دکتر محسن رفیعیان

Innovation is very important in strengthening transregional networks. Innovative regional networks can establish strong connections with extra-regional networks by using the approaches of connecting rural areas. The unexpected situation around which this research was formed is that in the area of Semirom city, despite the many possibilities that exist for the formation of a regional innovative network, this region has not been able to form any network around regional innovation, including the network Achieve social innovation. The purpose of this research is to examine the challenges of social innovation networks with the approach of linking rural areas with trans-regional networks, the main question is that the key challenges are the barriers to the creation of innovative social networks as well as companies. What are social? This article intends to investigate the challenges of innovative rural networks by analyzing the qualitative content based on semi-structured interviews with experts in this field. The qualitative research method is exploratory based on semi-structured interviews with local officials and experts of regional planning and rural development. In data analysis, research findings were presented using the qualitative content analysis of the interviews, using the MAXQDA software. The results indicate that the rural areas of Semirom have infrastructural, managerial and economic weaknesses and the lack of participation of the people in the development of the village is also one of the important challenges, which is due to the distrust of the people towards the local officials and also the tribalism in this region. Regions have been created. In the rural areas of Semirom, it is possible to develop and create innovative social networks by using agricultural extension engineering companies that operate under the supervision of Jihad Keshavarzi, because they have a mechanism close to the social companies examined in theoretical foundations.

The dynamic and rapid growth of urbanization and, as a result, the physical changes in cities have led to many challenges and problems. Physical development is manifested in varied forms, ranging from scattered to dense and intelligent. Each form of development has its advantages and disadvantages. Accordingly, without proper planning and consideration of the existing context, unmanaged city growth can cause direct and indirect harm to the urban environment, with citizens and resources being the primary victims and potential future heritage. Iranian cities have also contributed to this global experience based on many variables, such as demographic, social, and economic movements. In the meantime, the historical city of Yazd, as a precious legacy of its predecessors, has experienced a coherent and sustainable form of development by relying on creativity and initiative. The physical structure has been transformed into different types in the last few decades. Continuing this situation not only disrupts the city’s physical cohesion but also exacerbates the economic, social, and legal issues. Therefore, the present research seeks to answer whether the findings of different models in the analysis of the physical development pattern in Yazd City yield a unified result or deviate from one another.

The current research is an applied research in terms of purpose and adopts a descriptive-analytical approach. The data and information required for analysis in the research have been collected through bibliographic and field studies. Aligned with the research objectives, the study employs quantitative analytical models, namely Shannon entropy, Heldren, Moran’s coefficient, and a comparison of filled and empty urban land. Additionally, multi-time satellite images have been incorporated to analyze the data and investigate the physical development pattern of the city.

In this research, various quantitative analytical models such as Shannon’s entropy (2006-2021), Heldren’s (1996-2016), Moran’s coefficient (2006-2016), comparison of full and empty urban land (1398) and multi-temporal satellite images in the period 1990-2000-2013 and 2021 have been used to study the physical development pattern of the city. The results of the study of the city’s physical development using multi-temporal satellite images in 1990-2000-2013-2021 indicate a 71.46% growth of the city during these 31 years. Contrasting Shannon’s entropy model between 1385 and 1400 reveals the city’s dispersed growth over the 15-year period. In accordance with Heldron’s model, using 1345 as the starting point and 2016 as the endpoint, it is observed that 59% of the overall physical development or city size increase is attributed to population growth, while the remaining 41% is linked to the scattered development of the city. The findings from the comparison of Moran’s coefficient in 2006 and 2016 indicate a shift in the spatial distribution pattern of Yazd city’s population density, transitioning from a random pattern to a scattered one. Additionally, when evaluating the ratio of dense tissue area to the total city size in Yazd (coefficient 0.015), the comparison reveals that the growth rate of the city area corresponds proportionally to the growth rate of the population during the specified period.

The results of all these methods indicate that the city of Yazd experiences scattered and unbalanced physical development. According to the results of the study, Yazd City is located in an area where the town’s per capita services and facilities are high, with a large volume of services that can serve twice its population. Examining the results, it becomes evident that in Yazd City, the speed of inactive urban levels increases in favor of the active groups as one moves from the central area to the surrounding regions. These functional levels not only exhibit significant potential for internal development but also present a viable option to prevent the sprawling expansion of the city.

Metropolises are evaluated with different indicators, but the indicators used in the rating systems are not indigenous and have never been looked from Islamic point of view. It seems that the Islamic approach can be a suitable basis for ranking cities. This research was developed with the aim of searching for a theoretical model explaining the ranking of cities from the perspective of Iranian-Islamic thought and seeking answers to questions such as what is the conceptual model explaining city ranking from the perspective of the Iranian-Islamic city.For this purpose, researchers have used various quantitative and qualitative methods such as interviews, questionnaires, qualitative analysis and secondary data analysis. In order to verify the model, structured and semi-structured interviews and Max Kyuda software were used. The community of experts and professionals includes 25 philosophers and specialists in the field of Islamic urban planning.Two categories of factors can be identified in the conceptual model of urban ranking, horizontal and vertical factors.The first category are the factors that create the biological and spatial quality of people in every context and are used in conventional ranking indices.Meanwhile, the second part, i.e. the vertical factors, have secondary, valuable and implicit content and include rating indicators corresponding to the Iranian-Islamic thought. These factors are like warp and weft that can turn the city rating indexing device into a tent. It seems that the horizontal factors determine the explicit and universal content, and the vertical factors based on the framework of thought have a greater contribution to the implicit and value judgments of the ranking indicators. It provides an inference model of horizontal and vertical factors shaping the conceptual model of urban ranking. According to this model, the components of faith, perfection and happiness and the journey to God along with remembrance, attention and worship are among the vertical factors of the superiority of one city or biological complex over another.Originating from vertical factors, five pillars of Iranian Muslim citizen (intellectual-ideological aspect and subsistence aspect), citizen interactions, city interactions and city context can be identified.The results indicate the effectiveness of the tent model on the pillars and components and indicators of urban ranking. The first pillar; the intellectual-ideological aspect of the Iranian Muslim citizen includes 2 categories (reminding and awareness, explanation jihad, spirituality and ethics, and scientific jihad), the second pillar; the livelihood of Iranian Muslim citizens includes 3 categories (salary, productivity and economic prosperity, health and lifestyle), the third pillar; citizen interactions with each other include 4 categories (nation solidarity and socio-political interactions, Islamic justice and governance, identity and dignity, family dignity and privacy, and the general level of satisfaction of citizens with the city), the fourth pillar; city interactions (interaction with others, Iranian Muslims in the national and international arena) including 2 categories (national and international relations and tourism and independence and synergy with other metropolises) and the fifth pillar; the bed of the city (the city, the arena of excellence of citizens) includes 5 categories (accessibility, naturalism, habitation, public spaces and resilience)

Gardens and agricultural lands play a significant role in the life of cities; So that urban planners adopt different methods to preserve these lands. One of the efficient methods is the "transfer of development rights" method. The problem of the research is the unexpected conditions that indicate the lack of use, feasibility and application of new ideas such as the transfer of development rights despite their availability and why this method has not found a suitable place in the literature of urban management in Iran. Therefore, the aim is to provide an answer for how to use the approach of transferring the development rights of gardens and agricultural lands in Torgahbeh city, as well as to identify areas prone to receive development rights based on effective parameters. In terms of the method, the purpose of the research is descriptive and its results are applied in the study sample. The method used in this research was in the section of gathering information and compiling the theoretical bases of documents, and then using the AHP method and obtaining the opinions of experts, the weights of the indicators were calculated and the desired findings were obtained; Then the results have been analyzed using ARC GIS software and its analytical plugins. The results indicate that in the sending areas of the indicators of the annual harvest of all types of basic products in the city, the percentage of residents' participation and the price of agricultural land have the highest value compared to other indicators for selecting areas. Also, among the indicators of receiving regions, infrastructure indicators such as water, electricity and gas are the most important, and besides them, the profit-to-cost ratio and land price are also important, and they should be taken into account when choosing and carrying out the development right transfer program.

Iran's border areas are considered to be among the most valuable lands in the Middle East. The social and economic life of border areas is directly affected by the connection with international borders. The existence of sea and land borders of Sistan and Baluchistan has led to the development of these areas, led to regional development in the province, and increased interactions with the countries of the region. Sistan-Baluchistan has been facing security challenges in the border areas for years; but now that security is prevailing in the borders, the concern and problem of the present research is the lack of recognition and utilization of effective drivers in the border area of the province, which has been created in line with the security and one-dimensional view of the border areas and causes poverty, underdevelopment, and regional inequalities. For this reason, the current research has used the futurology approach with the aim of analyzing the driver’s effectiveness on development and how they affect the future of the border areas of Sistan and Baluchistan. The research method is qualitative exploratory analysis type. The library method has been used to collect data. In order to analyze the data, the method of mutual effects was used by Mikmak software. The results show that border investment security, sanctions, management style, the role of academic forces in the development of borders, the existence of a railway network on both sides of the border, the level of literacy, the fight against human trafficking and goods smuggling, and local human resources are the drivers with the highest level of influence in the development of border areas that should be taken into consideration in the provincial development plans.

Globalization process and rapid urban expansion have affected the historical fabrics causing forgetfulness and physical-functional worn-out fabrics. Therefore, the present study aims to identify drivers affecting the sustainable development of the world heritage area of Yazd City and investigate how these factors affect each other. Hence, this is applied research in terms of objective and an analytical-exploratory study in terms of method. Data were collected through the documentary-survey method. Moreover, the variables identified through brainstorming, literature review, studied upstream documents, field reviews, and interviews with experts were integrated, scrutinized, and then vague options were removed. Finally, 23 factors were introduced as the sustainable development drivers of the world heritage of Yazd in sociocultural, economic, physical-functional, and managerial-organizational scopes. Ultimately, the identified 23 factors were evaluated using the Delphi technique based on the opinions of 15 experts and elites through the MICMAC Software. The results of variables’ dispersion in influence and dependence diagrams through MICMAC Software indicated system stability. In the end, 10 key factors were identified with the strongest influence scores and 10 key factors with the strongest dependence. In terms of direct and indirect influence and dependence, seven key factors were identified as future development drivers for the historical fabric of Yazd. Managerial policies, social security, and well-being, rules, and regulations, incentive policies, tourism services' status, investment rate, public and private sector, diverse job opportunities, coordination between organizations, awareness level, urban management specialty, and upstream plans were respectively the most strategic factors for sustainable development of the historical fabric of Yazd.

Mining activities have flourished globally since the beginning of the 21st century. Therefore, it has a major share in the economies of many countries, especially underdeveloped countries and their regions. The mining sector has its effects on the entire economy of a country or region in terms of employment, value added, foreign investment, taxes and the production of new materials for use in the production of products. Contrary to popular belief, mineral-rich economies have advantages over less prosperous countries, but for a variety of reasons, the abundance of resources does not necessarily lead to economic prosperity. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze empirically between the mining sector of Yazd province with the industry, agriculture and services of this province using the time series technique and by examination whether there is evidence of positive or negative overflow from the mine to other sectors, to be able to help the previous literature as well. This study uses the vector autoregression model and Granger causality to experimentally investigate the relationship between the mining sector and other economic sectors in Yazd province.

Although Yazd province has economic benefits as a result of existing mining activities, this does not mean a significant reduction in poverty or sustainable growth. This suggests that people living in the communities around the mines may not benefit from the mining activities. For this reason, in these regions, there is a concern that the extracted natural resources will be a wasteful asset and will create a degraded and damaged environment after the completion of the extraction projects. Thus, since the 1980s, numerous studies have challenged the view that natural resources are a blessing to less developed countries. The resource curse hypothesis suggests that economic growth in many mineral and natural resource countries is low or negative over long periods of time.

The method used in the research is analytical-descriptive. In the other hand, in order to apply the theory proposed in the theoretical foundations of the research with the existing reality of Yazd province, as a case study, causal relationships between variables were examined by Granger causality test and also using econometric methods.

The findings of this study according to the Granger causality test show that there is a dynamic interaction between the mining, industry and agriculture sectors in the economy of Yazd province. Thus, the findings of the Granger causality test show that changes in the mining sector cause or introduce changes in both industry and agriculture. From these findings, it can be concluded that the mining sector of Yazd province in recent years has been able to cause changes in the growth rate of industry and agriculture in this province. Findings of the impulse response function show that the agricultural, service and industrial sectors in Yazd province react positively to shocks from the mining sector in changes in growth rates but in the long run and according to the findings of the impulse response function, these effects lose their effect over time.  

According to the findings of this research in the long run, due to what the curse of resources has been expressed, the mining sector in Yazd province can not be the cause for the economic development of this province. For economic development in Yazd province, it is necessary that all economic sectors in the province, especially the economic sector of mining as a subject of research can cause positive shocks in other sectors in the long run, but what the findings of this study indicate in the long run for the mining sector of Yazd province, the opposite has been shown. In the other hand, according to the experimental results of the present study, the findings of analysis of variance showed that the studied sectors in the economy of Yazd province in the long run explain a significant share of each sector and are involved in each other's growth rate, so it can be said that in regional development, development cannot be achieved by relying on one sector. In addition, it is necessary to create a mechanism that allows the exploitation and addition of value to mineral resources, because this sector can be used as an incentive for economic growth and development.

Tourism activity greatly affects the economies of different countries and in this regard, it is important to identify the factors affecting tourism development. In the present study, due to the potential that the golden triangle of tourism in Isfahan, Fars and Yazd has for tourism development, it has been selected as a case study to identify the key indicators affecting its tourism development with a future research approach.

Methodology/approach: 

The present study is an applied research that has been done by using library studies, interviews and questionnaires with experts and professionals familiar with the topics of tourism and futures research and with the help of Micmac software. For this purpose, first 33 primary factors affecting tourism development were identified using library studies and interviews with experts, and then by forming a matrix of cross-effects and using the opinions of respondents and using Micmac software, the key drivers affecting tourism development were identified. Respondents were purposefully selected and theoretical saturation was formed in sample "14".

The research findings indicate that 11 factors are "macro government policies", "interaction of institutions", "provincial management style", "specialized management", "branding and motivation of travel", "natural attractions", "historical monuments and cultural heritage" "Handicrafts and Indigenous", "Tourism Culture", "Transportation Infrastructure" and "Tourism Infrastructure and Services" are the key drivers of tourism development in the three golden triangle of tourism.

The result of the research indicates that the mentioned drivers can be divided into two categories: "organizational and managerial" and "branding" and planning to develop and improve their performance can make a significant contribution to the development of tourism in these three provinces.

Originality/value:

 Considering the memorandum of understanding of the tourism golden triangle project between the provinces of Isfahan, Fars and Yazd and the lack of investigation of the drivers effective on the tourism development of these three provinces in the previous researches, in this respect, the current research is innovative which has been authenticated by interviewing experts related to the subject.

Today's turbulent world has various ideas in the field of governance, which are all rooted in positivist thinking, and sees development and perfection only in providing material and worldly needs, which basically come from the wisdom and beliefs of the Renaissance era and especially the industrial revolution in Europe.At the same time, the religion of Islam, with an all-round view, offers governance with a concept that goes beyond the western materialistic vision, which is based on the "worship-oriented" macro theory, which is the basis of human creation, and in all matters, according to the "superior existence". It makes sense. A paradigm that includes the inner and deep connections of a person as well as the values ​​of his social life, which ultimately leads to the upper world, which is the main perfection of a person. A model that has the capacity to lead the inclusion of citizens to a higher existence.Now, this research is based on that; Considering the high capacity of the Islamic governance model, in the first step, the indicators of this model were identified from previous scientific studies and documents, and then, using it, the urban management system of Iran, which demands this type of governance, was measured, and finally, if The existence of deviation from this Islamic vision opens the way to identify its obstacles in future researches. The results of the research according to the single-sample T-test in the SPSS software environment indicate that the general view of the respondents towards the performance of the urban management system of Iran is unfavorable with regard to the indicators of Islamic governance and the average deviation of all extracted indicators is negative and indicates weakness, deviation and sometimes Departing from the trajectory of this divine vision is in the field of Iranian urban management.It is worth mentioning that, so far, most of the researches carried out in the field of Islamic management have only identified and extracted indicators; And evaluating the state of the Islamic management system in the country is the missing link in such researches. Therefore, it is recommended according to the obtained results; In order to reduce these deviations and return to this monotheistic thought, future researches sought to identify the obstacles and limitations of establishing and implementing this type of governance in the subject under study.

Statement Problem: 

The discourse model of participatory design is proposed in the world as a solution for the redesign of urban contexts. Extensive destructions in the historical contexts of Iran are due to the lack of implementation of the urban design discourse.

This research explores the pattern of discourse creation in participatory design with the approach of citizenship education in the historical context of Kazerun.

The qualitative research approach was coded by categorizing the clusters of the participating community and snowball sampling into 3 open, axial and selective categories, then it was interpreted with the content analysis technique.

The categories extracted from the interviews were included in 7 axial factors and in 2 selective reasons, including residents' ignorance and incorrect urban management.

Considering the effective factors in the citizens' ignorance (lack of understanding of the characteristics of the context, social and economic factors), the urban designer as a facilitator, at the beginning with the aim of making the participants aware of the historical context and creating a context for central participation, provided citizenship education then with preliminary education Urban design helps to turn the proposal into the ideas of the participants. Then moderates the ideas and codifies them in the form of integrated and comprehensive policies and helps the city management to communicate the implementation policies of participatory urban design and solve the problems caused by incorrect policies in the field of urban management, economic, design and security.

It has been years since innovation was first introduced as a driver of economic development. In addition, after a decade of attention to the regional innovation system policies in the Yazd province, this approach has not shown any positive effect on the development of the province. Thus, this study set out to provide a suitable model for the regional innovation system development in Iran following the investigation of the Yazd province as a case study. To this end, this study used the exploratory factor analysis and relative importance index to identify and analyze the key factors effective on the development of regional innovation system. The findings obtained from the opinions of experts and actors of this field showed that the three factors of human resources; the Science and Technology Park; and growth, innovation, and creativity centers in Yazd Province have the highest importance among all studied factors. This reveals the concentration of finances, policies, and projects on these factors and ignorance of other factors. In the light of the importance and the designated priorities, the factors of innovation system in Yazd province were classified into five groups. These included human and social resources, innovation infrastructure, innovation processes, business dynamics, and endogenous development. It can be concluded that so far, the concentration has been on the elementary stage of regional innovation system model – which essentially functions as the input for the system – and the innovation system in Yazd province is in its early stages. Accordingly to the obtained model of the study, the regional innovation system development in Yazd province needs concentration on the three groups of factors, i.e., innovation processes, business dynamism, and endogenous development.

The choice of cities for life, tourism, education, and investment depends on their perceived images, and the process of creating a positive image of a city is called urban branding. Urban branding is one of the most important factors in the development of the tourism industry. In Iran, this issue has received less attention despite the high potentials of many cities for branding (Dinnie, 2013, p. 16). Therefore, the purpose of this article was to examine the various aspects of this issue in order to provide a model to facilitate urban branding in the development of tourism.

A brand is a concept designed to develop a product (Chan et al., 2021, p. 331), and involves two definition categories. In the first category, a brand is defined as a set of related assets and liabilities and a brand name (Gómez et al., 2018, p. 191). In the second category, it is defined as a collection of perceptions that are there in people’s minds (Hildreth, 2012, p. 4). The brand of a city, like that of a product, is an external signal that evokes emotions, increases awareness, and influences behaviors (Gómez et al., 2018, p. 191), but it may be more complex because of ownership, stakeholder participation, and brand development (Herget et al., 2015, p. 120; Yang et al., 2018, p. 1).

Since official branding plans are not very common in Iran, and no official branding plan was developed in the city of Yazd, a qualitative method has been used in the present study along with the grounded theory. For this purpose, the first group was selected for in-depth semi-structured interviews, which included professionals in urban management, tourism, and academics, based on criteria such as familiarity with the concepts of branding and tourism and with the city of Yazd and availability and preparedness for cooperation. The next groups were introduced for interview by the same group. Sampling continued until no more new idea was created, and the research achieved theoretical saturation and adequacy. It should be noted that the twelfth sample achieved partial saturation, but the research process continued until the fourteenth.

Many studies concerning urban branding and tourism indicate that urban branding has a positive effect on tourism prosperity–including (Feyzi et al., 2020; Herget et al., 2015; Jojic, 2018; Mousavi et al., 2017; Shutaieva et al., 2020). The present research was conducted to facilitate branding in Yazd based on the results of these studies and in line with some others–including (Ghanbari et al., 2021; Hankinson, 2007; Menvariyan et al., 2013; Mohammadifar, 2018; Setiadi et al., 2021)which have sought to provide strategies and present a model for further prosperity of tourism through creation or enhancement of branding. Thus, it can be effective in the creation or enhancement of urban branding and monitoring of its proper implementation besides formation of a special working group on branding or establishment of a destination management organization to adopt strategies such as attracting the participation of public institutions in development and implementation of branding plans, training managers and employees to better implement branding projects, holding international celebrations and events for brand development, and developing the tourism infrastructure. This will also have positive consequences from various economic, social, environmental, physical, and urban management aspects.

- The five groups of citizens, tourists, students, investors, and urban management are the stakeholders who benefit in the short term and in the long term from urban branding if the city is properly branded. Therefore, different cities in the world need to adopt appropriate branding and competition strategies to attract the above stakeholders for life, tourism, education, and investment.- Despite their high potentials for branding, many cities in Iran do not have urban branding administrators, and the tourism sector is even spread in organizations such as municipalities, directorates for cultural heritage, and chambers of commerce. A destination management organization must be established to enhance integrated urban management, and its branches in different cities must undertake to create or enhance an urban brand and monitor its continuity.- In urban branding, it is important to consider the distinctive, competitive identity of the city, so it is necessary to manage several brands that are sometimes developed unofficially and unilaterally in different cities (as in Yazd), as brand confusion in cities indicates a lack of coordination between different organizations, and creates challenges that outweigh its benefits.

Registration of a city in the list of the World Heritage provides an unparalleled opportunity for the development of that city. Parallel with this opportunity, there are also some challenges in the field of land use that, if not thought over properly, can lead to adverse effects and destruction of valuable world heritage. In this regard, the present study tries to futurize the land uses in Yazd through formulating and analyzing the  scenarios of land use change and pave the way for their world registration. The research method is analytical based on the scenario technique using the Mick Mac software and wizard scenario. The results show that among the 69 factors identified in eight fields of social, economic, cultural, environmental, spatial / physical, political, accessability, and functional areas, 14 variables can be considered as the most important driving factors of the land use change in the field of  world heritage registration  of Yazd. Among these factors, the existing capacities of land has the most impact on land use change and after that conservation, rules and regulations, access to services, population, distribution of functions, outreach plans, employment in the service sector, quantitative and qualitative status of tourism services, land value, water resources, security, access to the road network, and participation have had the greatest direct impact. The atmospheres which the impact of these drivers will have on  the future of land use in the world heritage area are classified into three scenarios of conservation, development, and decline.  The first scenario as the selected one, considering the principles of conservation and suggestions of the superordinate plan and observing the laws and regulations, will improve the other factors and bring a good future for the world heritage registration.

Analyzing the shape and form of the city is one of the first steps in the process of Urban design and planning. The Method of this paper is a visual survey research method with the experience of "Spreiregen" (1965). In this particular method that consist of  review historical period, type of shape, texture and grain of form, form factors, urban elements, symbols and signs, skyline, identity, orientation, a pattern of access. The results indicate that the city of Yazd has 4 main districts that are different in shape and form. Several factors have been involved in their differentiation. These four districtions are: Area A: this distriction is heritage site registerde in UNESCO list. it includes the texture left in the city of Yazd from the pre-Islamic period to the Qajar period. Range B This district is more historically related to the Pahlavi period and the 70s and 80s. It has two subsets B1 and B2. The growth of the city in the Pahlavi period and its date change has been studied as B1 and the growth of the city in the 60s and 70s under the heading B2 has been studied. Zone C includes development related to Mehr-housing projects, and district D includes sprawl development that does not meet the requirements of the last decade. The formal and shape features of these areas have been visual survey in the paper.

Natural disasters, which are part of the process of human life, are a major challenge for the sustainable developmentof human societies. Consequently, the prevailing view of focusing on merely reducing vulnerabilityhas shifted to increasing resilience to disasters. Resilience is defined as “the amount of destruction and loss that asystem can absorb without going out of equilibrium” and “the ability of a system to self-organize in different conditions”.This research was conducted with the aim of identifying the vulnerability of urban spaces in Zargandehneighborhood of Tehran and adopting strategies for resilience of vulnerable spaces. This research is applied andusing the quantitative research method and descriptive-analytic approach, are extracting the indicators of physicalresilience and measuring them in the scope of the study. in order to finalize the indicators, a questionnaire ofurban science experts, and to prioritize them of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) has been used. The resultsof the evaluation show that the texture and urban spaces of the central and eastern parts of the region are morevulnerable than other areas due to deterioration, Low width streets, access problems and high population density.Finally, it seems that taking measures to reduce the weakness of physical systems in urban spaces, as well as theeducation and making culture in the local community in the face with natural disasters, can be taken to promoteresilience.

In tourism planning, it is important to consider how the tourist is traveling to or back from the target location. What is important in making and completing tourism routes, is the orders or arrangements made for tourist arrivals, that here is called ‘arrival hierarchy’. These routes are considered at various levels: (a) Entering the city/sites through the urban entrance routes such as the passenger terminals, airports and stations; (b) Passing through the urban routes and reaching at the accommodation/resorts; and finally (c) Visiting the tourist attractions of target destinations. The tourism studies have mostly focused on the third aspect of this travel arrangement, and less attention has paid to the first two items. Considering the historical context of Yazd city on the World Heritage List and having quite a lot of tourist attractions, many plans and programs have been proposed for tourism prosperity, while less attention has been paid to plans that focusing on the necessity of tourist arrivals, and the following evaluation of existing traveling routs and their key factors.Therefore, the aim of this paper is to identify and analyze the possible arrangements/hierarchy make for tourist arrival in historical city of Yazd. The main research question arises here is that, what arrangements have been made for tourist arrival in city of Yazd? And what key factors do effect on this? To answer these questions this study used a qualitative and descriptive, applied research method. First of all, the results show that the entry of tourists using road transport’ is not appropriate compared to the rail and air transport, that is all because of lacking clear and defined urban boundaries. On the other hand, on road transport, the entry of ‘mental and intuitive’ receptions are stronger than rail and air transport, while, the ‘physical entry’ is the same in all three categories. The tourist routes are not only confined to the network of attractions, and two other important components related to it are, ‘The [urban] entrance points and the connecting routs of these entrances to the tourist resorts. In other words, in a city like Yazd, which has drawn the attraction of many tourists by registering its own ‘historical texture’ on the UNESCO World Heritage List, the mere presence of significant attractions, historical context and appropriate tourism facilities are not enough, but rather, a network of arranged-based tourism routes or briefly ‘Arrival Hierarchy’ plays an important role in tourism industry.

Analysis on Meaning Quality of Urban Public Places, with Special Focus on Yazd, Iran

The discussion below can be read as a call for more rigorous and transparent explication of philosophical commitments and implications of one’s chosen methodological standpoint.Physical structure, function and perception is led to place. Place by imagination and memory is defied. Nowadays, urban public spaces are in the lack of meaning they cannot perfectly be percepted by citizens. The purpose of this research is proposing, effective indicators in perception of citizens in urban public places. Meaning quality of urban public places is a big concern. Various indices shape meaning quality of urban public places. Some indices have more roles in perception quality and some of them less. Finding these indices could help planners and designers to improve meaning quality from the perspective of citizens.

Studied area The studied area is Yazd city in Iran country. So, Yazd province is located in the center of the country, and its center is city of Yazd. This city have about 582682 population. The city of Yazd is the economic and administrative capital of the province and therefore the most heavily populated. Yazd is one of the best Iranian Architecture samples. It is one of the major and historical cities in the world and this city is preparing a historic texture portfolio to register in UNESCO. This research done on Yazd Materials and methods The aim of research is, introducing indices in perception the quality of urban public places in the view of Yazd (Iran) citizens. So, the research method is "descriptive- analytical". Also, survey analysis method was used. At first, the literature was reviewed due to proposed indicators. In order to analyzing indicators the sample size is 384. So, the questionnaire was used. On the other hand, T-test and Friedman test (Non Parametric Test, K Related Samples), in SPSS, used to analysis data.

a. Proposed indicators Based on research method, at first scientific studies has been reviewed. So, indicators have been concluded from some ideas such as: Lynch (1981), Violich (1983), Bentli (2005), Coleman (1987), Alen Jacobs & Appelyard (1998), South worth, (1989), Greene(1992), Haughton & Hunter (1994), Punter & Carmona (1997), Carmona (2003), Also, National and international institutions such as PPS, theoretical issues about the quality and the quality of the survey have developed during the past few decades. Table 1 shows, the components of urban space quality in scientific ideas. According to this table twenty two indexes select for analysis in the semi Delfi process. These twenty tow indexes are: Eco-friendly form, Visual compatibility, Visual character, Accessibility, Walk- ability, Environment for all, Social reaction, Variety land use, Customizable, Efficiency, Happiness, Richness, Friendly, According to past values or historical, Eligibility, Learning, Personalization, Security, Sense of time, Culturally, Meanings, manifestations and spiritual themes, Permeability.Table 1: components of urban space quality in scientific ideas

b. Descriptive findingsIn terms of gender structure about half of the respondents were male and half of them were female. Also, more than half of them were single and others were married. The average age of the subjects was 34 years. In terms of education, about 40 percent of respondents had a master's degree and 30 percent of participation had bachelor degree. The birthplace of half respondents in this study is Yazd city and others were born in other cities. The participants were residing in Yazd city.

c. Analytical findingsMeasuring the perception of residents (In terms of divided squares)The participants were asked to express their judgments about the quality of urban public places in order to evaluate the effect of the 22 indicators on the perception of respondents and their judgment about the meaning quality. Answers were analyzed using one-sample t-test and the results are presented in

Table2

Table 2: analyzed indicators The values more than 3 for each indicator represent significant effect on the quality of judgment in the perception of citizens. According to this analysis, these indicators i.e., variety of land use, Social interactions, Sense of time, The environment for all, Welcoming and friendly, Culturally, efficiency have average above 3 and have been effective to understand the meaning of place quality in Yazd city. The results showed that other indicators are not effective on respondents' perception of the quality squares.Respondent’s prioritization of the meaning quality indicesAchieving to the importance of each indicator in shaping the perceptual quality of the squares was important result of this study that will be used in the future by others. To prioritize the respondents' perception of meaning quality indicators, Friedman test was used. Table 3 shows the results of this analysis.Table 3.The results of Friedman testThe results of Friedman test confirms that there are significant difference between twenty tow indicator’s impacts on meaning quality of spaces perception. It should be noted that the most important indicator in the formation of meaning quality are Environment for all, accessibility and efficiency.Conclusion Analyzing the meaning quality of urban public spaces by means of quantitative methods and experimental models is an approach that is used to identify the overall level of quality. Meanwhile, access to reliable results, close to reality, can be used to planning and decision-making around proceeding strategy and physical, non-physical intervention on public places. This study was done based on using these approaches of measuring environmental quality. This paper indicate that among the indices for all 22 indicators, three indicators (Environment for all, accessibility and efficiency) have the most effect on percept meaning quality. Amir Chaqmaq square has the best quality between Yazd squares. According to past values or historical was the main index in meaning quality of Amir Chaqmaq square.

Housing as a human need is introduced as a complex category and it has diverse dimensions, but nowadays, the limited resources of the government and rapid increasing of demand for housing does not provide housing for all members of society. Hence, the framework of national development goals, especially the prioritized economic and social goals specifies the housing share of low-income groups.The largest government's plan to provide housing, “Mehr Housing” considers paying attention to the determining role of the land price in housing prices and the action to eliminate this variable, controlling the price of housing in this way, and facilitating access of vulnerable people to suitable housing, but it has ignored a set of key issues. The main objective of this paper is to analyze and determine their causes and impacts on residential satisfaction in Ghorghi housing projects.This research applies an analytical-descriptive method and data collection tools are documentary and field studies through completion of the questionnaire and interviews. Also, Regression analysis were used. The results show that  Ghorghi Mehr Housing has not reached transferring stage yet despite the time and money spent. It has many problems which had been very effective on the contacts satisfaction. The results of the survey show that residential satisfaction variables, changing gender explain a greater impact on residential satisfaction

For achieving goals such as visual beauty, spatial harmony, proper functioning, the positive environmental and psychological effects in planning, requires the use of a consistent, coherent, meaningful and beautiful element of color. The present paper attempts to provide solutions for the preparation and development of color matching conventions according to the climate, culture and neighborhood identity. In this research, for the purpose of achieving the desired objective using the Lenclos method for analyzing the existing colors and using the Kil hong Matrix, we introduce rules and guidelines for planning the correct use of color in the urban landscape. Also in ordertoclarify the subject and present a practical example, the neighborhood of Khalaja has been selected as acase study area and the role of color in its urban landscape has been analyzed.The research method inthis paper is descriptive-analytic and field studies. The statistical population in this researchincludes200 residents of the neighborhood and the passersby. A questionnaire was distributed about thecolor status of the neighborhood and the extraction of mental images between people. The analysis results from the incorrect recognition of the color element and the combination and incorrect use of colored elements alongside each other. Due to lack of appropriate harmonic coloration, Khalaja has a kind of visual contamination, which can be arranged in terms of coherence, functional and aesthetic coordination. The results of this study indicate that appropriate colors should be defined according to the climatic conditions of the place, international standards and cultural features, historical.

Security and sense of secure as the basic needs of citizens are very important. Urban studies for explain criteria of good environment consider security as one of the quality of life indexes with many theories that support it. Secure urban spaces can supply high calmness، relationship and social activity that can led to satisfaction as a cognitive aspect of quality of life. In this paper after reviewing literature in three dimensions: “perception”، “activity”، “form” that shape urban land scape. Main criteria for measuring sense of security have introduced، those are “sense of place”، “identity”، “interpretative”، “significant image and clarify”، “general perception and visual pleasure”، “form and morphology”. theoretical literature of this research consider “experimental” research Method، and survey analysis by means of “data collecting” from «questionnaire» will be done. Also Data analyzing based on quantitative measure relationship between sense of security and urban land scape have done with hierarchical multiple regression method. Factor analysis and Cronbach''s Alfa method had been used to measure questioner Validity and reliability. Results show that all three levels in the measurement model have a significant relationship (p <0. 05) about case study (Evine neighborhood). Results also show that sense of secure have significant delta with mean (3). It means most of citizens have feel low sense of secure in Evine neighborhood.

The latest theories of inter productive development emphasizes on the necessity of inner city regeneration. The urban structures are basically categorized into valuable and invaluable ones. The latest general restoration approach based on the contemporary theories is to rely on the existing heritage of valuable the urban decay and to integrate the economics and culture to create a sustainable regeneration in historical context through their performance in the city structure. Tourism approach is one of the most common approaches in urban planning. The current article discusses the creative development alongside the tourism approach. Therefore Public Archaeology at the Thaddeus Stevens and Lydia Hamilton Smith Site in Lancaster and Clark Waterfront are discussed as case studies to conclusion for achieving the creative development and defining some of its principals. Hypothesis: Urban decay regeneration can promote the environmental qualities, community outreach and tourism through a creative development.

Inner city renovation attitudes has been increased last decades، this growing attitudes make planners pay attention to best comprehensive approaches، one of this is organic approaches that consider all economical، social، functional، legislative and physical aspects together. Creative development as a means of this approaches also consist on combination of culture and economy explained by Florida (2002)، this concept can carry in heritage sites with tourism consideration، it means that creative development with tourism approaches can led to renovation. But the question is that “Is the potential of deferent parcels or zones in one district the same for development?” this theses focus on identifying suitable zones for creative development with tourism approach in heritage sites with SZCD model، that measure factors، criteria and indexes of creative development with tourism approaches by using AHP methods.