number of samples reached saturation with 14 people. In the sampling of the texts section, the purposeful sampling method was used. was used based on the purpose of the research. In the quantitative part, the statistical population included all primary school teachers in Khoozestan province with a sample of 186 people, which were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Also, the content validity of the model presented by 6 experts and experts was checked. To check the validity of the data collected in the qualitative part, the Laushe coefficient was used. Finally, Amos software was used to draw the pattern and determine the contribution of the factors.

The results showed that the learner element (overarching theme) includes four organizing themes of learner self-determination (basic themes: 1) active learning, 2) creative learning, 3) responsible learning, 4) continuous learning, 5) self-enthusiasm for learning), learner participation in class Reverse (basic topics: 1) academic involvement in reverse processes, 2) responsibility to implement the reverse method, 3) repetition and practice of reverse learning activities, 4) use of learning strategies, 5) implementation of research activities in the classroom, personalization of learning (topics) Basic: 1) self-directed learning, 2) questioning for learning, 3) time planning, 4) learning process management), and cooperation in group activities (basic topics: 1) carrying out class learning activities, 2) purposefulness in learning activities, 3) Performing group activities were 4) research-learning group, 5) formation of classroom learning group, 6) interactive cooperation of group members) which had 20 basic themes in total. Regarding the fit of the final model of the learner element, the values obtained for the GFI index were equal to 0.852 and the IFI and CFI indices were above 0.9. Also, the value of RMSEA was equal to 0.05 and the PCLOSC index showed no significance with the value of 0.363. In total, the values obtained in the study of the structural model of the learner element indicated the optimal fit of the model.

 Therefore, the learning element is one of the main elements identified for the reverse approach in elementary experimental sciences, and by implementing the reverse approach in elementary experimental science classrooms, students can be helped to thoughtfully follow the learning and laboratory processes.

The aim of the current research was to identify the factors affecting the quality of educational activities in schools using a mixed research method and a mixed exploratory design in two qualitative and quantitative stages. In the first stage, by examining the theoretical foundations and researches conducted regarding the factors affecting breeding activities; Using the qualitative method and theoretical sampling, 16 experts in the breeding field were interviewed individually. During the three stages of qualitative data coding, the factors affecting educational activities in schools were obtained through theme analysis. In the next step, a research questionnaire was designed based on the findings from the qualitative research stage as well as theoretical foundations, and the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the professors and the reliability of the questionnaire was also confirmed through Cronbach's alpha of 92. Was obtained. Then, using the stratified random sampling method, 289 elementary school teachers in Tehran were selected and the mentioned model was tested through structural equation modeling method and using pls software. The results of the findings showed that the factors affecting the quality of educational activities in schools include value dimension, belief dimension, cultural dimension of facilities, physical dimension, intellectual dimension, emotional dimension, social dimension, political dimension, economic dimension, occupational dimension and internal dimension. It is individual and the requirements of educational activities include compliance with Iranian-Islamic culture, compliance with laws and belief systems, meritocracy, supervision, positive attitude, appropriate budgeting and in-service training and the consequences of educational activities including benevolence, sharing responsibility, communication skills, improving student ability and collaborative thinking.

 Curriculum plays an important role in the success of educational systems. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the dimensions and components of the heutagogical curriculum of the secondary high school.

The present study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was qualitative from type of exploratory. The population of this research was articles related to the research field in the years 2019 to 2023 and experts familiar with the research field and having PhD degrees in the fields of curriculum planning and educational psychology, which numbered of 9 articles and 6 experts were selected according to the principle of theoretical saturation and with targeted and snowball sampling methods. The data was collected by taking notes from articles and semi-structured interviews with experts, which whose content validity was calculated by 5 experts 0.995 and its reliability was calculated by Cohen's kappa coefficient 0.979, and to analyze the data were used from thematic analysis.

The findings from taking notes from articles and semi-structured interviews with experts showed that for the heutagogical curriculum of the secondary high school in the comprehensive theme of the flexibility were identified 8 basic themes in 3 organizing themes including the flexibility in goals, flexibility in programs and flexibility in management, in the comprehensive theme of the goal were identified 8 basic themes in 2 organizing themes including the heutagogical goal setting platform and comprehensiveness in goal setting, in the comprehensive theme of the content were identified 16 basic themes in 4 organizing themes including the extent of, content production, applied content and skill content, in the comprehensive theme of the learner were identified 15 basic themes in the 4 organizing themes including the self-determining recipient, creative cooperative, learner agency and internal motivation, in the comprehensive theme of the facilitation were identified 24 basic themes in 5 organizing themes including the heutagogical class, heutagogical teachers skills, authentic teaching, creating opportunities for students and teaching of heutagogical skills, in the comprehensive theme of educational technology were identified 12 basic themes in 3 organizing themes including the technological class, technological educational tools and social networks, in the comprehensive theme of thinking were identified 8 basic themes in 3 organizing themes including the systemic thinking, critical thinking and group thinking and in the comprehensive theme of evaluation were identified 19 basic themes in 4 organizing themes including the heutagogical assessment, teacher's role in assessment, student's role in assessment and choice in assessment.

According to the identified themes from taking notes from articles and semi-structured interviews with experts for the heutagogical curriculum of the secondary high school, to improve the heutagogical curriculum must prepare the ground for the realization of the identified themes.

The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying the content of the research literacy curriculum of university students with a qualitative approach and grounded theory method.

The participants were 18 faculty members and guests of the curriculum planning department. Sampling has been done purposefully. The data collection tool in the qualitative part was semi-structured interview. In the research method, open, central and selective coding has been used. Analysis of the qualitative research data has been done using Strauss and Corbin's three-step coding approach. The process of emergence of findings has been going back and forth between data, primary concepts and primary categories.

The analysis of the findings showed that three main categories (selective code), eight subcategories (central code) and 30 open concepts (open code) were extracted in the content of the curriculum.

Also, in the content of the curriculum, it is necessary to pay attention to the categories of communication and logical coherence in the content, adaptation of the content to the prerequisites and previous learning experiences of the students, compatibility of the content with developments and coordination of the content with the speed and educational time allocated by the university.

This research has been done with the aim of investigating the level of attention of the educational system to the identification of superior talents in the elementary school. In terms of the purpose of this research, it is among applied research and its design was descriptive-survey. The statistical population included 373 primary school teachers in Tehran. Qualitative sampling was clustered and stratified. The research tool was a questionnaire. One-sample t-test was used to analyze the research data. The results of the research showed the level of attention paid by the primary education system to identifying superior talents in 21 components (observing students' intellectual and behavioral habits; preparing behavioral checklists for students; organizing friendly and pressure-free competitions between students; performing talent tests; intelligence logical and mathematical; physical and motor intelligence; verbal intelligence; naturalistic intelligence; musical intelligence; individual (social) intelligence; visual (spatial) intelligence; learning abilities; interests and hobbies of students; personality traits; employing professional teachers; raising the quality level of the program curriculum; supplementary and extracurricular education; guidance and counseling system; periodic meetings; building trust between home and school; empowering parents) are not appropriate.

In this research, the state of academic guidance of students of the first year of secondary education in Tehran has been investigated. The statistical population of the research was made up of teachers of the first year of secondary education in Tehran with a sample size of 363 people. The research tool was a questionnaire with 83 items on a 5-point Likert scale. Data analysis was done through one-group t-test. The results showed the current state of academic guidance of the students of the first year of secondary education in Tehran regarding the components of intelligence and talent. Student's motivation, interest, desire and spirit. Abilities and skills. Giving comprehensive information to parents. family economy. Cultural and social background of parents. The existence of expert teachers. Professional commitment of teachers in correct guidance. Continuous training of teachers. Desirable counseling and psychological services. Using an expert in the field of educational guidance planning. Improving the level of knowledge and qualification of educational guides. Conducting intelligence and aptitude tests. Student's academic records. Providing advice and online tests. Considering the needs of the country. Student guidance without coercion. It is not appropriate to pay attention to the labor market.

The purpose of the current research was to identify the pathology of the neglected curriculum and design a suitable model for it in the second period of high school studied in Tehran.

The present research was applied in terms of its purpose and qualitative research method - data theory method of the foundation. The statistical population includes professors in the field of curriculum planning in the country and the purposeful sampling method was carried out to the extent of data saturation (19 people). The research tool was a semi-structured interview. Data analysis was done based on open coding system, central coding and selective coding.

In general, the results showed that the pathological conditions of neglected curricula included 8 choice codes: 1. Social literacy, 2. Artistic literacy, 3. Life literacy, 4. Employment literacy, 5. Technology literacy, 6. Financial literacy, 7. Nutritional literacy, and 8. Bio-environmental literacy.

the intervention conditions of the neglected curriculum include two optional codes: 1. the validity of the approved curriculum content, and 2. the centrality of decision-making; the strategic conditions include two optional codes: 1. the use of learning cycles of neglected concepts, and 2. resilience learning neglected concepts; Background conditions include two optional codes: 1. Delegation of authority and 2. Analysis of the position of concepts; Consequence conditions include three optional codes: 1. Development of cognitive perception, 2. Development of emotional perception, and 3. Development of psychomotor perception

Aggression and anxiety are important factors for future risk such as delinquency in children and, based on research, children in child laborers have high levels of aggression and anxiety. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness oof group reality therapy on aggression and anxiety in child laborers. This experimental study was conducted with a pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population of this study included all the child laborers of cultural-support center Koosha Tehran city in year 2019. In this study 30 child laborers were considered as the sample size in two experimental groups (15 childern) and control (15 childern). The experimental group underwent 12 sessions analysis group reality therapy 60 minutes and While the control group received no intervention and remained in the waiting list. To collect data Eysenck aggression inventory (1975) and Beck anxiety inventory (1988). Data analysis was performed using multivariate analysis of covariance. The results showed that analysis group reality therapy significantly on aggression and anxiety in child laborers. Therefore, it can be concluded that the group reality therapy used in this study can improve the emotional (aggression and anxiety). Based on the results, it is recommended that to use group reality therapy along with other training methods for reduce aggression and improve anxiety in child laborers.

Complexity understanding and systemic thinking deals with learning dynamism, the ability to understand the situation, the relations and interactions between phenomena and to adapt with different ideas even the opposing ones. Systemic thinking gives the people a special insght to adapt themselves with the complex world in which they live. It helps them to face the problems with sharpness. To acquire the skills of systemic thinking in universities can provide the foundations to grow systemic thinking and to understand the complexities of the community. In order to guide the academic orientation toward conplexsities' understanding and curriculum fulfilment is necessary in today's universities because by this, the leaners will be able to understand the relations between different field and will understand the complex relations between different phenomena. The study aims to construct and validation a queationaire for Individual Systemic Thinking (IST). This is a descriptive and test making research. The population was the whole undergraduate students in Shahid Chamran University who studies in the school year 2016. The sampling method was multistage cluster random and involved 450 students. To design the questionnaire, first the scientific texts were investigated and the experts were interviewed, then the main factors of individual systemic thinking were selected. Consulting with a team of three experts led to 158 items. These 158 Items were analyzed in different stages and finally the quesationaire with 54 item was designed. In analyzing data, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, concurrent criterion validity and internal consistency were used. Findings show that IST is psychometrically reliable to assess the different dimensions of individual systemic thinking among university students. It can be used as a tool to assess and recognize the students’ status in terms of IST. The five factors which were identified in the research are the main dimendions of systemic thinking and this is consistent whih the different researches done in this field. Individual systemic thinking deals with the ability to understand non-linear relations reciprocal relations of social-environmental, on time evaluations and decision making, and dynamic behavior in students. Regarding the findings of this reserach and other growing researches about Individual systemic thinking in educational systems and its necessities in the community, the curriculum developers of universities should prioritize the systemic thinking and teach it to students. So it is recommended that the methodology of systemic thinking skills be taught to students and be strengthend and the opportunities be provided to fulfill the curriculum which expand individual systemic thinking for professors. The professors should design the curriculum in a way that empowers the ndividual systemic thinking for Students and equip them with this ability.

This study aimed to construct and norm a questionnaire for Tendency to Lifelong Learning.

In this study, multistage cluster random sampling method was used. The data was collected in two phases, that is, 538 undergraduate students in state Universities, such as Tehran University, Shahid Beheshti University, Shahid Chamran University, and Allameh Tabataba’ee completed the TLL in the school year 1395-96. The Construct validity of the questionnaire was calculated using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis.

Based on the results of exploratory factor analysis, three factors were extracted. According to the theoretical basis, factors were named as “Planning for learning”, “Understanding and guidance of learning”, and “Gratification of authority learning experience”. The reliability was calculated using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. The questionnaire reliability was 0.83 in the scale, and, it was 0.73, 0.74, 0.69 in the subscales respectively.

TLL is psychometrically reliable to assess the different dimensions of Tendency to lifelong learning among university students. It can be also used in experimental studies to investigate the interventions on Tendency to lifelong learning.

Abstract The purpose of this study was determining the causal relationship between the perception of constructivist learning environment and individual systematic thinking with a tendency to lifelong learning, mediated by intrinsic motivation. The participants include 450 undergraduate students at Shahid Chamran University that were studying in year of 1994-95 and selected by multi-stage random sampling method. The instruments used included questionnaires "tendency to lifelong learning", "perception of constructivist learning environment", "individual systematic thinking" and "intrinsic motivation". To evaluate of proposed model was performed Structural Equation Analysis Method (SEM) and was utilized to test the indirect relations of Macro Prechere and Hayes program. The evaluation of the proposed model of the study showed good and acceptable fit of the model. The direct effect of variables from the perception of constructivist learning environment, individual systematic thinking, and intrinsic motivation with the tendency lifelong learning was significant to positive. The direct effect of the perception of constructivist learning environment and individual systematic thinking with positive intrinsic motivation was significant to positive. The indirect effect of perception of the constructivist learning environment and individual systematic thinking on the tendency to lifelong learning, through intrinsic motivation was confirmed.

This study compares the effect of early and late interventions on social development in students with hearing loss.

It is descriptive-comparative research. The statistical population involved 178 students with hearing loss. To select the sample, random method was used. To collect the data, an author-made questionnaire and a standard questionnaire (Grisham) were used. There was referral to the students’ medical and rehabilitation records. The research hypotheses were analyzed by independent T Test.

The results showed that the age of hearing loss diagnosis and the age of speech therapy has a significant relationship with students’ social development.

There is a significant relationship between early intervention and social development in children with hearing loss.