ali mehri

AIDS is a public health problem for which screening tests are recommended for prevention. This study aimed to determine the impact of an educational intervention based on the precaution adoption process model on HIV screening. 

A semi-experimental study was conducted on 120 third and fourth-year nursing students in Sabzevar city in 2019 using random sampling. Data collection tools, researcher-made questioner with appropriate validity and reliability, included demographic information, awareness, and constructs of the precaution adoption process model. Data was collected before, two weeks, and two months after the intervention in intervention and control groups. Data was analyzed using SPSS19 software and tests including Chi-square, independent t-test, GEE, and multiple linear regression.

In the present study, 21.7%, 35%, 28.3%, and 15% of students were in stages 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. After the intervention, 55% of individuals in the intervention group progressed to stage 6 (action). The educational intervention increased awareness by 4%, sensitivity by 6%, perceived benefits by 16%, and self-efficacy. Additionally, the behavior of the intervention group improved more than three times compared to the control group (P=0.028).

The study results indicated that the educational intervention to students, despite being implemented at various stages of the model, increased the likelihood of them moving closer to the stage of performing the behavior. Therefore, designing educational interventions to promote the target group from stages of non-engagement or decision-making to HIV testing is recommended.

Given the limited use of the 6-minute walking distance (6MWD) test as a replacement for standard tests in thoracic surgery, insufficient research exists on the prognostic value of this test, and further studies are necessary. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between pulmonary function tests (PFT) and the 6MWD test in lung resection patients.

This cross-sectional study, conducted in 2021-2022, involved lung resection candidates referred to the thoracic surgery clinic. Demographic data, including age, sex, and body mass index (BMI), were collected, and pulmonary function tests and 6MWD tests were conducted for all patients. The sample size of the study was 31, and all patients received routine treatment during hospitalization.

Of the 31 subjects included in the study, 16 were male (51.6%) and 15 (48.4%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 33.45±13.78 years. The median forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and the mean ratio of FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC) were 2.16 (1.49–2.85) liters and 81.80±7.34%, respectively. No significant correlation was found between the results of 6MWD and PFT, including FVC, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC ratio (P>0.05).

The 6MWD test is a more economical and easily accessible test than PFT. However, this study found no correlation between the 6MWD test and spirometry parameters. Therefore, we suggest that surgeons should not rely on the 6MWD test as a predictive value for assessing respiratory function in lung resection candidates. The study’s findings have important implications for clinical practice.

The very important role of electronic services and online services in every society is not hidden from anyone, among them, what is important is the quality of these services. Electronic service quality refers to how effectively and efficiently a particular Internet banking service can facilitate online transactions. Therefore, in this research, the design of the quality improvement model of banking technological services in Iran has been discussed. The current research is based on the fundamental goal and based on the method of data collection, survey-cross-sectional. Data collection tools were library studies, interviews, structural-interpretive modelling and researcher-made questionnaires. In the qualitative part of the article, 11 banking experts were purposefully selected. In the quantitative part, 384 questionnaires were distributed among the customers of Sanat and Madan Bank in the form of simple stratified sampling. The analysis of data in the qualitative part was through thematic analysis and in the quantitative part interpretive structural modelling, self-interaction structural matrix, achievement matrix, an adaptation of the achievement matrix, determination of relationships and levelling of indicators as well as structural equations. Eight main themes of the qualitative section: technological banking management, technological banking marketing, system and electronic service quality, improving the quality of technological banking services, technological hardware and software infrastructure, customer experience management, organizational culture and risk management were identified. The quantitative part showed the technological software and hardware infrastructure on technological banking management, technological banking management on risk management and organizational culture, risk management on technological banking marketing and customer experience management, organizational culture on technological banking marketing and customer experience management, and technological banking marketing. On the systemic and electronic quality of services, customer experience management on the systemic and electronic quality of services, the systemic and electronic quality of services have a positive and significant effect on improving the quality of banking technological services.

The effectiveness of immunotherapy for most cancer patients remains low, with approximately 10–30% of those treated surviving. Thus, much effort is being put into finding new ways to improve immune checkpoint therapy. Our review concludes that the inhibition of proprotein convertase subtilisin/Kexin type 9 (PCSK9), which plays a critical role in regulating cholesterol metabolism, can cause T cells to move toward tumors, with increased sensitivity to immune checkpoint therapies.We searched PubMed, NCBI, Scopus, and Google Scholar for the published articles without limitations on publication dates. We used the following terms: “PCSK9”, “Cancer”, “Immune Checkpoint”, and “Cancer Prognosis” in the title and/or abstract. Our search initially revealed 600 records on the subject and stored them in the used databases under EndNote X8 management software. We selected about 161 articles that were carefully read and among them, 76 were included in our research.We concluded that PCSK9 reduces the number of LDL receptors (LDL-R) on the cell surface, which is linked to its ability to regulate cholesterol levels in the body. Also, we discuss how suppressing PCSK9 leads to the MHC-1 accumulation on the surface of cancer cells, which results in T lymphocyte invasion. Finally, we believe that inhibiting PCSK9 may be an effective strategy for improving cancer immunotherapy.

Although breast cancer is one of the biggest threats to women's health, preventive behaviors among women are not desirable, especially in vulnerable populations. This study aimed to assess the effect of an educational intervention on promoting breast cancer preventive behaviors in middle-aged women. It was performed on the outskirts of Mashhad, Iran

In this quasi-experimental study in 2017, women referring to comprehensive health service centers in the suburbs of Mashhad were randomly selected and divided into intervention (n = 60) and control (n = 60) groups. The educational intervention was performed in 4 sessions based on the structures of PEN-3 model. A self-designed questionnaire was completed immediately and two months after the educational intervention by the target group.

The mean of constructs of perceptual, empowering, and reinforcing factors were significantly higher in women with higher education. Despite the lack of statistically significant differences between the two groups before the educational intervention, but immediately and two months after the intervention, the mean scores of PEN-3 model constructs and preventive behaviors in the intervention group were significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05).

The findings showed that educational intervention based on PEN-3 model constructs was effective on improving preventive behaviors among marginalized women.

Photovoltaic (PV) systems are susceptible to lightning strikes. In this paper, a new accurate and efficient electromagnetic transient (EMT) model of grounding systems (GSs) is presented. The proposed approach considers the impact of frequency-dependent (FD) modeling of GSs on the overvoltage values in PV systems in time domain analysis. The proposed wide-band model is significantly accurate for various types of GSs (single-port and multi-port GSs) and models the frequency dependence of the soil electrical parameters based on experimental data (conductivity and relative permittivity). The proposed model can be implemented in time domain without any GS impedance matrix inversion, so it has less complexity compared to previous approaches. Most of the existing studies suffer from low accuracy in the PV system modeling during lightning transients because of neglecting the effects of the mounting system, metal frame, and mutual coupling, which are considered in the present work. The results demonstrate that the PV factors and frequency dependence of soil have a great effect on the PV system overvoltages. The proposed model offers improved accuracy by covering the entire frequency range of interest. Additionally, it takes into account the mounting system, metal frame, and mutual coupling in EMT analysis.

 The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effect of interval training and resveratrol consumption on the regulatory and executive factors of hepatocyte apoptosis in male rats with diabetes.

 Frothy-two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into healthy control, diabetic, saline diabetic, resveratrol supplement, intermittent exercise, and resveratrol+intermittent exercise groups. The interval training program consisted of 8 weeks of training with an intensity of 50%-70% of the maximum oxygen consumption. Resveratrol was injected in two training groups with resveratrol supplement and resveratrol+supplement at a dose of 20 mg.

 The concentrations of caspase-3 and BAX in diabetic saline and diabetic groups were significantly higher than in control groups (P=0.001). On the other hand, Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) levels in diabetic saline and diabetic were significantly lower than in the control groups (P=0.001). The concentration of the BAX/Bcl-2 ratio in diabetic and diabetic saline was significantly higher compared to control groups (P=0.001) The effect of interval training, administration of resveratrol alone, or especially with interval training caused a significant decrease in the concentration of BAX and caspase-3 (P=0.001), a significant increase in the mean Bcl-2 concentration (P=0.001), and a significant decrease in the mean BAX/Bcl-2 ratio (P=0.001) in male rats with diabetes compared with the diabetic and diabetic groups.

 The combined effect of eight-week resveratrol supplementation and interval training decreased apoptosis markers, while it increased the concentration of Bcl-2 in male rats with type 2 diabetes.

Traffic accidents are one of the biggest public health challenges. Considering the role of safe behaviors in reducing traffic accidents, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of educational intervention based on protection motivation theory on promoting safe traffic behaviors in male students.

In this study, male students were randomly divided into two control group (n = 70) and an intervention group (n = 70). After confirming the validity and reliability, a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 63 questions based on the theory of protection motivation was distributed among the students. The students in the intervention group received training for 90 minutes for four weeks. The data were collected in the form of self-report immediately and six months after the intervention and analyzed by the statistical tests of correlation, Chi-square, multiple regression, repeated measures ANOVA, and t tests using SPSS version 19.

The structures of protection motivation theory predicted 21% of the variance of safe behaviors. Immediately after the educational intervention, except for the fear construct, the mean scores of other theoretical constructs and students’ safe behaviors were significant between the two groups, but the mean scores were not significant six months after the educational intervention except for perceived selfefficacy, perceived response efficacy, protection motivation of other studied theoretical constructs, and safe behaviors (P > 0.05).

Considering the influence of several components on the formation of safe traffic behavior, it seems that to promote safe behaviors of students, in addition to designing theory-based training programs, creating supportive infrastructures by policymakers and planners is essential for correct traffic behaviors.

Dynamic establishment and optimal continuity of the educational system is strongly influenced by the quality and quantity of planning. However, planning teaching and learning activities is the most important one. The aim of this study was to evaluate students’ satisfaction with the teaching assistant method and determine factors affecting it in Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences.

In this cross-sectional study, 49 undergraduate nursing (29 students) and public health (20 students) students with non-experience of teaching assistant method were selected through simple random sampling method. Data were collected with a modified questionnaire and its validity and reliability was measured.

The mean score of satisfaction was 33.70±1.04 from 48 total scores. There was a significant relationship between gender and field of study variables with satisfaction variable (P < 0.05). Public health students and male students were more satisfied with the teaching assistant method. The mean scores of satisfactions in public health (mean score =36.30) and male students (mean score =35.50) were higher than nursing (mean score =31.17) and female students (mean score =32.59) respectively.

Evaluation of the students' satisfaction showed that students' satisfaction with the teaching assistant method is higher than average and using this method can be effective in improving the education system.

 Intimate partner violence (IPV) is the most common type of domestic violence often used by men against their wives. Due to the destructive and widespread social and health consequences of IPV, the present study aimed to investigate the prevalence and related factors of IPV among married women in Garmsar, Iran.

 Using multi-stage clusters sampling method, this cross-sectional study included 400 married women in Garmsar, Iran. The data collection process was conducted during October and December 2019 using a researcher-made questionnaire. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed using content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) indicators (0.85 and 0.88, respectively). Also, the reliability was confirmed by examining the internal consistency and obtaining a score of 0.93 for Cronbach's alpha. Descriptive and analytical statistics were performed using t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Tukey’s post-hoc test.

 Most participants were in the age range of 20-40 years (mean age: 34.9 years). The overall exposure of women to IPV was 56.11%. In addition, the most prevalent types of IPV included legal (24%), social (24%), financial (22%), verbal (16%), physical (13%), emotional (12%), and sexual (11%). The effective factors on the prevalence of IPV included number of children, education level, occupation, and age (P less than 0.05).

 We witnessed that women living in Garmsar faced different types of IPV and their overall exposure to this phenomenon was higher than the national and global average. To resolve the problem, the following measurements are recommended: a careful investigation of the reasons for the spread of IPV, implementing interventions based on reliable evidence, and serious cooperation of the experts and relevant governmental and non-governmental institutions, particularly citizens.

Considering the influential role of teaching safe behaviors in preventing accidents and injuries, this study aims to determine the effect of educational intervention based on protection motivation theory (PMT) and information-motivation-behavioral skills (IMB) model on promoting safe motorcycle riding behaviors in male students at Sabzevar University.

This quasi-experimental study was performed on 100 motorcyclist students at Sabzevar University selected using two-stage cluster sampling method in 2018. After confirming the validity and reliability of the instrument, the questionnaire was completed three times before, immediately, and two months after the educational intervention. The intervention group was held in 9 educational sessions for three weeks. The data were analyzed by SPSS18 software using t-test, chi-square, Fisher's exact test, and repeated measures tests.

The mean scores of PMT and IMB and safe behaviors of students in the intervention group immediately and two months after the educational intervention compared to the control group showed a statistically significant increase (p<0.001). The mean scores of the studied constructs and safe behaviors in the intervention group had also a statistically significant change over time (p <0.05).

The results indicate the effect of educational intervention based on PMT and IMB on promoting safe behaviors in young students. Face-to-face education and virtual education based on a combination of health education theories can be used to effectively promote safe behaviors of motorcyclist students.

Screening behaviors along with a healthy lifestyle and regular physical activity play an essential role in reducing mortality from breast cancer. The present study aimed to determine the factors associated with breast cancer–preventive behaviors based on the theory of protection motivation in women in Neyshabur city.

In this cross-sectional study, 325 women aged 30 to 69 years referred to Neyshabur health service centers were studied after enrolment through cluster sampling. The data collection tool was a researcher-made self-report questionnaire that had acceptable validity (face and content) and reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.83). Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics with SPSS v19. 

Fifty-two percent of participants never had a breast self-examination before, and 72.6% had never been to a health center for a clinical breast examination. Only 6.8% of the participants had regular physical activity. All constructs of conservation motivation theory, except fear, were correlated with breast cancer-preventive behaviors. Perceived self-efficacy had the highest score, and perceived cost had the lowest score among protection motivation theory constructs. Regression analysis reflected that protection motivation, perceived severity, perceived rewards, and awareness were predictors of the adoption of breast cancer–preventive behaviors. Overall, these variables could predict 15.4% of behavioral change.

Theory-based educational planning to encourage women to adopt breast cancer-preventive behaviors, including a healthy lifestyle and screening behaviors, is essential.

Domestic violence against women is a global problem that can lead to many negative consequences on physical, mental, and social health that various sociocultural causes play a role in its occurrence in different societies. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the causes and type of violence against spouses in married men in Kerman.

This cross‑sectional study was performed in 2018. The study was conducted on 400 married men who experienced violence against their wives. Sampling was a multistage cluster sampling method. The data collection tool was a questionnaire on violence against women. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one‑way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and two‑variate analysis.

The results of the data showed that the highest rate of violence in the group of housewives was related to physical violence and in the group of women living in dormitories and pregnant women was related to verbal violence. The results of data analysis with a one‑way ANOVA test showed that between the three groups, all dimensions of violence and the overall score of violence had significant changes (P < 0.05). The results of the two‑variate analysis test showed that there was a significant relationship between the variables of age, duration of marriage, male education, spouse education, type of marriage, male job, and spouse job with the overall score of violence in all three groups (P < 0.05).

According to the results of the present study, it seems that the empowerment of women in all dimensions to improve and promote health to deal with domestic violence is essential. As a result, the relevant measures should be taken by the support systems taking into account the circumstances of the individuals.

The widespread use of social media (SM) is an emerging phenomenon in today’s world, especially among adolescents.

The present study was designed to examine the impacts of excessive use of SM on adolescents’ health.

This was a qualitative study conducted in 2018 on 27 high school students (14 boys and 13 girls) in Tehran, Iran. To explain the experience of using SM, six open-ended questions along with some follow-up questions were asked through in-depth interviews by two interviewers. The content analysis with an inductive approach was used to analyze the data.

The mean age of the students was 16.5 ± 1.34 years. The mean duration of having a smartphone was 3.11 ± 0.97years. Moreover, the duration of using smartphone in a day was 4 ± 1.5 hours. In this study, the themes emerged from 1,273 phrases, sentences, or semantic units separated from the interviews. After refining the semantic units, 861 refined units were created; these phrases of sentences or paragraphs appeared in the form of 7 themes, 18 main categories, and 38 sub-categories. The themes included the reasons for using SM (educational and non-educational, avoidance of negative emotions), emotional (changes in moods, academic failure), social (problems with family and society, relationships with relatives, cultural changes), physical (sensorineural hearing loss, changes in the sleep cycle, musculoskeletal pain), sexual (sexual fantasies, high-risk sexual behaviors), mental health (changes in mental powers and processing, loss of concentration), and the process of using SM (beliefs in the use and pattern of using SM).

Most of the complaints and impacts were related to emotional health, mostly with the experience of mood changes and academic failure and social health, respectively. The results indicated the need for planning educational and social interventions to increase media literacy in adolescents.

Annually, more than half a million people worldwide are infected with brucellosis. Education is one of the basic strategies in controlling and preventing this disease. The PRECEDE model provides a clear framework for planning to change behavior. The factors affecting the behavior in the educational diagnosis stage of this model are categorized. This study aimed to determine the effect of educational intervention based on the educational phase of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model on the improvement of preventative behaviors of brucellosis.

 This semi-experimental study was carried out on 150 villagers of Minoodasht, Iran, in 2019. The subjects were selected by stratified sampling in two control and intervention groups. Seventy-five people were assigned to each group. Data collection tools were the valid and reliable questionnaire based on the educational structures of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model and a demographic questionnaire. Data of the two groups were collected before and three months after the educational intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS 19 software through T, Chi-square, and exact Fisher tests.

 There was no significant difference between the two groups in demographic variables and enabling factors before the intervention (p>0.05). In contrast, there was a significant difference between the two groups in the enabling factors and preventive behaviors of brucellosis three months after the educational intervention (p<0.05). 

 The educational intervention based on the educational diagnosis phase of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model effectively promotes brucellosis prevention behaviors in the villagers.

Preventive measures such as training and preventive people skills are for personal protection in endemic areas that the aim of this study was to determine the predictors of preventive behaviors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in students based on Health Belief Model and BASNEF model.

In this descriptive-analytical study, 379 students of Neyshabur city were selected and studied by multistage cluster sampling. A questionnaire was designed to collect data and was completed based on the study patterns.

Significant correlation (P <.01) was found between all constructs of the models except perceived sensitivity and awareness with behavioral intention. Comparing the two models studied, the BASNEF model constructs predicted 32% of the total and the Behavioral belief model constructs 24% of the variance in intention to prevent leishmaniasis behaviors.

The prevalence of Leishmaniasis prevention behaviors in the studied community was moderate, which should be improved through educational interventions given that the disease is endemic in Neyshabur. Training programs aimed at enhancing attitudes, abstract norms, self-efficacy and perceived benefits as well as reducing perceived barriers can be effective in promoting leishmaniasis prevention behaviors.

Benefactors of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are the hidden public health promotion systems. These benefactors are the symbol and intermediary of people participation, which is one of the main arms of health promotion and reduction of poverty and injustice in the societies. The present study is aimed to identify the benefactors’ experiences in NGOs in terms of providing and promoting health‑oriented services.

This study was conducted with a qualitative approach. The total number of participants was 32, which consisted of 25 chief executive officers from active and inactive organizations. Active organizations refer to organizations that submitted their 6‑month report at the time of the investigation and whose operating license was renewed and in operation and seven officials of the social deputy of governmental organizations related to NGOs. Data collection was performed by using semi‑structured interviews and with purposive sampling and then continued until data saturation. Furthermore, the content analysis method was used for data analysis. MAXQDA software version 2007 was used to manage quality data.

During the data analysis, the following four subcategories were obtained: “high effort in empathy with fellow human beings,” “role of merit in the success of donors,” “creating a platform for social attention for the client’s spontaneity,” and “respect of the client,” which were the results of experience and dimensions. The performance of non‑governmental organizations is in line with the confrontation and responsibility of non‑governmental organizations with a focus on health‑oriented services.

Having benevolent motives, benefactors attempt to provide conditions, in which help seekers have more chance for living through establishing new, sustainable, and future‑reassuring conditions.

Brucellosis is one of the most important public health problems in developing countries, especially in rural areas closely related to animals. This study determines the effectiveness of an educational intervention based on Protection Motivation Theory on promoting preventive behaviors from brucellosis between the farmerchr('39')s ranchers in the comprehensive rural health center.

In this quasi-experimental study, 110 ranchers of the farmer (in two groups of intervention and control) were selected by two-stage cluster sampling. The data collection instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of two parts; the first part included demographic questions, and the second part related to knowledge of the disease and the Protection Motivation Theory questions. The data were analyzed by SPSS 16 using Mann Whitney, Shapiro-Wilk, Kruskal-Wallis, Regression, Fisherchr('39')s Exact Test, and Chi-Square.

After the educational intervention, awareness and all protection motivation theory structures in the intervention group compared to the control group have increased significantly (p<0.05). Also, the structures of protection motivation theory predicted 0.66% of the variance of preventive behaviors, and among them, self-efficacy and motivation related to behavior were the strongest predictors.

This study confirms the effectiveness of an educational intervention based on the Protection Motivation Theory on adopting brucellosischr('39')s preventive behaviors.

Identification of psychological processes associated with increased physical activity (PA) i.e., sustainable motivation, is limited. Over recent years, self-determination theory (SDT) has been widely used to study long term PA motivation. Using path analysis in women in the reproductive age, the current study was conducted with the aim to investigate predictive factors of PA based on SDT.

This cross sectional study was carried out on 412 women aged 15-49 years in Tonekabon, Mazandaran in the north of Iran in 2015. Path analysis was used to investigate the relationship between psychological need satisfaction, PA motivation, healthcare climate, various motivation types and PA. Additionally, path analysis was used to investigate the appropriateness of SDT for PA.

Perception of autonomy, enjoyment, health, appearance and social motives indirectly correlated with PA through Relative Autonomy Index (RAI). Moreover, RAI, perception of autonomy and social motive directly correlated with PA. These variables accounted for 56% of the variance in PA.

Findings from this study can be used to design SDT-based interventions. In order to promote PA among women in the reproductive age, the autonomous behavioral regulation, perception of autonomy, and social motive should be strengthened.

Hypertension is one of the most common chronic health problems worldwide and self-care behaviors are an important part of managing blood pressure in these patients. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of educational intervention based on the PRECEDE model on the promotion of self-care behaviors of patients with hypertension.

This randomized controlled trial was performed among 102 patients with hypertension who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling in 2018. Data collection tools included demographic information and a standard questionnaire based on the PRECEDE model constructs which were completed by interview. The experimental group participated in 4 training sessions. Questionnaires were collected before and 3 months after the educational intervention from the participants of the experimental and control groups. Data were analyzed in SPSS 19 software using Chi-square, independent t-test, paired t-test, and linear regression.

The results showed that knowledge, attitude and enabling factors predicted 20% of the variance of self-care behaviors of patients with hypertension before the educational intervention. After the educational intervention, the mean scores of all structures of the PRECEDE model were statistically significant between the experimental and control groups (p<0.05), except for the enabling factors (p>0.05). Also, the mean score of self-care behaviors 3 months after the educational intervention in the experimental group was significantly increased compared to the control group (p<0.05).

Increasing the average of self-care behavior in patients undergoing educational intervention indicates the effective role of education in the use of self-care behaviors. Proper planning for educational interventions based on the PRECEDE model as well as providing the necessary structures is necessary to facilitate the realization of self-care behaviors in patients with hypertension.

Quarantine is medically very effective in protecting the public from disease. Given the significant role of women in forming the health behavior of the family, this study was performed with aim to investigate the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of women in Sabzevar concerning home quarantine for prevention of the new coronavirus disease.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 605 women of Sabzevar in 2019. The study tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were approved. The range of scores in each dimension of the questionnaire was between 0 and 100. Data were collected by available and non-probabilistic sampling methods as virtual dissemination. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 16) and t-test, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation test, and linear regression test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The highest mean score of practice concerning the home quarantine program were observed in the age group upper 55years (82.58±22.31) and College education (70.77±21.95). The mean scores of women's knowledge, attitude, and practice concerning the home quarantine program were 73.45 ± 13.73, 80.74 ± 7.27, and 69.71 ± 22.14, respectively. Age (P =0.004, B =2.6), education level (P = 0.03, B = 4.45), and attitude (P = 0.03; B =0.27) had an increasing impact on women’s practice.

The level of knowledge, attitude, and practice about the implementation of home quarantine to prevent coronavirus disease was satisfied. However, despite the positive attitude of women about the implementation of home quarantine, their practice was not satisfied. This shows that given the role of women in improving the health behavior of the family, enhancing their skills and capabilities is essential.

Prevention is the best way to break the transmission chain of COVID-19. The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of people regarding home quarantine to prevent COVID-19 in Sabzevar city, Iran.

In the present cross-sectional study in 2020, 836 people from Sabzevar participated. Data were collected by the virtual questionnaire and released in social media by nonprobability methods (Convenience and Snowball). The study questionnaire was researcher-made. The questions included demographics, knowledge, attitude and practice. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed. 

The variables of gender, attitude and job on practice, variables of gender, education, job and attitude on knowledge and variables of knowledge, age, gender and underlying disease on attitude toward home quarantine have a significant impact (P˂0.05).

Peoplechr('39')s practice regarding home quarantine to prevent COVID-19 depends on a number of factors. Paying attention to the gender, attitude and occupation of individuals in policy making regarding home quarantine can improve the performance of the public.

In this paper, we firstly review some definitions related to fractional calculus and fractional entropy, as a generalization of Shannon entropy. Then we introduce the generalized word importance metric based on fractional entropy. Using the proposed definition, we introduce a new text mining method based on fractional entropy. This method for keyword extraction of the Statistical Inference book by Casella and Berger (1990) shows that the F-measure value of the proposed text mining method, is higher than the related value for common text mining method based on Shannon entropy. These results indicate that the proposed text mining method based on fractional entropy is more comprehensive than the traditional text mining based on Shannon entropy.

The amount of exclusive breastfeeding in Iran during the years1991- 2015is estimated 10- 53%,for improwing this, in the first step,the effective factors should be determined.Due to the lack of standard and indigenous questionnaires on the determinants of effective factors on lactation,this study aimed to design and validate native instruments for measuring thefactors affecting exclusive breastfeeding in Kashmars nulliparous based on the theory of planned behavior.

In this cross-sectional study,original tool was designed using the literature review and need assessment of beliefs To validate participated10nursing mothers,content-related validity through the panel of experts with the participation of10 experts in health education and tool design and validity Structures were studied by selecting156 of the survey population.The reliability of the tool was examined by internal consistency and Ray-Test.

The initial questionnaire was designed with 67 items. In the face value and validity of qualitative literature content,some questions were changed and in the face validity,6 items were omitted due to the score of less than11.5.In content validity,considering the cutting point79/0to measure content validity index and cut point of./62for the ratio of credit,18 items were deleted. Structural validity was performed by confirmatory factor analysis in LISREL software,The Reliability of the tool was also approved using methods such as internal consistency(α=0.832)and its stability through retest method (ICC=70.38).Conclusion Questionnaire designed for effective factors on exclusive breastfeeding in primipara women is a trustworthy tool with acceptable reliability and validity and we recommend it in related studiesKeywords: exclusive breastfeeding, theory of planned behavior, design and psychometric.

Water pipe smoking has become very popular among young people. Regarding to the increasing prevalence of water pipe smoking among students, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of an educational intervention based on Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) on male students’ intention to quit water pipe smoking.

This semi-experimental study was conducted on 150 male students of the Islamic Azad University of Sabzevar-Iran, in 2017 who were selected by simple random sampling method and allocated to two control and intervention groups (75 people in each group). Data collection tool included a demographic information questionnaire and a researcher-made questionnaire based on motivational phase constructs of health action process approach and theory of planned behavior. Intervention group participants received six sessions of education (45 minutes per session). Both groups completed questionnaires in baseline and one month after the intervention. Data were analyzed in SPSS 23 software using statistical tests.

Before the intervention, there was no significant difference in the mean scores of the constructs of risk perception, outcome expectancy, action self-efficacy, attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral intention to quit water pipe smoking between the two groups (p>0.05). However, after the intervention, these differences were significant except attitude (p<0.05). Also, after the intervention, intention to quit water pipe smoking in the students of intervention group had significant difference compared to the control group (p=0.004).

The educational intervention based on Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) is effective in creating the intention to quit water pipe smoking among students.