aidin hamidi

Improved cultivars of crops are the most important factor in optimizing yield and quality of the products. Cotton is one of the most important industrial crops and enhancement of seed cotton yield, fiber quality as well earliness are among the objectives of new cotton cultivars development. Despite of the improvement and introduction of new cotton cultivars in Iran in recent years, new introducd cotton cultivars have also been registered, introduced and commercialized in the country. Therefore, the cultivation of new introduced cotton cultivars that are early maturity, high-yielding with good fiber quality has been included in the cotton production plan of the Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture of Iran. This experiment was carried out to evaluate and compare the seed cotton yield and its components, fiber quality characteristics as well as earliness of some new introduced and Iranian upland cotton cultivars.

  To evaluate and compare the seed cotton yield, fiber quality and earliness of introduced and Iranian new upland cotton cultivars field experiments were conducted in two consequent growing seasons 2019-20 and 2020-21 in three provinces Ardabil (Moghan), South Khorasan (Birjand) and Fars (Darab) using randomized complete block design with four replications. Nine cotton cultivars including six introduced cultivars; Agn112, Agn117, Agn126, Speria, Tesla and Lodos and three Iranian cotton cultivars; Shayan, Armaghan and Golestan (control) were evaluated. Seed cotton yield and its components, boll number, boll weight, and fiber quality characters including fibers fineness, length, uniformity, strength, elongation, reflectance, yellowness and gin turn out as well as earliness was determined (ays from planting to the opening of 60% of bolls of each plot).  

Combined analysis of variance showed that the seed cotton yield and fiber quality were affected by cultivar, year and location at the 1% probability level. The highest seed cotton yield (4189.9 kg.ha-1), fiber fineness (4.73 micronair) and fiber strength (33.4 g.tex-1), earliness (116.5 days) and the lowest yellowness (7.98) belonged to the cv. Agn117. Seed cotton yield had positive and significant correlation with the number of bolls (r = 0.91***) and fiber fineness (r = 0.80**) and negative and significant correlation with fiber yellowness (r= -0.87**). Comparison of introduced and Iranian cultivars showed that introduced cultivars had higher mean seed cotton yield and boll number, and was late maturity as well as more gin turn out than Iranian cultivars. Cluster and biplot analysis results showed cv. Agn117 as the superior cultivar.

Boll weight and number, earliness, gin turn out and fiber fineness were identified as determinant traits for improvement of seed cotton yield and fiber quality. These traits can be used for evaluation and selection of new improved cotton cultivars. Also, based on the results of this experiment the cv. Agn117 can be a suitable substitute for Iranian cotton cultivars in cotton growing areas in Iran.

In order to evaluate the genetic purity and originality of three common commercial cotton cultivars (Varamin, Khordad and Bakhtegan) using morphological characteristics and microsatellite markers, the seeds of these cultivars along with pure lines in the field in a two-year randomized complete block design with four replications two methods of field growth test (GOT) and microsatellite markers were tested. The results of the GOT test showed that the pure samples of the cultivars were different from the off-type and non-pure samples in 7 morphological characteristics, and these traits, which are not influenced by the environment, can be used as a key to identify the desired cultivar. In the molecular test, out of 7 markers, 3 pairs were selected due to their resolution and the number of effective alleles (DPL431, DPL0513, and CIR246). Due to the similarity of the results of GOT methods and microsatellite markers and due to the high cost of the molecular method, this method can be used as a quick, case-by-case and complementary method to determine the genetic purity percentage of cultivars.

Varieties are the most important plant breeding achievement. Cotton new cultivars introduce for yield increase, earliness, biotic and abiotic stresses resistance. Before new cultivars introduction to farmers, value of cultivation and use of their must be evaluated and comprised with common cultivars for superior cultivars introduction by Value of Cultivation and Use(VCU) trials conduction. Seed cotton yield and its components and earliness and fiber quality are the most important aspects of cotton cultivars value af cultivation and use. Verticillium wilting is the most important cotton disease in Golestan province. Therefore, cotton high yielding and early and tolerant to Verticillium wilting new cultivars like Golestan and Latif bred and introduced by Cotton research Institute in recent years. This research conducted in order to value of cultivation and use (VCU) determination of cotton new cultivars in Golestan province conditions for cotton new cultivars commercialization purpose.

In order to evaluation of Value of Cultivation and Use (VCU) of SB35 and T3 new cotton genotypes in comparisons of Hekmat, Sajedi, Armaghan, Golestan and Sahel cultivars in Golestan procince, seed cotton yield and its components and some related morphological and fiber quality traits and Verticillium wilt tolerance, an experiment was conducted during 2016 and 2017 years in Cotton Research Institute Karkande cotton research station. Plant height, sympodial branches, monopodial branches number the highest sympodial branch and fifth monopodial branch length, boll number and 30 boll weight, seed cotton yield, earliness, fiber length, uniformity, fitness, strength and elasticity and Verticillium wilt plants percent were measured.

Results showed morphological traits and 30 boll weight and seed cotton yield in second tear more than first year and earliness in second year was more than first year. Also, studied new genotypes and cultivars determined 30 boll weight and seed cotton yield and fiber quality traits and Verticillium wilt tolerance were different. Golestan new commercial cultivar had the highest seed cotton yield and Sahel old cultivar had the highest boll weight and fiber length, strength and elasticity. Also, Hekmat new commercial cultivar had the finest fiber and Sajedi new commercial cultivar had the highest Verticillium wilt tolerance.

Based on results of this experiment and because of Verticillium wilt in Golestan province Sajedi cultivar suggested for introduction and commercialization as new commercial cultivar for cultivation. In order to evaluation of Value of Cultivation and Use (VCU) of SB35 and T3 new cotto genotypes in comparisons of Hekmat, Sajedi, Armaghan, Golestan and Sahel cultivars in Golestan procince, seed cotton yield and its components and some related morphological and fiber quality traits and Verticillium wilt tolerance, an experiment was conducted during 2016 and 2017 years in Cotton Research Institute Karkande cotton research station. Plant height, sympodial branches, monopodial branches number the highest sympodial branch and fifth monopodial branch length, boll number and 30 boll weight, seed cotton yield, earliness, fiber length, uniformity, fitness, strength and elasticity and Verticillium wilt plants percent were measured. Results showed morphological traits and 30 boll weight and seed cotton yield in second tear more than first year and earliness in second year was more than first year. Also, studied new genotypes and cultivars determined 30 boll weight and seed cotton yield and fiber quality traits and Verticillium wilt tolerance were different. Golestan new commercial cultivar had the highest seed cotton yield and Sahel old cultivar had the highest boll weight and fiber length, strength and elasticity.

In order to evaluate the value of cultivation and use (VCU) of three new upland cotton genotypes, KC8801, KC8802 (introduced as Kashmar and Khorshid new commercial cultivars respectively), and genotype R7 in comparisons to three commercial common cultivars Golestan, Khordad and Varamin (as control cultivars) in Khorasan Razavi province, a two-year field experiment conducted based on randomized complete blocks design with four replications. Seed cotton yield and its components, earliness index and some related morphological and fiber quality traits were measured during the 2012-2013 year. The results showed that the weight of the bolls was higher in the second year, and the seed cotton yield was higher in the second year and the earliness index was higher in the first year. Also, genotype R7 and the new KC8802 genotype had the highest and the lowest fruiting branches number respectively. Both the Khordad control cultivar and KC8802 new genotype had the highest number of bolls (17 bolls), and the KC8801 new genotype had the highest crown diameter and plant height (120 cm) during two cropping seasons. Also, in both years, Khordad and Golestan control cultivars had the highest, and KC8802 and KC8801 new genotypes had the lowest number of vegetative branches (1.325 and 1.250 in the first year and 1.355 and 1.255 in the second year respectively). The KC8801 new genotype had higher gin turn-out and fiber strength. Therefore, based on the results, higher plant height and less vegetative branches number and a closed canopy structure, KC8802 and KC8801 new genotypes which lead to means that they can be cultivated with a higher plant density cultivation capability in ultra-narrow row cultivation, their higher field performance expected and are suitable for cultivation in Razavi Khorasan province and similar areas.

This study was carried out in order to determine the cost and benefit of investment, cost price, margin safety ratio, gross margin, benefit-cost ratio, and economic value of the wheat seed losses in processing lines of domestic systems of  Ar-Mashin, Arvin-Sanat, Ramsanat Bhareh, and Azaran Boojar lines, located in Fars, Khorasan Razavi, Khouzestan and Golestan provinces, respectively in 2018. In this case, profitability analysis and engineering economic indicators were considered to achieve the research objectives. According to results, the average cost price of wheat seed (per kg) in target processing lines and provinces was estimated to be 19633.9 Iranian Rials, which was lower than selling price in most of the provinces. Average gross margins for processing lines in Jovein Cultivation and Industry, Fars Thousand Khoosheh Talayehdaran, Amiran Zagros Taha, Army Sample, Sabz Dasht Sorkheh, and Razmandegan Companies in target provinces were positive and was 11.2 billion Iranian Rials, but, this gross margins in Marvdasht Rural Cooperative Company, Rural Cooperative Company of Gonbad, and Zarrin Daneh Benvar Company in Khouzestan were negative. Average benefit-cost ratio in domestic processing lines was 1.05 during the analysis period. Also, average useful waste separated from the seed processing line was 20.2%, and the value of lost seeds was 958.6 million Iranian Rials. Therefore, it is recommended that profitable companies continue their activities by increasing the amount of purchased inbound seeds to minimize losses and receive positive economic benefits.

Cultivars are the most important factor in achieving optimum quantity and quality of produce, and cotton is one of the most important industrial crops. The aims of introducing new cotton varieties are to increase yield, earliness and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress factors. Despite the improvement and introduction of many new cotton varieties in Iran in recent years, new foreign cotton varieties have also been registered, introduced and marketed in Iran for the first time. Therefore, the cultivation of new foreign cotton varieties that are early maturing, high yielding and have good fiber quality is part of the Ministry of Agriculture's development plan for cotton cultivation. This study was conducted to evaluate and compare the cotton seed yield and its components as well as some fiber quality characteristics of new cotton varieties grown in Golestan province in Anbar Olum region in order to introduce and market these varieties.

 Value of Cultivation and Use (VCU) of six new Turkish cotton varieties, including Carisma, Lydia, PG2018, BA440, Flash and Edesa, compared to Latif and Sahel varieties as control in Fars (Darab) province, evaluated in 2016 and 2017 by determining cotton seed yield and its components (number of bolls per plant and weight of a boll), earliness and fiber quality, including fiber percentage, length, fitness, flexibility, firmness, uniformity, yellowing and brightness, and verticellium wilt tolerance.

Combined analysis of variance over time showed that seed cotton yield, ginning performance, length, fineness, strength, uniformity, and fiber yellowing were significantly different among years of the experiment. In addition, the tested varieties differed significantly in terms of cotton seed yield, boll weight, ginning performance, fibre length, fineness and strength, and the interaction effect of variety x year was significant for fibre elasticity and reflectance. The new foreign variety PG2018 was the earliest maturing variety with a duration of 96.25 days from planting to full boll opening in the first year. The fineness, strength and uniformity of the fibres in the second year were higher than in the first year. The new foreign variety PG2018 had the highest grain yield, and this variety had the lowest fibre length. The fibres of the new foreign varieties Lydia and BA440 had the highest strength. The new foreign variety PG2018 had the highest cotton seed yield in the first year (3705.3 kg/ha). The fibres of the new foreign variety Edesa had the highest elasticity in the first year. The new foreign variety Lydia had the highest fibre reflectance in the first year. In addition, the new foreign varieties BA440 and Lydia were the most tolerant varieties to Verticillium wilt.

Based on the results of this study, among the six new foreign cotton varieties evaluated, the new foreign varieties BA440 and Lydia are recommended as new varieties for cultivation in Golestan province, considering the cotton seed yield and earliness of the new foreign variety PG2018, as well as ginning performance and tolerance to Verticillium wilt. In addition, these varieties should be prioritised as new varieties for cultivation in Golestan province.

 The objective of the research was to evaluate six newly introduced cotton genotypes for some quantitative and qualitative traits, distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) to assess potential crop production and agronomic ability as new varieties, and to establish a reference collection of morphological traits for the purpose of identifying the necessary morphological descriptors for genetic purity and determining the authenticity of the varieties in the subsequent control of commercial seed production.

 Seed cotton yield, number of bolls per plant, boll weight, and earliness of 34 quantitative and qualitative morphological traits of six new promising genotypes of Uplandcotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.): 1- SK6, 2- GKSK4, 3-96_A3, 4- GKTB113, 5- ANBK and 6- ANBK414 compared with control cultivars: 1- Varamin and 2- Golestan in 2019 and 2020 according to the International Guidelines for the Conduct of Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) Tests evaluated as a complete block trial with four replicates.

 The new genotypes ANB414 and ANBK had the highest cotton seed yield and the highest number of bolls per plant, and the new genotype 96_A3 was the earliest genotype. In addition, the new genotypes ANB414 and GKTB113 had the highest fiber length and extension and were superior to the control cultivars and other genotypes studied. The new cotton genotypes resembled the control cultivars in 12 qualitative morphological traits and differed from other new genotypes in 22 qualitative morphological traits.

 The results of the quantitative traits studied showed that the new genotypes ANB414 and ANBK had the highest cotton seed yield and the highest number of bolls per plant, while the new genotype 96_A3 had higher earliness, while the new genotypes ANB414 and GKTB113 had the highest fiber length and extension compared to the control varieties. In addition, the studied new cotton genotypes were distinguishable based on various studied morphological characteristics compared to each other and to the control cultivars and had uniform and stable distinctness. Therefore, the studied new cotton genotypes are potentially suitable for introduction as new varieties.

Value of Cultivation and Use (VCU) of six new Turkey origin upland cotton cultivars including Carisma, Lydia, PG2018, BA440, Flash and Edesa cultivars in comparison with Varamin and Mehr cultivars as control in ardabil province (Moghan) evaluated during 2917 and 2918 years by determination of seed cotton yield and its components (boll number per plant and one boll weight), earliness and some fiber quality characters including fibers percent, length, fitness, flexibility, strength, uniformity, yellowness and brightness.Based on the trial results new foreign cultivar Lydia in order to having the most seed cotton yield, earliness and fiber fitness and Flash cultivar due to more earliness and having the most fiber length, strength and brightness in comparison with other evaluated new foreign upland cotton cultivars and control cultivars had desired cultivation and use traits for recommendation to cultivation in Ardabil province (Moghan) instead of Varamin late maturity common cultivar and for substitution of Mehr obsolete variety. Therefore, based on conducted Value of Cultivation and Use (VCU) trial results new foreign upland cotton Lydia and flash cultivars introduced as new commercial for cultivation in Ardabil province (Moghan).

Objectives of this study, determine value of irrigated wheat seed in waste for processing line, determine of cost and benefit, determine Breakeven price and calculate of economic profitability indices of wheat seed processing lines in Ram Sanat Bahare in Alborz and Akyurek Technology in Kordestan provinces. This research carried out in 2018. Methodology of this study was profitability analysis by Economical engineering methods. According to the results, in Ram Sanat Bahare and Akyurek Technology, the gross value of process in waste of these lines was estimated 4.6 and 2.6 Iranian billion rials, Annual variables costs these lines was calculated 40.94 and 89.75 Iranian billion rials and the total gross value from sales of certifies seeded seeds sold and processed waste determined 55.2 and 104.8 Iranian billion rials, respectively. In Ram Sanat Bahare in Alborz, Breakeven price and gross margin of irrigated bread wheat (Pishgam cultivar) was estimated 14675 Iranian rial per kg and 14 Iranian billion rials, respectively. During (2017-2026), net present value (NPV) this line was 21.8 Iranian billion rials and benefit cost ratio was 1.05. In Akyurek Technology in Kordestan, Breakeven price and gross margin of dry bread wheat (Sardari cultivar) was estimated 17575.2 Iranian rial per kg and 20.34 Iranian billion rials, respectively. During analysis periods, net present value (NPV) this line was 98.7 Iranian billion rials and benefit cost ratio was 1.12. In general, the activity of wheat seed processing companies has been economic.

In order to study on effect of seed dressing on germination, vigour and seedling emergence at glass house of four cotton commercial cultivars, Varamin, Khordad, Kashmar and Khorshid, a research conducted at Birjand University Agriculture Faculty and Seed ant Plant Certification and Registration Institute(SPCR) at Karaj. At first seeds infection rate to pathogens determined and then seeds dressed by Hypochlorite Sodium solution and Vitawax Thiram fungicide and standard germination test conducted as two factor factorial experiment by 12 treatments (4 cotton cultivars × seed dressing by disinfectants and without dressing seeds as control) by completely randomized design and glass house experiment by complete randomizes blocks design with 9 replications. Some seed germination, vigour and seedling emergence in glass house traits were determined. Results revealed, studied seed germination and vigour and seedling emergence traits to dressing were different. Varamin and Kashmar cultivars seeds which dressed by Vitawax Thiram fungicide had more normal seedling percent and stronger seedling vigour and less infection to pathogenic fungi and infected seedling. Nevertheless, Khordad cultivar seeds had less mean germination time and seedling mean emergence time at glass house and more seedling emergence percent. Khordad cultivar seeds which dressed by Vitawax Thiram fungicide had the most seedling emergence index at glass house. Varamin and Kashmar cultivars seeds which dressed by Vitawax Thiram fungicide also had more seedling weight vigour index in glass hose. Therefore, Varamin and Kashmar cultivars were cultivars had more seed germination and stronger vigour and seed dressing by Vitawax Thiram fungicide preferable.

Small size of Satureja (Satureja hortensis L.) seed causes many problems in mechanized cultivation and its seed consumption is increased significantly.  The approach discussed in the present study is the seed coating of Satureja by several matters and selecting the suitable method as well as investigation of adding hormonal and nutritional substances to the selected coating material for better emergence and the elimination of problem arise as a result of coating.

Purified Satureja seeds (97%) were prepared and poured into the coating machine at a specified amount. First, 1% solution of benomyl fungicide was sprayed on the seeds. Then some coating powder was sprayed on the spinning wet seeds inside the machine. Then some of the adhesive solution was sprayed on it and again the coating powder was added and this was repeated several times to create a suitable form for the coated seeds. This was repeated using different materials and among these coatings powder, vermiculite and perlite provided better coating on Satureja seed. Then, different materials including gibberellin, BAP, cytokinin, thiourea (CH4N2S) and potassium nitrate (KNO3), phosphorus from H2PO4 source and manganese sulfate (MnSO4) were used to the emergence of the enlarged seeds and also, the emergence of these seeds were evaluated in the greenhouse.

Initial results showed that vermiculite and perlite provided better cover for Satureja compared with the other coating materials. Investigating the emergence of perlite-coated seeds in the greenhouse showed that gibberellin (all concentrations) and kinetin (500 mg/l) present in the seed coat improved the Satureja seed emergence under greenhouse condition. Also, it was found that Thiourea (700 and 7000 mg/l), potassium nitrate (7, 70, 700 mg/l), phosphorous (9 kg/100 kg seed) and manganese sulphate (2 and 4 mg/l) present in the coat significantly increased the Satureja seed emergence and led to improved seedling growth.

Perlite for the purpose of seed pelleting of Satureja showed good results and the use of gibberellin (at all concentrations) and quintine (500 mg/l) in the seed pelleting improved germination of pelleted Satureja seed. 

1- Technical knowledge of Satureja seed pelleting was obtained.2- The suitable material to improve the emergence of pelleted Satureja seed was introduced.

Cotton is the most important fiber-oil seed crop. Seed germination, vigour and health are the most important aspects of cotton seed quality. In Iran, annual cotton seed requirement is near 4000 tones, half of which is delinted and half is provided as fuzzy seed and therefore infection of fuzzy seeds to seed borne disease pathogens is possible. Every year a part of produced cotton seed does not possess standard quality and is not certify for various reasons including infection with seed borne disease pathogens. Thereafter, this research was conducted in order to study the relationship among cotton commercial cultivars seed germination, vigour and health.

Fuzzy seeds lots samples of Sahel, Varamin, Bakhtegan and Mehr cotton commercial cultivars with of 80, 90, and 95 percent intial germination ability (normal seedlings percent) produced at Golestan, Khorasan Razavi, Fars, and Ardabil provinces respectively underwent Standard germination and accelerated ageing tests. Final germination percent before and after accelerated ageing, normal seedlings percent after accelerated ageing, decayed seeds percent before and after accelerated ageing, mean germination time, seedling length, dry weight, seedling length and weight vigour indices after accelerated ageing were measured and  the fungus on decayed seeds were determined by blotter test. Then, their average frequency was determined. 

Sahel and Bakhtegan cultivars and seeds having the highest primary germination ability had the most final germination percent before accelerated ageing and Sahel cultivar seed with the highest and moderate initial germination had the highest final germination percent after accelerated ageing. Sahel cultivar seeds had the highest normal seedlings percent after accelerated ageing. The highest decayed seeds percent before accelerated ageing belonged to Varamin and Mehr cultivars with moderate and low intial germination ability, and the highest decayed seeds percent after accelerated ageing belonged to Varamin and Mehr cultivars with low intial germination ability. Seeds having the lowest primary germination ability had the highest mean germination time and Sahel cultivar seeds had the highest seedling length and weight vigour indices. All studied cultivars seeds had been contaminated with Fusarium spp., Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp. and Trichothecium roseum. Also, Varamin and Mehr cultivars seeds had the highest and Sahel cultivar seeds had the lowest average frequency of fungus on decayed seeds. Final germination percent before and after accelerated ageing and seedling length and weight vigour indices had significant negative correlation with decayed seeds percent before and after accelerated ageing.

Seeds decay was the most important factor of studied cotton cultivars seed deterioration and germination and seedling vigour decrease. Sahel and Mehr cultivars seeds and seeds with the highest (95 percent) and lowest (80 percent) intial germination ability seeds respectively had the highest (91 percent) and lowest (58 percent) seed final germination percent and seedling vigour. Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp. on Mehr cultivar seeds, Fusarium spp. on Varamin cultivar seeds and Trichothecium roseum on Bakhtegan cultivars seeds with average frequency on decayed seeds after accelerated ageing of respectively 100, 99, 80.70 and 63 percent were the fungus that led to the most seeds germination and seedlings vigour decrease.

Cotton commercial cultivars seed lots seed borne fungi and contamination rate were identified.The relationship of cotton commercial cultivars seeds germination percent and seedling vigour with contamination to seed borne fungi were determined

In order to determination Value of Cultivation and Use (VCU) of Cotton new foreign cultivars in Fars province (Darab), seed cotton yield and its components, earliness and fiber quality were evaluated. Cotton six new foreign cultivars included Carisma, Lydia, PG2018, BA440, Flash and Edesa and studied traits were seed cotton yield, boll number of each plant, boll weight, earliness, lint percent, fiber length, fitness, elasticity, strength, uniformity, yellowness and brightness. Results showed studied traits affected by environment conditions during trial conduction years. New foreign cultivars Carisma in first year and Lydia in second years had the highest seed cotton yield and lint percent respectively. PG2018 were the earliest cultivar. Golestan control cultivar had the most fiber length and fittest fiber and Lydia new foreign cultivar had the highest fiber strength, uniformity and brightness. Based on trial results new foreign cultivars, Carisma, Lydia and PG2018 are recommendable for cultivation in Fars province. Cotton six new foreign cultivars included Carisma, Lydia, PG2018, BA440, Flash and Edesa and studied traits were seed cotton yield, boll number of each plant, boll weight, earliness, lint percent, fiber length, fitness, elasticity, strength, uniformity, yellowness and brightness. Results showed studied traits affected by environment conditions during trial conduction years. New foreign cultivars Carisma in first year and Lydia in second years had the highest seed cotton yield and lint percent respectively.

Value of Cultivation and Use (VCU) trial of some new cotton genotypes and cultivars have been performed at Tehran province agriculture and natural resources research and education center at Varamin, based on complete randomized design by four replications during 2016 and 2017. Evaluated cotton genotypes and cultivars include 1) Varamin (control), 2) Khordad (control), 3) Ulran (commercial cultivar), 4) 43259 genotype, 5) A-SJ2×349 genotype, 6) R7 genotype, 7) no. 210 genotype, 8) no. 221 genotype, 9) Leon (foreign commercial cultivar), and 10) Sajedi (new cultivar). Results reveal that Sajedi new cultivar is the earliest cultivar in both years in comparison with other studied genotypes and cultivars. It also has had the most boll number and weight and its seed cotton yield has been in the same statistical group of the highest seed cotton yield control cultivars. The highest lint percentage and fiber elasticity in first year belongs to this cultivar. Therefore, Sajedi new cultivar can be introduced and commercialized for cultivation in Tehran province as well as similar Vatamin regions.

Seed is the fundamental input of crop production and tobacco is cultivated as transplanting and its transplant produced as float system. Therefore, seed germination and produced seedling health and diseases and pests management have high importance. So, evaluation of seeds dressing effect on germination and important pests and diseases management in the nursery for healthy transplantable seedling production is important. The study aims to investigate the effect of disinfectant of K326 tobacco seed on germination and percentage of transmissible transplants and management of contamination of sciaridae fly, aphid, and collar rot in a float system tray.

This study was conducted as a completely randomized design in 3 replications at Tirtash Research and Education Center in 2014. seeds dressed by pelleting apparatus disinfected with Metalaxyl (Ridomil) and Thiophanate–methyl (TopsinM) fungicides and Imidacloprid (Gaucho), Thiamethoxam (Confidor) and Thiodicarb (Larvin) insecticide and seeds heating by 60ºC temperature warm air during 1 hour, seeds treatment by 50ºC heat water for 10 minutes and treatment by 0.5 percent concentration sodium hypochlorite for 4 minutes. Then normal seedlings percent by standard germination test, seedling emergence percent in float system, transplantable seedling of float system and infected to Sciarid fly, aphid and stem rot seedlings determined.

Results showed that K326 Tobacco Seeds Disinfected by 2.5 g/kg metallaxyl + 2.5 g/kg thiophane-methyl (70% wettable powder) + 10 g/kg imidacloprid + 6 cm3/kg Thiodicarb had the highest percentage of normal seedlings, percentage of seedling emergence in the float system tray and percentage of removable transplants and the least seedling contaminated with sciaridae, aphid and collar rot.

Results of this study showed that all seed disinfection treatments improved seed germination, seedling emergence percentage, and removable seedlings in the float system tray as well as infected seedlings compared to control decreased collar rot, sciaridae fly, and aphids. Also, the mentioned traits were superior to the non-chemical disinfectant treatments in seed disinfection treatments with the studied fungicides and insecticides.

Seed cleaning is the most important stages of seed processing and according to the type of devices used in the seed cleaning, has significant impact on improving the quality of seed lot and its certification. Therefor this study in order to evaluation of cleaning device effect on germination and vigor of Pishtaz wheat cultivar for comparison with t-test in completely randomized design by 4 replication conducted in Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute at Karaj. Treatments included seed before and after processing in 6 lines of seed processing from 5 seed producing company in 3 provinces (Ghazvin, Alborz and Tehran). Also studied characters were percentage of normal and abnormal seedlings, seedling dry weight and length, mobilized seed reserved to seedling ratio, electrical conductivity, content of seedling tissue water, weight percentage of other species seeds, density and weight of thousand seed. Results indicated seed processing were improved and enhanced the quality of seed germination and vigor. Also seed processing lines having gravity separator machines, averagely had more positive impact on improving seed germination and studied traits during processing and therefore application of gravity separator is essential in the processing of wheat seed. On the other hand results revealed processing line having full set of indented cylinder separators suitable for separation undamaged seeds from broken and mechanical damaged seeds for reduce the risk of processed seed lots contamination with mechanical injured and diseased seeds. The results show that manufactory of the processing equipment and adjusting devices according to the seed producing condition have a high importance in archiving to seed improvement and quality promotion.

This research was conducted in order to study correlationof hybrid maize single cross SC704 parental inbred lines seed germination ability and vigour and seedling field emergence in seed analysis laboratory research field of Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute (SPCRI) at Karaj. Experiment treatments were hybrid maize single cross SC704 parental inbred MO17, B73rfc and B73cms by 87, 90 and 93 percent initial germination ability. By standard germination test conducting normal seedlings percent, mean germination Time, coefficient of velocity of germination, daily germination speed, mean daily germination, seedling  length and dry weight and seedling length and weight vigour indices determined. In field experiment final seedling emergence percent, mean seedling emergence time, seedling emergence rate, seedling field emergence index and seedling vigour index in field measured. Results indicated that by increasing initial germination ability normal seedling percent, daily germination speed and mean daily germination increased. Seeds have 93 percent of all studied lines and MO17 line had the most and lowest mean seedling emergence time in field respectively. Generally this research results indicated by increasing initial seed germination ability studied seed germination and seedling emergence indices improved and seeds having high germination ability planting, caused more final seedling field emergence and seedling vigor index in field. Also MO17 and B73CMS lines have better studied seed germination and seedling field emergence indices.

A factorial experiment was conducted to evaluate the biochemical changes during the soybean seed deterioration based on a completely randomized design. The treatments consisted of germination in two levels of minimum and high quality, three initial seed moisture content (low, medium and high moisture), and two storage conditions were considered including the common storage in Moghan and the controlled storage condition. Indices of germination percentage, vigor and biochemical changes including protein content, soluble sugars, malondialdehyde, catalase and peroxidase enzymes were evaluated. The study of biochemical changes of deteriorated seeds during the storage showed that, with the increase of seeds’ deterioration, the soluble sugars and protein percentage decreased, as well. Moreover, seeds’ storage in poor condition caused a significant decrease in seeds’ soluble sugar and total protein content. Also, the increase of seed moisture was followed by further seed deterioration that significantly decreased the content of soluble sugars and total protein. Significant differences were observed between seeds with different initial germinations and they had significantly higher content of soluble sugars and protein percentages. Furthermore, measuring the amount of malondialdehyde and the activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes indicated that there exists a significant correlation between the degree of seed deterioration with the level of malondialdehyde and the activity of scavenging enzymes. Overall, along with the decrease of germination and the quality of soybean seeds after the storage, the amount of lipids peroxidation increased and the seed deterioration decreased the activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes during the storage.

In order to study the effect of seed size of hybrid maize (KSC704) at different sowing times on the indices related to percentage, rate, vigor and uniformity of seed emergence in the field, an experiment was conducted in two years 2012 and 2013 as a factorial design in Karaj. The female rows (B73 inbred line) were pollinated by male rows (Mo17 inbred line) in each plot. After different seed were determined, they cultivated in the field in the next year. Medium seeds in the first year and flat seeds in the second year had significantly the highest field emergence percentages nad round seeds had the lowest in both years. Flat seeds produced seedlings with the highest dry weight in both years. But in the aspect of emergence uniformity of seedling, medium seeds had a higher uniformity than the others. Despite the superiority of flat seeds in some indices, its superiority was not a definite issue, and in some of the important emergence indices, medium and even the round size had better field performance, depending on the environmental conditions of growth and development of the seeds on the ears of mother plant and at sowing time, and the compression of the seeds in different points of the ear, as well as desired purpose of cultivation. If vigorous seedlings are needed, the flat seeds, but if a higher emergence rate and uniformity is desired, the medium seeds and even round seeds can be better suited

This research conducted in order to study on effect of seed moisture content and storage duration on some germination and vigor traits of 3 wheat cultivars at Mazandaran province as split split plot based on complete randomized design by 4 replications. Treatment were Morvarid, Milan and N8019 cultivars seeds which by 10, 12, 14 and 16 percent seed moisture content harvested and for 2, 3 and 4 month after harvest stored. By standard germination test, final germination and normal seedlings percent, mean germination time, seedling length and dry weight and seedling length and weight vigor indices (respectively seedling dry weight and length multiplication in final germination percent) determined and electro conductivity measured. Results revealed that, harvested seeds at 10 percent moisture content stored for 2 month, Milan and N8019 cultivars seeds stored for 4 month and Milan cultivar seeds harvested at 12 percent moisture content had the most final germination percent, 98 percent. Morvarid and Milan cultivars seeds harvested at 10 percent moisture content and stored 2 month and N8019 cultivar seeds harvested at 12 percent moisture content and stored 2 month had the most normal seedlings percent, 98 percent. The lowest mean germination time, 1.210 day, belonged to Milan cultivar seeds harvested at 10 percent moisture content and 2 month stored. Based on this research results, optimum seed moisture content at harvest for Morvarid cultivar was 10 percent and for Milan and N8019 were 12 percent and suitable seed storage duration was 3 months for Morvarid cultivar and for Milan and N8019 were 2 months.

In order to 36 cotton cultivars and genotypes qualitative morphological characteristics evaluation, in this research, during 2012 to 2013 years in Tehran provinces Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center at Varamin and Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute(SPCRI) at Karaj22 qualitative morphological characteristics studied. Results indicated that, cultivars and genotypes distinct for 11 qualitative morphological characteristics. Based on color of petal cultivars and genotypes divided into 2 distinct yellow and cream petal color groups. All yellow petal color group cultivars, were Sea Island cottons and all cream petal color group cultivars and genotypes were Upland cottons. Among yellow petal color cultivars,for the reason of same level of position of stigma relative to anthers, medium bract dentations at green maturity and strong leaf lower side density of pubescene, Termez 14 cultivar distinct from 2 other cultivars. Cream petal color cultivars and genotypes also based on leaf shape distinct into 2 palmate and lanceolate groups. Lanceolate group cultivars and genotypes were 3 cultivars, Sepid, Okra Leaf-Red and Super okra which among their boll shape in longitudinal section and seed color of fuzz distinct 3 cultivars from each other. Palmate leaf shape cultivars and genotypes group which amounted to31 of evaluated cultivars and genotypes, based on boll shape in longitudinal section divided to 3 main groups. 20 cultivars and genotypes of this group which were cultivars and genotypes with ovate boll shape in longitudinal section also based on 7 characteristics, boll pitting of surface, bract dentations at green maturity,

Maize ear Sheller has important role in maize seed processing system. In this research, technical operation of a fabricated maize ear Sheller by Iranian company was investigated. Operational capacity, shelling efficiency, cleaning efficiency and seed damage percentage were studied. In addition, germination and rootlet percentages of shelled maize seeds were analyzed using T-student test. Results showed that, fabricated Sheller has suitable operation. Operational capacity calculated 2.7 (ton/h) in normal condition. When moisture content of maize seed was less than 13% (w.b) and Sheller had suitable feeding, more than 99% of cobs were shelled and physical damages of seed decreased to less than 0.4%. Cleaning efficiency for output maize seeds was 95% and seed remained on cob was less than 1%. Shelling operation did not have negative significant effects on germination and rootlet percentages of maize seeds and reduced less than 0.5 and 2% respectively. This machine can be recommended for medium scale corn seed fields.

This experiment was done in seed and plant certification and registration institute laboratory in 2015. The treatments were corn seed produced in Karaj and Moghan , seed storing condition in two controlled and Free weather conditions stores also Disinfection and non- Disinfection. The experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design in three replications. Germination percent of Karaj seeds before accelerated aging test was 92 percent and after 144 hours aging, it reduced 3 percent in controlled storage and it dropped 6 percent in Moghan conditions storage. While similar condition led to a decrease of 18 and 28 percent in Moghan seeds produced. When seeds were stored in controlled storage, indicated 17 percent higher protein content compared to storage in Moghan conditions. Catalase activity of Karaj seeds was higher than Moghan seeds (14%). Seed treatment had significant effect on peroxidase and MDA content, as peroxidase activity in treated seeds was 11 percent higher and MDA content was 8 percent lower than untreated seeds. Karaj seeds in controlled storage had the highest peroxidase activity and the lowest MDA content. So production seed conditions in Moghan was more critical in terms of temperature and humidity than Karaj so the biochemical properties of seeds have been affected. So that Moghan seeds had less storability after storing. On the other hand, seeds in Moghan store subjected to more critical temperature and humidity than controlled condition so more deteriorated.

Understanding the complex characteristics that control the life span of the seed has ecological, agricultural and economic importance. Inappropriate storage conditions after harvesting destroy a large part of annual yield partly due to microbial activity in the storage. Damage from storage fungi varies based on the climatic conditions, crops and storage facilities. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of storage conditions and initial seed moisture content on the growth of storage fungi and also the relationship between the degree of contamination with fungi and the quality and biochemical changes of the seeds.

The present study was carried out as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design to assess the impact of storage fungi on soybean seed deterioration at different storage conditions. The treatment included three degrees of initial seed moisture content including low moisture content (10%), medium moisture content (12%) and high moisture content (14%) as the first factor. Moreover, two storage conditions including the seed storage in Moghan and controlled seed storage in Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute were considered as the second factor. Soybean seeds of Williams's cultivar were investigated for the infection of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium and Penicillium fungi and also related biochemical traits and seed quality such as germination percent, seedling vigor index, soluble sugar and total protein.

The results of this experiment showed that the increase of the seed moisture content by 14% can significantly decrease the seed quality. Therefore, the seed moisture content of 14% was identified as unsuitable moisture for the storage of soybean seeds. In addition, the infection with storage fungi has a direct relationship with the degree of seed moisture and seeds with high moisture content are rapidly attacked by the storage fungi which can decrease seed quality and viability. Moreover, the Aspergillus niger infection increased from 27.5 to 43.75 and the germination percent decreased from 52.5 to 23 percent in seeds with a moisture content of 14% in Moghan storage, as compared with the controlled storage. Furthermore, this study showed that when the percentage of storage fungi increases, the soybean seed deterioration increases. Studying the biochemical changes of deteriorated seeds during the storage showed that as the aging of the seeds increases, soluble sugars and protein percentage decrease. The amounts of soluble sugars and total protein of the seed were significantly lower in seeds maintained under unsuitable conditions. Furthermore, the content of soluble sugars and total protein decreased significantly by the increase of the seed moisture, which resulted in the increase in seed deterioration.

Based on the obtained results, initial seed moisture and storage conditions are two important determinants of fungi infestation during storage, which can affect the content of soluble sugars and total protein causing seed deterioration, seed vigor and viability. It can be concluded that the soybean seed moisture content of 12%, which is the standard moisture content of soybean seed production in Iran, is regarded as suitable moisture for seed storage.

Introduction of proper storage conditions and initial seed moisture in order to decrease fungal damage and soybean seed deterioration. Determination of different fungal damages during the storage of soybean seeds. Determination of relationship between the degree of soybean seed infection of storage fungi and the seed’s quality, its amount of protein and soluble sugars.

This study was conducted to investigate the role of polyamines (PAs) as priming agents on seed quality and vigour change with different moisture content (Mc)(14,16,18%) under 8 month storage conditions in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) c.v Usef. Experimental units were arranged factorialy in a completely randomized design with four replications for two years. The seeds were harvested at three initial moisture contents including 18, 16, 14% using wet weight basis. The seed samples then were sealed in polythene bags and stored in conditioned storages for 8 months. After that for seed priming, seeds were soaked in aerated solution of Spermine (Spm), Puterscine (Put), and Spermidine (Spd) and distilled water (W), also untreated seeds used as control. The result in two years indicated that seed treatments significantly increased the seed viability and normall seedling percentage. Interaction between seed moisture content × seed treatments were significant (P<0.01) for Amadori and Maillard products. Mximum Amadori and Maillard product was detected for control (untreated seeds) and 14% MC .Whereas, minimum Amadori and Maillard product was detected for Spm seed treatment and 18% MC. Meanwhile, Amadori and Maillard products were reduced in all seed treatments.By increasing Amadori and Maillard products of seed, seedling vigour and seed viability decreased. It suggests that this technique could apply especially for improving vigor of barley seeds in at the end of storage period or at least one month before of this period. Generally, the effectiveness of PAs on improving seedling vigor was more pronounced in Spermine treatment.