فهرست مطالب ali zarei

Coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic has started worldwide since December 2019. Medical students, as front-line health care staff, are at high risk for coronavirus and mental disorders caused by it. In pandemic conditions, higher education institutions are asked to develop management approaches regarding epidemics and encourage positive health behaviors among students. Therefore, according to this issue, examining the knowledge, attitude, anxiety and adaptation strategies of Aja University of Medical
Sciences students during the Covid-19 epidemic can be helpful to increase the adaptation strategies and management of students’ performance in pandemic conditions. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitude, anxiety, and adaptation strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic in students of AJA University of Medical Sciences.

Methods and Materials: 

This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was performed by available sampling method on 295 students of Aja University of Medical Sciences in 2021. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire including two sections of demographic information and related questions in 44 items. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics.

A total of 295 students from different fields of medicine filled the questionnaire. 98.27% of the participants were in the age group of 18 to 25 years and 92.54% of them were men. Their level of knowledge was estimated to be optimal (positive answer>70%). The anxiety level of students has not been too high. The students’ response about adaptation strategies was shown to be above 70% in all questions. Moreover, there was not any significant relationship between demographic characteristics (gender, age, and field of study) with any of the variables of knowledge, attitude, anxiety, and adaptation strategies.

A high level of knowledge and adaptation strategies with Covid-19 anxiety was indicated among medical students, which may be due to appropriate educational programs to promote a safer lifestyle and prevent the transmission of COVID-19.

Academic failure, as one of the key challenges universities face, has numerous causes. To mitigate it, the impact of these factors must be acknowledged.

This study aims to propose a predictive model for students’ academic achievement, focusing on variables such as addiction to virtual etworks, procrastination in work, feelings of loneliness, and academic stress.

This research is applied and correlational. The statistical population comprised all students from a chosen military university in Tehran in 2023. By employing convenience sampling and G*power software, 386 individuals participated in the study. Data collection involved utilizing questionnaires on internet addiction, loneliness, work procrastination, and student stress, while academic performance was determined using students’ averages. The study variables’ relationships were explored through a suggested conceptual model. Amos24 software was utilized for examining the causal links among research variables using structural equation modeling (SEM).

After modifying the initial measurement model, Composite Reliability index (CR) were obtained greater than the cut-off point of 0.7, and the overall reliability of the model was confirmed. The average variance extracted (AVE) being greater than the cut point of 0.5 and CR being greater than AVE confirmed the convergent validity of the constructs. Divergent validity was also confirmed by the AVE value being higher than the values of the maximum shared squared variance (MSV) and average shared squared variance (ASV). The normed chi-square (CMIN/D˂3), comparative fit index (CFI>0.9), root mean square residual (SRMR˂0.08) and root mean square error of approximate (RMSEA˂0.08) confirmed the fit of the modified model.

Virtual network addiction and procrastination, as independent variables, along with loneliness as a mediating variable, significantly influence academic performance. The findings suggest that the model fits well, with the variables successfully predicting students’ academic performance at an above-average level Keywords: Academic performance, Addiction

The aim of this research was developing a quality model for performance evaluation in the Bowling, Billiards and Bowls Sports Federation. In this research, Delphi method was used which in the first stage - with qualitative and inductive approach - the data obtained from in-depth interviews with organizational and external experts (11 person) were analyzed using MAXQDA software and thematic analysis method. It led to the drawing and networking of endowment organization performance management themes (441 codes and 26 themes). In the second step - with a quantitative approach - the interpretive structural modeling (ISM) approach was used to structure the experts' views which is one of the soft operational research techniques. As a result, the final conceptual model was drawn by classifying themes from the first stage and exploring the relationships between them. The research findings include eight basic themes that determine performance: Leadership and management, Relationships, Membership, Financial management, Standardization, Positive image, Maintaining the value of sports in the community, and Staff training and skills. Also, 3 themes were identified as performance results, which included the three components of educational activities, internal and external competitions, and changes in the rules for establishing clubs. These 11 components are the components of the final research model. Finally, based on the components in the final model, practical suggestions such as the use of performance reports by managers, establishing manager relations with other federations and how to satisfy customers and employees were presented to managers.

The purpose of this research was to model the impact of sports diplomacy on achieving the goals of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This study employed a qualitative research method using the grounded theory approach of Glaser. The statistical population consisted of all managers and experts knowledgeable and experienced in the relevant subject. The sampling criteria from the statistical population included individuals familiar with the literature of sports diplomacy, individuals who have authored scientific-research books and articles, and individuals with teaching and work experience in any of the aforementioned fields. The sample was selected using both purposive and snowball sampling methods. The results indicated that sports diplomacy significantly influences the achievement of the goals of the Islamic Republic of Iran, including political, cultural, economic, sports, social, and geopolitical objectives. Based on the findings, it is recommended that a Sports Diplomacy Policy Council be established, comprising the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Minister of Sport and Youth, the Minister of Culture and Islamic Guidance, the Minister of Education, the Minister of Science, Research, and Technology, and other relevant officials. This council would determine the position of the country's sports diplomacy within government programs, appoint the responsible organization, and develop the related strategies.

 Ischemia is one of the most common injuries that is usually caused by reduced blood flow to the tissues. Following this incident, the tissue becomes deficient in oxygen and nutrients, and energy production in the affected cells stops, eventually leading to cell damage, but there is also evidence that restoring blood flow to ischemic tissues can lead to extra tissue damage known as Ischemia Reperfusion Injury (IRI). In this study, we reviewed the relationship between vitamin C intake and ischemia/reperfusion injury to investigate the relationship between vitamin C intake and ischemia/reperfusion injury. The keywords “Vitamin C” or “Ascorbic Acid” and “Ischemic” or “Ischemia” and “Reperfusion” were used in this search. The results show that vitamin C has a positive effect on ischemia treatment in the renal tissue, brain, liver, intestine, lung, ovary, pancreas, and skin.

Leisure experiences play a significant role in individuals' lives. Accordingly, the current study aimed to determine the impact of physical activity application product features on improving young people's leisure experiences.

Methods and Materials: 

This cross-sectional study was correlational. The research population included all youths in the northern and western areas of Tehran in 2021 who used the physical activity application (Samsung Health) on their mobile phones at least twice a week. The sample consisted of 410 individuals selected through purposive sampling and responded to personal information checklists and researcher-made questionnaires on physical activity application product features and leisure experiences. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling in SPSS and SMART-PLS software.

Results showed that physical activity application product features and all three of its components, including perceived dynamism, usefulness features, and pleasure-seeking features, had a direct and significant effect on young people's leisure experiences (P<0.05).

The results indicate the effective role of physical activity application product features and all three of its components, including perceived dynamism, usefulness features, and pleasure-seeking features, in improving young people's leisure experiences.

The present study was conducted to Explaining the communication model of conflict management styles with satisfaction and success of athletes in Iranian national teams for the deaf. In this study, Robbins (1998) Conflict Management Questionnaires of Rimrochladoray Athletes (1998) and the success of Mousavi and Vaez Mousavi (2015) athletes were used. To analyze the data and prioritize the dominant style of conflict management, Friedman test and to determine the relationship and the extent of the variables, Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling method have been used. Software (SPSS and Smart PLS) were also used to perform calculations and model design. The results showed that coaches use non-confrontational style to manage more conflicts. Also, while observing the relationship between conflict management styles (t = 2.81, f = 0.68) and athletes' satisfaction, between solution strategy (t = 2.64, f = 0.46) and non-confrontation (t = 2.78, f = 0.32) There was a significant relationship between athletes 'satisfaction and solution orientation strategy (t = 3.44, f = 0.32) with athletes' success. According to the research results, when the coaches of the national teams for the deaf use solution-oriented strategies, they are more successful in managing conflicts and creating satisfaction and achieving the success of athletes.

Today employment is one of the most important indicators of development in the countries. The analysis of the employment process and its structure across the country and its various areas requires accurate knowledge of the potentialities and their composition in the areas , to create balanced planning and employment in each area. This research is descriptive-analytic and aims to analyze the spatial distribution pattern of public and private sector employees in Iranian Townships. The statistical population consists of 397 Township all over of Iran, whose statistics and data were from the general census of population and housing in 2016. In this regard, after collecting the data and theoretical studies of public and private sector employees, the spatial automation correlation model based on the Moran's I index and Spatial Statistics Tools used for spatial and Hot Spot Analysis with Rending. The results of data analysis indicate that the distribution patterns of public and private sector employees in the Iranian Townships is clustered (was not distributed uniformly in the different Townships). Also, according to the analysis of Hot Spots, the distribution of employees in the public and private sectors was observed, with the highest in Tehran and centralized in a radius of approximately 300 km from it (although Tehran itself is confined with a 95% confidence level), and the rest of the Townships have more balanced distributions.

In many paintings attributed to Behzad, regardless of his artistic style and structure, works have been mistakenly attributed to this artist. for this reason; The working method in space creation, figures and decorations in the works of this artist is of special importance and their examination has determined the painter's style and has been one of the important factors in identifying the paintings. So the main purpose of this research checking decorations painting, ways figure and atta oh ments and also comparisom human portrait in selected effect of Kamaluddin Behzad, to find portrait painting of dervish effect relat to Behzad. The main hypothesis of the research is proposed as follows: By examining and analyzing Behzad's selected works, the portrait of a dervish is not Behzad's work. The results of the survey show that figure decorations and related objects (clothes, hats, turbans, etc.), can be specific signs for recognizing Behzad's works in any period. By examining the pictorial and decorative patterns and presenting the analytical documents in the presented tables, it is realized that the portrait of a dervish located in the Topkapi Museum in Istanbul can be a work of another artist attributed to Behzad. This work does not use the style used in Behzad's works and does not have its distinctive characteristics.This work according to the existing signs; It probably belonged to an Osmani painting. Osmani painters tried to get influence from Iranian painters as well, which contrast between Iranian painting and Western painting can be seen in the works of these artists. Finally, by examining the pictorial and decorative patterns of the paintings, one can get a better understanding of Behzad's works.

The growth of start-ups affects the country's economy, which creates employment and sometimes prevents the closure of businesses. The purpose of this study was to design a model and prioritize the factors affecting the formation of sports startups with a structural equation modeling approach. The research method was mixed (qualitative-quantitative) with exploratory approach. The statistical population of the quality section consisted of 15 professors of sports management and start-up experts. In the quantity section, there were graduate students who needed between 5 and 10 people for each question. 300 statistical samples were selected by proportional stratified sampling method. The data collection tool in the qualitative section of the interview was semi-structured and the results of this interview were designed in the form of a questionnaire with 4 main factors and 13 sub-factors. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 15 sports management professors and experts and the construct validity was confirmed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. For modeling structural equations and other tests were used by AMOS and SPSS soft wares, Version 23. Adequacy of sample size was reported KMO =0.78 and the goodness test indices of the fit of the model and the final model in 4 managerial, commercial, environmental and technical factors were confirmed. It is suggested that in order to form sports startups, by analyzing each of the factors, they provide the ground for reducing possible problems and obstacles and increase the probability of their startup's success.

 Currently, physical activity serves as a preventive approach to reduce the side effects of medical conditions and mental disorders, as well as to enhance public health.

 This study aims to explore the impact of physical activities on depression, anxiety, quality of life (QoL), and the severity of clinical symptoms in patients with pemphigus vulgaris (PV).

 This study was conducted as an experimental investigation on patients with PV who were referred to Razi Hospital in Tehran. A total of 76 patients were selected as the statistical sample and were randomly divided into 2 equal groups: an intervention group and a control group. The intervention involved engaging in recreational walking in a park for 60 minutes every other day, for three sessions a week, over a period of 8 weeks.

 The intervention group showed improved QoL compared to the control group after 8 weeks (P-value = 0.045, 5.2 ± 2.97 vs. 7.5 ± 6.45); (P-value = 0.066, 4.97 ± 1.89 vs. 6.1 ± 4). Additionally, there was a noticeable reduction in anxiety levels in the intervention group compared to the control group after 8 weeks (6.92 ± 4.7 vs. 9.31 ± 4.97, P-value = 0.03). However, there was no significant difference in depression and the severity of symptoms between the 2 groups over the two-month period (4.6 ± 6.03 vs. 4.3 ± 7.78, P-value = 0.067). Nonetheless, significant improvements in anxiety were observed in the intervention group.

The present study was designed and conducted to improve the information management system of human and physical resources of sports in Islamic Azad University.

The present study was a mixed research. The statistical population of the present study included all elites aware of the subject of the study that these people were purposefully selected. This sampling continued until the theoretical saturation was reached and finally 13 people were identified as the sample. Also, the statistical community in a small part includes all the directors of physical education of Islamic Azad universities who have attended the meetings of this university for the development of sports and physical education of Islamic Azad University. Based on the information obtained, the number of these people was 45. After distributing and collecting research questionnaires, 37 questionnaires were analyzed. The data collection tool in the present study was a semi-structured interview and a questionnaire. In the qualitative part, the theme analysis method was used and in the quantitative part, the structural equation method was used. The whole process of analyzing the research data was performed in SPSS and PLS software.

The results showed that a total of 6 general factors including technical knowledge, manpower, motivational system, infrastructure, administrative issues and cultural issues were identified as effective factors in improving the information management system of human resources and physical sports of Islamic Azad University.

It is suggested that by referencing information systems in organizational affairs, creating individual commitment to these systems and also improving the level of information literacy through individual and group trainings, the ground for improving the information management system of human and physical resources of Islamic Azad University is provided.

The study is to explore the experience of Iran’s elite female basketball players of abuse in their coach-athlete relationship and its effect on the players’ perceived coaching effectiveness. The sampling method was headcount. All the 230 Iran’s female basketball players from Division I and Super League teams (a total of 21 teams, 11 of which from the Super League and 10 teams from Division) participated in the research. The data was gleaned from three sources: “Coaches’ Abuse Scale” (CAS) by Boloorizadeh (2013) with 16 items (α=0/88), “Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire” (CART-Q) by Jowett and Ntoumanis with 11 items (α=0/88), and the “Perceived Coaching Effectiveness Scale” by Kavassanu et al. (2008) with 24 items (α=0/92). Descriptive analyses were used to summarize the data. To investigate the research question, the variables were entered in the structural equation modeling and tested using Lisrel 8/5.The results of SEM revealed that abusive behavior occurs in a coach-athlete relationship and the effect is direct and negative (β=-59). So, its effect is on the perceived coaching effectiveness (β=-492). It also uncovered that the variables of the coach- athlete relationship have a positive effect on the athletes’ perception of coaching effectiveness ((β=0/78). It can be inferred that if the coaches need a positive relationship with their athletes and require them to have a positive perception of their coaching effectiveness, they should be aware of their own behavioral tendencies and consequences.

Despite the high capacity of sport products market and the considerable productive potential in Iran, activists have not achieved much success in this field. One of the main challenges of this industry is the weakness in branding and marketing products because there is no capital more efficient than a powerful name. In the first phase of this research, the indexes of several articles focusing on branding were obtained in authentic sources, and then the index extraction was completed through semi-structured interviews with branding and sports products experts. In the second phase, in order to investigate the appropriateness of the extracted indicators with the local conditions of the country and the field of Irani an sports brands, The Fuzzy Delphi method was used and a questionnaire was given to academic and industry experts to determine that the indicators are appropriate to the field. In the third phase, using the data-based method, a paradigm model for branding sports products was developed. This model has been evaluated by the structural equation modeling method with PLS approach. The data analysis revealed that the final model comprised a set of phenomenon-based indicators, intervening factors in branding, causal and influential factors, contextual factors, strategies and the consequences. In this study, several categories were achieved in the branding of sports products field, to which paying attention will culminate in the ultimate goal of branding.

Parents are the main factor of socialization in children and this influence continues in adolescence. This research was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of parents' sports support and students' perception of parental support on students' sense of socialization.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-correlation method using questionnaire tool. The statistical population consisted of all the 9-11-year-old male and female students in Tehran and their parents, whose number was 299,610 people, based on Morgan's table, 384 people were selected and 400 questionnaires were distributed using random cluster sampling. became. In order to collect information, the standard questionnaires of students' perception of parental support by Wilk et al. (2018), parental sports support questionnaire for physical activity by Beets et al. (2006) and socialization feeling questionnaire by Wood et al. (2010) were used. The validity of the questions of the questionnaires was confirmed by 5 professors of the sports management field of Islamic Azad University of Central Tehran branch and 5 professors of sports management of South Tehran Islamic Azad University and the reliability of the questions was also calculated by Cronbach's alpha test, and Cronbach's alpha was 0.78. 0.77 and 0.89. To analyze the findings, spss22 software was used and to check the hypotheses, step-by-step regression analysis test was used.

The findings showed that parental sports support and students' perception of parental support with a confidence level of 95% and p<0.05 have a significant effect on the feeling of socialization of 9-11 years old students.

According to the findings of the research, it is suggested that family and group physical activity programs should be prioritized in families' programs and parents should spend more time with their children. It is also better for schools to use the sports support of parents in physical activities of students.

The future of research on participation in student sports with the approach of interaction analysis is the main purpose of this research. This approach is used to plan for the future by analyzing the direct and indirect effects of the key driving forces of the country's student sports. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature, based on new methods of futurology, research, analysis and exploration, which has been done by combining quantitative and qualitative models. The statistical population of the study included executive and academic elites who had sufficient expertise and experience on the subject of student sports. The sampling method was purposive and the sample size was 13. Data were collected through open questionnaires and interviews and document review and by weighting Delphi questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed using Mikmak software and the final analysis was performed on 36 recursive matrices. According to studies and opinions of experts, 8 components (physical 7 indicators, cultural 5 indicators, social 5 indicators, economic 6 indicators, individual 4 indicators, organizational 3 indicators, ecological 3 indicators and managerial 4 indicators) as components and indicators Important in the subject were identified. What can be understood from the state of the scatter plot of variables affecting the future state of student sports is the state of system instability. Most variables are scattered around the diagonal axis of the plane. Except for a few cases that show a high impact on the system, the rest of the variables are almost identical to each other. Among the 36 variables studied in this study, 10 key variables affecting the status of student sports in the horizon of 1415 have been selected. Finally, it can be concluded that the identified factors are a roadmap for improving the situation of student sports on the horizon of 1415.

The aim of the present study was to identify the self-developed maps and approaches of faculty members' competencies to guide student theses and dissertations. This research has been applied in terms of purpose, which has been done by the method of review-type study using Sandolowski and Barros (2006) steps. Sample selection was done using the criteria for acceptance and non-acceptance of the Critical Assessment Skills Program (CASP). To achieve the purpose of the study, an extensive review of the research background was conducted. For this purpose, the databases of Google Scholar, Eric, Science Direct, Megairan, Civilica, Jihad Daneshgahi, Irandak, Alamnet and Noor databases were searched. In this regard, by examining the scientific studies that were conducted in this field between 1390 and 1400, 325 documents were identified, of which 37 documents were selected and analyzed in a targeted manner as research samples. For the selection of studies and articles, criteria were considered, including that only studies published in Iran's prestigious journals and having a scientific-research grade were reviewed. Atlas TI software version 9 under Windows was used for data analysis. Documents related to scientific studies were described in the research context by studying the scope of research in the form of concepts and themes deductively. Findings showed that desirable or universal approach, configured or structured approach, managerial approach, welfare approach, political approach, organizational improvement approach, need-based or systematic approach, reactive approach, preventive approach and active learning approach are important approaches. Which can contribute to the self-development of faculty members' competencies to guide student theses and dissertations.

The 10th Refinery of the South Pars Gas Complex in Iran experienced a notable decrease in gas production due to the formation of deposits in the cold box. To tackle this issue, a comparison of data was conducted before and after the refinery's annual turnaround. After extensive investigations, it was determined that the Xylene solvent wash was the most suitable solution to address the cold box pressure drop in the ethane recovery unit. The scale of the cold box studied in this article is significant in terms of dimensions and flow rate. The Phase 19 gas plant encountered the issue in interesting way according to limitations such as large-scale continuous production. A chemical wash procedure was designed and implemented during the refinery shutdown, which resulted in a successful reduction in the cold box pressure drop and an increase in production rate by approximately 188 tons/hour. This led to a yearly revenue increase of approximately 387 million USD, emphasizing the significance of addressing deposit buildup in cold boxes to maintain optimal gas production and achieve substantial financial gains.

The purpose of this study was to theorize and designing a model of physical activity of Iranian women in leisure time at different stages of life. The research method was Grounded Theory, systematic approach. Sampling was also theoretical. Data analysis was performed through continuous "questioning" and "comparison". In order to achieve saturation while reviewing about 300 research articles, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 136 Iranian women aged 7-78 who were regularly participate in physical activity in addition to 17 mothers and 6 fathers. At the end of the open coding stage, 12 main categories were identified and physical activity was selected as the central category. At the end of the selective coding stage, a conceptual model for the whole life stages and a diagram of the amount of physical activity in different stages of life were designed. The main differences between the conditions of Iranian women for physical activity in different stages of life were also identified. Findings showed that mother in childhood, father in adolescence, personal motivations in adolescence, fear in middle age and children in aging stage are the most important drivers of Iranian women to do physical activity. It was also found that the level of physical activity of Iranian women in different stages of life fluctuates for various reasons, so that at the end of childhood is at its highest and at the time of "reproduction and child care" and "old age" is at its lowest.

The purpose of this research was to model the effect of mental health on social adjustment and body image of exceptional students in Iran.

The study method of this research is descriptive and correlational using operational equations, in terms of practical purpose and collecting field information. The statistical population of this research is all exceptional students of the country (with special needs) in 6 groups of disabilities (deaf, blind, Physically disabled, multi-disabled, mentally retarded, autism) in have formed the secondary school, which the statistical share of students was 8500 of which 3300 were girls and 5200 were boys in the country in 2019 (exceptional education organization of the country) and the statistical sample size was 367 people, which was calculated using Morgan's table and The way to choose it was formed randomly. The instruments used in this research were Goldberg's mental health questionnaire (1972), Bell's social adjustment (1961) and Cash and Prozinski's body image (1990).

To analyze the data, variance analysis, multiple regression coefficient and operational equations were used to test the model. The results of the variance analysis confirmed the linear relationship between mental health and social adjustment and body image, and the results of the operational model test showed that in exceptional students with physical-motor disabilities, the effect of mental health on social adaptation and body image was significant.

Based on this, appropriate design and planning are recommended to improve the mental health of exceptional students through physical activity to improve their social adjustment and positive body image.

The present study was designed and conducted to investigate the factors affecting the development of the information system of athletes' psychological abilities. The method of the present research was applied in terms of purpose and in terms of method, based on data retrieval, was of a mixed nature (qualitative and quantitative). The statistical population of the present study in the qualitative section included university professors specializing in the field of sports psychology as well as professors in the field of research (psychological capabilities of athletes and information systems) who had undertaken at least two research studies (in the form of books, research articles, conference papers, research projects, translations, etc.), and elite athletes studying at the Islamic Azad University of the country. The number of identified professors was 45 and the number of identified athletes was 30. All of these individuals were contacted and asked to participate in the research. Of these, 61 announced their readiness. Initially, after interviewing 11 of the participants, there was a theoretical saturation. However, due to the certainty of the results, two more interviews were conducted. Finally, interviews were conducted with 13 people. Then, in the quantitative part, the same community as the qualitative part was considered and questionnaires were distributed among 61 participants. The data collection tools in the present study were a semi-structured interview and a researcher-made questionnaire. Qualitative results of the study showed that 26 characteristics were extracted through interviews which were classified into 5 factors including technical, scientific, regulatory, educational and personal. The results showed that the technical factor was the most important factor in the development of the information system of psychological abilities of athletes. According to the results of the present study, it is recommended to classify psychological information as well as protect athletes' psychological information. Building trust in the information system of athletes' psychological capabilities provides the ground for the application of this system.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of sports diplomacy components on achieving the political goals of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The present research will be of applied nature in terms of purpose and will utilize field research methods for data collection. This inquiry is quantitative and employs a survey method, utilizing a researcher-made questionnaire for data collection. The questionnaire items were designed based on the concepts derived from in-depth interviews with experts. The statistical population of the study consisted of doctoral students (master's or bachelor's degree) and professors and elites in sports management, as well as experienced managers knowledgeable about the subject. The sample size was determined based on the number of questionnaire items (minimum of 5 to 10 individuals per question) derived from the conceptual model. The results indicated that according to the interpretive model in structural equation modeling, and since the value of the t-statistic for all paths is greater than 1.96, it can be stated that the respective path is significant at the 95% level. Therefore, all hypotheses tested in this study are confirmed. Based on the research findings, it is recommended that a Sports Diplomacy Policy Council be formed, consisting of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Sports and Youth, Minister of Culture and Islamic Guidance, Minister of Education, Minister of Science, Research, and Technology, and other relevant officials, to determine the country's position in sports diplomacy in government programs and to formulate responsible strategies for this purpose.

In the nineteenth century, the process of globalization with international trade which created by the colonial powers reached a point that directly affected the economic relations of different states. For this reason, due to the imbalance of trade, the economy could have witnessed a collapse. As a result, because the Iranian climate is suitable for poppy cultivation and the demand for this product was significant outside Iran, especially in China, large-scale opium trade began. On the other hand, Japan expanded its territory in the main body of Asia, as a result of which Japan also entered the path of Iranian trade. With that being said, several questions arise: what internal factors led to the widespread cultivation of poppies in Iran, through which centers did Iran export opium to Japan, how did Japan enter the opium trade, and why did the trade survive? The nineteenth century approach and historical method have been chosen to find the answer because international trade is one of its common topics. It is concluded that Iran's agricultural economy, the pressure of social structure and the negative balance of Iran's trade due to the decline in silk production, encouraged the people and government of Iran to massively produce opium. The trade began in Isfahan and after passing through Yazd and Shiraz reached the southern ports, from where it went to the ports of India and then China to finally enter Taiwan under Japanese rule. Of course, this trade did not change because there was no change in

Background &

In recent decades, the sports industry, as one of the new industries in the international economy, has played a productive role and has been more influential for macroeconomic investments for every country. Strengthening physical health in the society, economic growth due to its effects on the soul and body of the workforce and creating security are other important dimensions that have caused economic activists to pay more attention to the category of sports. Basically, history expresses human's inner tendencies towards physical activities. There were no organized physical training programs in primitive societies or in ancient culture. But physical activities are an integral part of human daily life. Sports and people's participation in sports activities as a social phenomenon is worthy of investigation and reflection. One of the most important functions of this phenomenon is its important role in creating the health of society. This issue can be clearly seen through the impact of sports on the lives of people who participate in this field. In general, sport is ultimately a reflection of today's society. Through the promotion of sports, sports activities are a tool for the development of communities and peace in different cultures. In this regard, the development of sports is related to increasing participation and promoting the opportunities and benefits of participating in sports activities. Sports development is a holistic approach to helping people start, stay and succeed in their chosen sport. Sports development is defined as the systems, structures and processes that enable people of the society at all levels or specific or regional groups to participate in sports, recreation and entertainment and improve their performance to whatever level they want. Today, the role of education in general and physical education in particular is subject to constant changes. Educational sports aims to put all learners in healthy educational situations by providing the necessary grounds and creating the right environment and opportunities, and by responding to their needs, programs to strengthen the body, in sync with the principles and stages of growth and in harmony with education provide the soul Sports activity is effective on the development of individual and social health, but it has not been determined what the effective factors in this process are prioritized, so the purpose of the study was to determine the role of educational sports in the health of society.

The research method is applied. In this research, there are two groups of statistical population: a) professors and faculty members of the university (physical education field and with doctoral education) whose number is about 30 people and the number of participants in this research was about 12-15 experts. b) Sports professors and coaches at Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran branch, and school, whose number is 81, and due to the low number of participants, all 81 were used to distribute and collect the questionnaire. A researcher-made questionnaire containing 9 items was used to collect data.

The results showed that educational sports play a significant role in the health of society, and the sub-criterion of "developing physical literacy" has the highest weight. The sub-criterion of "increasing awareness and familiarity with physical abilities" has the lowest weight.

The findings of this research show that educational sports are effective in the health of society and performing correct movements under the supervision of sports experts, reducing the rate of non-communicable diseases in the country, creating movement opportunities for children, teenagers, and students, finding talent in sports, identifying movement weakness and skeletal problems in students. Teaching how to perform sports movements correctly, even for beginners, increasing the mental health of students, the tendency to team building, and increasing the spirit of coordination and unity were among the components of sports on the health of the society, with the sub-criterion of "performing correct movements under the supervision of sports experts" the most weight and the sub-criterion of "practicing" "Theory concepts" had the lowest weight. Universal sport by the Council of Europe's Sports Development Committee is a term meaning providing opportunities for people interested in exercising in their free time to participate in sports activities without any restrictions due to social status. Race and disability are defined. What is inferred from this definition is that all people should benefit from exercising and exercise is the right of everyone. Public and recreational sports refers to physical training activities and sports of members of the society, which are done regularly, by individuals or formal and informal groups, to meet physical and mental needs, to ensure people's health and vitality, and improve their social relations consciously. Parts of this sport can be done irregularly, unorganized, and in various ways. Many countries have shown that increasing the budget for championship sports can lead to an increase in winning medals in the Olympic Games. Nevertheless, despite the increase in competition and the homogeneity of championship sports systems, the optimal strategy for success at the international level is still unknown. Undoubtedly, the lack of an internationally defined system in championship sports has the most profound effect on the macro-level management of sports; because management is the frontline of implementing strategies. In general, it can be concluded that sports education has an important and effective role in the development of the health of the people of the society, so the officials and those involved in the health field should pay attention to the development of educational sports in their big plans—the findings of this research help to gain a better understanding of the development and its influencing factors. Much research has been done on educational sports, but many models have not been proposed based on the country's situation. The existence of long-term and binding policies and programs for the development of physical education in schools, increasing coordination and carrying out structural changes in the education system and universities in such a way that the need for coordination between different units is considered, the need to provide a local model to explain the role of educational sports in the development of the country requires In this research, questions were raised in the form of interviews and questionnaires, and finally, some effective factors were extracted, then a combination of these factors and factors identified from past researches were ranked. According to the results, practical and managerial suggestions have been recommended to the managers as planners in the organization according to each factor. Research on each of the development indicators should be done separately, the factors should be identified and finally, the consequences of each and the factors affecting it should be prioritized and investigated. It is suggested to identify and rank the dos and don'ts and educational goals of the physical education organization and the field of education according to each province. Researchers are suggested to investigate the position and impact of strategic alliances in educational sports and their improvement. Due to the limitations of the research tools (interviews and questionnaires), this research also faced problems such as not having enough time to answer, and not providing personal opinions due to the lack of trust in the questioners. One of the limitations of the current research is that it is cross-sectional, because the research was conducted at a certain time, its results cannot be generalized to all times and known definitively for all conditions. Therefore, it is recommended to conduct longitudinal research.

The current research aimed to predict the Cyberchondria and anxiety of COVID-19 based on internet addiction in the COVID-19 pandemic in the households of Marvdasht city. According to the purpose of this research, it was a basic research type, and with a descriptive research design. The statistical population of households in Marvdasht city was 100 people, who were selected by the convenience sampling method. The research tools were Alipour et al.'s Corona Virus Anxiety Scale (2019), Mehdi Reza Sarafaraz et al.'s Cyberchondria Severity Scale (2020), and Young's Internet Addiction Test (1998) by Kimberly Young. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. After collecting and extracting the data, the scores of the participants were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and regression. The results of Pearson's correlation coefficient show that there is a positive and significant relationship between Cyberchondria and Internet addiction, and no significant relationship was found between the anxiety of COVID-19 and Internet addiction. Also, the regression results showed that Internet addiction was a significant predictor of Cyberchondria. As a result, people who deal with the Internet more than others, such as people who suffer from Internet addiction disorder and spend many hours on the Internet. More than other people, seek to solve their problems, including medical problems, through the information available on the Internet, which increases their risk of Cyberchondria and a positive and meaningful correlation between Internet addiction and Cyberchondria.