abdolreza kazemi

Exercise training is employed as a practical method to combat muscle atrophy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) conducted before and after hindlimb suspension (HLS) on the gene expression of MSTN and ActRIIB in the skeletal muscle of male Wistar rats.

Thirty-two male rats, aged four to six months, were randomly divided into four groups (N=8 each): (1) control, (2) training-suspension-retraining, (3) non-training-suspension-retraining, and (4) training-suspension-non-training. The HIIT duration was five weeks, while the HLS lasted for two weeks. Gene expression levels were assessed using RT-PCR.

A significant decrease in the expression of MSTN and ActRIIB was observed in the soleus muscle of the group (2) compared to the other groups (p<0.05). There was also a notable reduction in MSTN expression in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle among the experimental groups relative to the control group (p<0.05), with the group (2) showing a greater effect than the others. Additionally, a significant decline in ActRIIB expression in the EDL muscle of the group (2) was noted compared to the other groups (p<0.05). The group (3) also exhibited a significant decrease in ActRIIB expression in the EDL muscle compared to the control group (p<0.05).

The findings of this study suggest that the training-retraining approach (with HIIT) is particularly effective in mitigating muscle atrophy induced by HLS. These results highlight the HIIT training model as a highly efficient treatment method for preventing and reducing atrophy in rodent skeletal muscle.

Long-term inactivity significantly affects the structure and function of skeletal muscles. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of retraining programs with resistance training on the changes of AKT, PDK1, and PIP3 genes involved in protein synthesis and breakdown after a period of inactivity in the plantaris muscle of male rats.

In this experimental study, 30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four suspension, retraining, non-training, and training groups. The training program was four weeks and three sessions per week. The animals had to climb a vertical ladder with weights attached to their tails. After 48 hours from the last training session, the mice were anesthetized, and the soleus muscle was extracted.  The expression of the desired genes was measured using the Real-Time PCR method. Data analysis and differences between groups were analyzed using Lone's parametric tests, independent t, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's post hoc test at a significant level P ˂ 0.05.

The expression of AKT, PDK1, and PIP3 genes in the plantaris muscle of male rats in the retraining group has a significant difference compared to other groups (P = 0.027, P = 0.0001, and P = 0.0001, respectively).

Resistance training before lower limb suspension and after immobilization seems to reduce atrophy in plantaris muscle in male rats. On the other hand, lower limb suspension increases the expression of atrophic genes (AKT, PDK1, PIP3) in the plantaris muscle of rats.

This study aims to investigate the effect of spinal nerve ligation (SNL) after a period of combined training on the expression of some genes that are involved in the calcium flow in the plantaris muscle of male Wistar rats. 

A total of 16 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 2 groups, namely the control-SNL (n=8) and combined training-SNL (n=8). The animals in the training group participated in a training program for 6 weeks. After this period, the protocol of spinal SNL was performed on the research groups for 4 weeks. Finally, the rats were dissected and the plantaris muscle was removed. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the mRNA expression of STIM1, ORAI1, and MG29 genes. 

In the combined training-SNL group, an increase in the expression of STIM1 (P=0.01), ORAI1 (P=0.002), and MG29 (P=0.02) was observed when compared to the control-SNL group. 

The results of the present study showed that SNL reduces the expression of STIM1, ORAI1, and MG29 in the plantaris muscle. Meanwhile, combined training before SNL has a compensatory effect in this regard.

Due to the role of TRPC1/3 in muscle atrophy, this study aimed to investigate the effect of Chronic Constriction Injury (CCI) after a period of endurance training on TRPC1/3 gene expression in the plantaris muscle of male Wistar rats.

Thirty-two rats were randomly divided into four groups of eight each (Control, Control-CCI, Training-CCI, and Training). Finally, the rats were anesthetized, and their plantaris muscle was extracted. Gene expression was measured using Real-Time-PCR. 

The findings showed a significant decrease in plantaris muscle weight in the CCI-control group compared to the training groups (Training-CCI and Training) (p=0.001). Additionally, a significant increase in TRPC1 expression was observed in the Training group compared to the control groups (Control and Control-CCI) (p=0.001). Moreover, there was a significant increase in TRPC1 expression in the Training-CCI group compared to the control groups (Control and Control-CCI) (p=0.006). Furthermore, a significant increase in TRPC3 expression was observed in the Training group compared to the other groups (p=0.001), and a significant increase in TRPC3 expression was observed in the Training-CCI group compared to the Control-CCI group (p=0.008).

The results demonstrated a significant difference in the weight of the plantaris muscle, as well as a significant increase in TRPC1/3 expression as a result of endurance training. CCI leads to muscle atrophy and TRPC1/3 dysregulation. Therefore, the history of endurance training can modulate the expression of TRPC1/3 and prevent CCI-induced muscle atrophy.

Obesity is associated with increase the risk of metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes. On the other hand, aerobic exercise training can play a positive role in preventing metabolic diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise training on plasma nesfatin-1, insulin, and glucose and insulin-resistance in obese women.

The present study was a Semi-experimental-study. Twenty-tow obese women (age 25 ± 2 years and body mass index 30 ± 3.1) were randomly selected from obese women referred to Kerman clubs and randomly assigned to experimental (n = 11) and control (n = 11) groups. Aerobic exercise was including 30 minutes of running based on 50-70% of target heart rate for 8 weeks and 3 days a week performed by the experimental group. The desired variables were measured before and after the exercise protocol. The ANCOVA test was used to analyze the data.

A non-significant-difference was observed in the weight and BMI at the end of the research. Also this study showed no significant difference between the experimental and control groups in Nesfatin-1. The levels of insulin, glucose and insulin-resistance were significantly lower in the experimental group compared to the control. In addition, aerobic exercise decreased body fat percentage and increased Vo2max in the experimental group compared to the control.

According to the results, it is suggested that obese women use aerobic exercises in order to improve their body fat percentage, aerobic capacity and indicators related to diabetes.

Cytokines released from skeletal muscle are involved in the control of muscle mass. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a period of resistance training with reduced blood flow on plasma levels of myostatin and IL-6 in martial arts young men.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test. 20 young martial arts men aged 25 to 30 years and an average weight of 70 to 80 kg  were randomly assigned to two training groups with blood flow reduction (10 people) and the training group without blood flow reduction (10 people). A resistance training program with reduced blood flow was performed for four weeks. Myostatin and IL-6 concentrations were measured by ELISA One-way analysis of covariance was used for statistical analysis at the significance level of a = 0/05.

  The results of the present study showed that in the exercise group with decreased blood flow compared to the exercise group without decreased blood flow, the amount of myostatin decreased significantly (P=0.001) and the amount of IL-6 significantly increased (P=0.001).

Resistance training combined with reduced blood flow by reducing myostatin levels and increasing IL-6 levels can help improve anabolic conditions and muscle structure.

Decreased physical activity in rodents has caused a decrease in muscle mass, cross-sectional area of myofibrils (CSA) and force production. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of reducing physical activity after a period of endurance training on the expression of STIM1, Orai1 and MG29 genes in the plantaris muscle of male Wistar rats.

The current research is experimental and basic. 16 male white desert rats, Wistar breed, weighing 250 ± 20 grams, were randomly divided into two groups. Control group - Spinal nerve ligation (SNL): This group included 8-week-old male rats whose three sciatic branches were tightly tied. The second group included 8 rats who received SNL after a period of endurance training. They did the endurance training protocol in the present study was for 4 days a week for 6 weeks. It increased from 10 meters per minute for 10 minutes in the first week to 17-18 meters per minute for 30 minutes in the fifth week. After the last training session, rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of ketamine and xylazine, and muscle tissue was extracted. To determine the significance of the difference between the variables, independent t-test was used, and SPSS-22 software was used to analyze the data with a significance level of P>0.05

The results of the present research showed that endurance training before SNL caused a significant change in the MG29 gene (P=0.07) and a significant increase in the Stim1 gene and Orai1 (P>0.05).Discussion and

Endurance training was able to modulate the expression disorder of these proteins in the state of neuropathy, which may be due to various mechanisms such as controlling oxidative stress factors and growth factors, in this way exerts its beneficial effects.

Diabetic neuropathy (DN) leads to the initiation of several pathways, including oxidative stress and destruction of small vessels, as well as the destruction of factors involved in the SR network of muscle. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of the high intensity interval training on the expression of genes involved in calcium flow in the EDL muscle of diabetic rats.

The current research was experimental development study. In total, 48 male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: training diabetes, diabetes, training and control group. The training group performed the interval training program for 4 weeks and 5 sessions per week. Each training session on the treadmill lasted for 44 minutes. The statistical test of two-way variance (two-way ANOVA) was used for analyzing the data.

High intensity interval training led to a non-significant decrease in Stim1 gene expression. And there was a significant decrease in the expression of Orai and MG29 genes in the long extensor digitorum muscle of male rats.

It is possible HIIT training is able to modulate the expression disorder of Orai, MG29, and Stim1 in diabetes, which may be due to various mechanisms such as controlling oxidative stress factors and growth factors. It seems it exerts its beneficial effects on the Side-effects of diabetes.

Understanding the involved mechanisms in muscle atrophy can help develop new treatment methods for atrophic conditions. Skeletal muscle atrophy via biochemical and transcriptional pathways can increase the expression of some muscle atrophy related genes. The present study aims to assess the effect of reduced physical activity by the spinal nerve ligation (SNL) after a period of resistance, endurance and combined exercises on the expression of MuRF-1 and Atrogin-1 genes in male rats.

In this experimental study, 30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control+SNL, combined exercise+SNL, endurance exercise+SNL, and resistance training+SNL. The exercises were performed for six weeks. After this period, the protocol of reduced physical activity by the SNL was implemented for four weeks. At the end, soleus muscle was isolated and the expression levels of MuRF-1 and Atrogin-1 genes were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction technique. To examine the gene expression differences between the groups, analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc test were used. The significant level was set at 0.05.

The results showed that the expression of MuRF-1 gene in the combined exercise+SNL and resistance training+SNL groups was significantly lower than in the control group (P<0.05). The Atrogin-1 gene expression was significantly reduced only in the combined exercise+SNL group compared to the control group (P<0.05).

It seems that the rats with resistance training are more resistant to SNL-induced atrophy than the group with endurance exercise.

the etiology of children obesity can be varied. Adipose tissue is an active tissue that secretes proteins such as TNF-α, IL-6, leptin, and adiponectin. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of short-term sprint interval training on serum levels of adiponectin, leptin, TNF-α, IL-6, insulin, and lipid profile in overweight boys.

a number of 30 overweight male students (with a mean age of 9.93±0.2 and BMI of 27.73±0.2) were randomly assigned to the control group (n=15) and sprint interval training (n=15). The subjects of the experimental group did the training for eight weeks, as the control group was engaged in doing their daily activities without intervention. Measurement of anthropometric indices and fasting blood collection were performed (to measure insulin, leptin, adiponectin, TNF-α, IL-6, cholesterol, LDL, HDL and TG) one day before and one day after the training program.

the results of the present study indicated that 8 weeks of sprint interval training significantly decreased weight and BMI in overweight children (P<0.001). In addition to weight and BMI reduction, levels of TNF-α, IL-6, leptin, insulin, cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL significantly reduce the following eight weeks of the sprint interval workout (P< 0.001 for all), while adiponectin and HDL levels increase (P<0.001, P<0.01, respectively).

in general, the present study demonstrate that sprint interval training which is a new way of physical activity exerted a positive effect on most of components contributing to children obesity.

Obese women are prone to metabolic diseases due to the amount of abdominal visceral fat and decreased muscle mass. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the  8 weeks of interval training  with consumption of black seed on serum vaspin levels in obese women.

28 obese women with body mass index above 30 were divided into four groups: control, supplement, exercise and supplement-exercise for 8 weeks of interval trainin  with 3 sessions per week for 45 minutes. They performed for 60 minutes. So that in the first week, three 4-minute performance with an intensity of 90% of the heart rate and in the eighth week, five 4-minute performance with an intensity of 90% of the reserve heart rate with 2 minutes of rest was active. Groups taking the supplement daily took two capsules of 1000 mg of black seed powder at noon and night after each meal for eight weeksone-way analysis of covariance was used at the significance level of (a = 0.5).

According to the results of the present study, there are no difference serum levels of vaspin after traning between the four groups of control, supplement, exercise and supplement-exercise. (P=0.447). But there was a significant difference between lipid profile changes including triglyceride (P = 0.003), HDL (P = 0.001), LDL (P = 0.005) after intermittent exercise between the four groups of control, supplement, exercise and supplement-exercise. 

Due to the significant difference in lipid profile, interval training  along with consumption of black seed can improve the lipid profile of obese women.

Reduction of muscle mass occurs in some models of muscle atrophy during mechanical unloading status and MST1 and MAFbx genes are believed to have a role. In the present study, the effect of reduced physical activity in the form of spinal nerve ligation (SNL) after a period of endurance training (ET) on the expression of MST1 and MAFbx genes were examined in the rat plantaris muscle.

In this experimental study, 16 rats were randomly divided into two groups: control-spinal nerve ligation (Sham+SNL) and endurance training-spinal nerve ligation (ET+SNL). Training program continued for six weeks, four sessions a week with moderate intensity (70-60% of VO2max). To create the SNL model, the rats were first anesthetized with pentobarbitol sodium and then their fifth lumbar spinal nerve was tightly tied. The duration of the SNL protocol was four weeks. After the last day of ligation, the plantaris muscle was extracted. Real-Time PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression of the MST1 and MAFbx.

The expression of MST1 gene showed no significant increase in ET+SNL group compared with Sham+SNL group (P>0.05). But, significant increase was seen in MAFbx gene expression in ET+SNL group compared with Sham+SNL group (P<0.05).

The study showed that reduced activity in the form of SNL after endurance training can lead to destructive effects on the muscular system and symptoms of muscle atrophy could be seen.

Understanding the mechanisms involved in muscle atrophy and regeneration will help to develop the new treatments for muscle atrophy due to inactivity. Therefore, according to decrease in muscle mass due to decreased muscle activity and the role of TRPC1 and TRPC3 in some models of muscle atrophy, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of decreased physical activity after HIIT on the genes expression of TRPC1 and TRPC3 in EDL muscle. Thirty-two eight-week-old mice were randomly divided into four groups: control (C), control-reduced activity (Sham-CCI), exercise-reduced activity (HIIT-CCI) and exercise (HIIT). The duration of the training program was six weeks and five sessions per week. Xie and Bennett methods were used to create the CCI model. Real-Time PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression of the genes. To determine the significance of the differences between the variables, two-way ANOVA test was used and if necessary, Tukey post hoc test was used. The results of this study showed that a period of HIIT leads to increased genes expression of TRPC1 and TRPC3 in EDL muscle compared to the control group. up and also a significant increase in EDL muscle weight in HIIT-CCI compared to Sham-CCI group after the end of the research period. These results indicate that the CCI leads to a decrease in EDL muscle weight. However, HIIT can reduce this reduction.

Decreasing muscle mass is one of the detraining characteristics that associated with attenuated in muscle strength and muscle performance, and resulting in disability in performing of daily tasks. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of decreased physical activity in the form of chronic constriction injury (CCI) on the Tweak and Fn14 proteins after resistance, endurance and combined exercises. 32 rats were randomly divided into four groups: 1- Control group-CCI (Sham+CCI), 2- Mixed training group-CCI (Mix+CCI), 3- Endurance training group-CCI (TE+CCI), and 4- Resistance training group-CCI (LA+CCI). Mix+CCI, TE+CCI and CCI+SNL groups participated in training program for six weeks. After performing 6 weeks training, chronic constriction injury was implemented for four weeks. Western blotting technique was used to measure proteins. The results extracted by ANOVA and showed that Tweak and Fn14 proteins increased by CCI. The level of Tweak and Fn14 proteins in CCI+La and CCI+Mix groups and also CCI-TE group was significantly lower than Sham+CCI group (P <0.05). One the other hands, the level of Fn14 protein in CCI-LA compared with CCI-TE and CCI-MIX was not significant (P >0.05). According to the findings of the present study, it seems that mice that had resistance training in their training program experienced less atrophy than the group that did only endurance training.

Due to the positive affect of the training on the improvement of MS, "the effect of the comprehensive training on neurotrophin- 4/5 and other variables in women with MS" was investigated. Experimental groups (A, B, and C) performed their intervention. Based on the level of disability, different training was used. Control groups (A, B, and C) received only stretch training. At first, all pre-tests were performed and then the experimental groups performed their exercises during 12 weeks. At the end, depended variables were measured and ANCOVA was used. According to the results, showed that rehabilitation protocol has no effect on the levels of neurotrophin 4/5 in MS patients at levels A and C (P=0.504 and P=0.083) but significant increase observed in B level (P=0.010). The results also showed that at level A: BMI, fat percentage, speed and VO2max, and at level B: weight, BMI, fat percentage, endurance, dynamic balance, waist circumference, hip circumference, WHR and VO2max had a significant improvement. On the other hand, at level C, only BMI, fat percentage and VO2max were significantly improved. These results show that rehabilitation exercises have a positive effect on these variables and can increase the quality of life in these patients.

Different training programs have different effects on the level of hormonal response. Resistance training with blood flow restriction is one of the exercise method that leads to increase in muscle strength and performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the effect of resistance training with and without blood flow restriction on the serum levels of IGF-1, testosterone and myonectin in young men. The research groups consisted of two groups: resistance training with blood flow restriction (10 subjects) and resistance training without blood flow restriction (10 subjects). The resistance training program was conducted for four weeks. In pre/post-test, serum concentration of IGF-1, testosterone and Myonectine was measured by ELISA method. To determine the difference between the variables, one-way covariance analysis was used at the significance level of 0/05. Our results showed that IGF-1 and testosterone levels in the exercise group with blood flow restriction were significantly higher than the exercise group without blood flow restriction (P = 0.001). However, there was a non-significant increase in myonectin levels (P = 0.08). These findings suggest that resistance training with blood flow restriction is very effective in increasing hypertrophy-related factors.

Exhaustive exercise leads to muscle fatigue and reduces muscle power in response to contractile activity and causes central fatigue. On the other hand, the effects of opioids on skeletal muscles and fatigue phenomenon are not known completely. Thus, the current study aimed to assess the effect of a single dose administration of opium on muscle and central fatigue in male rats.

In this experimental study, 21 male Wistar rats weighing 220-270 g were randomly divided into three equal groups: control, opium receiving group, opium without swimming (sham opium). In order to evaluate muscle fatigue, swimming test was used and for central fatigue the sedation score was used. At the end of the experiments, blood samples were obtained from animal eyes and were sent to the laboratory for measurement of muscle fatigue indices including lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK). Data were analyzed using ANOVA, T-test and SPSS software.

Data showed that the swimming time in animals receiving opium was significantly lower than control group (P<0.001). Data also revealed that central fatigue in opium group was significantly lower than control animals (P<0.001). Moreover, opium alone and without swimming test caused central fatigue in animals (P<0.05).

The present study showed that administration of a single dose of opium in rat’s increases muscle fatigue. Moreover, opium administration reduced central fatigue in rats.

The Tweak/Fn14 pathway regulated various physiological responses including cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, migration and apoptosis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of SNL on the expression of Tweak and Fn14  genes in the EDL muscle of Wistar rats after HIT training. 

For this purpose, 24 male Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups of control (C) (n=12) and training (HIT) (n=12). After one-week familiarization, training group participate in four HIT training. Then, they were randomly assigned to HIT (n=6) and HIT-SNL (n=6) groups. At the same time, the control group was divided into two groups: control (C) (n=6) and SNL (C-SNL) (n=6). 4 weeks after the SNL, wistar rats were sacrificed  then EDL and soleuse muscle exetracted.Then gene expressions of Tweak and Fn14 measured with Real time PCR technique. Data were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA.

The results showed that inactivity via SNL has a significant increased of the expression of Tweak and Fn14 genes (P=0.000and P=0.002, respectively). Also, performed before SNL reduced the expression of Tweak and Fn14 genes in SNL-T compared with SNL-C (P=0.0001 and P=0.001 respectively). In addition, the findings indicated that SNL had a significant effect on the weight of soleuse muscle mass/ tibia length (P=0.01). On the other hand, HIT training before SNL significantly increased  ratio weight soleuse muscle mass/ tibia length (P=0.03).

The decrease in activity by SNL is associated with increased in expression of Tweak and Fn14 genes. On the other hand, HIIT training have been effective in reducing atrophic genes. According to these findings, performing HIT training before inactivity can reduced the muscular atrophy process.