armin amini

During many centuries, the issue of piracy has been discussed in many ways. Entering the age of globalization and the presence of huge sea fleets, we have continued to witness the role of pirates as disruptors of international order. Regarding dealing with this issue during the 20th century, several laws in the form of international conventions have been approved by countries and international organizations. Since the mentioned issue is closely related to several issues such as marine cargo insurance and the actions of pirates, especially in the case of Somalia and the shores of the Gulf of Aden, are tied to human security, the need to pay more attention to international communities. This is felt.In the upcoming research, an effort will be made to pay special attention to the latest developments in the mentioned subject by examining the various dimensions of the mentioned subject.

What and the nature of the military-industrial complex, how they are formed and internationalized, the relationship between the military-industrial complex and the surrounding crises in the resurgence of the military-industrial complex and its impact on Trump's security policies between 2016 and 2020 are things that They are discussed in the present article. The main question is, what role did military-industrial complexes play in Trump's security policies between 2016 and 2020? The hypothesis of this research, which is descriptive-analytical based on a systematic review method with the analysis of Trump's behavior based on the approach of security theories, shows that military-industrial complexes as an identity-giving and legitimizing element of strategic and security policies has pushed Trump towards non-participatory unilateralism between 2016 and 2020. The data of this research shows that the main ground for the formation of military-industrial complexes is "security fear" or the belief in military security vulnerability. In other words, the main reason for the formation of these complexes is the response to surrounding security challenges.

Freedom of navigation is so important that it has long been accepted and guaranteed not only in the open sea but also with restrictions in the form of harmless passage in the territorial sea and even in some cases in the internal waters of coastal states. Therefore, there are exceptions to the freedom of navigation in the open sea, the most important of which is piracy. (piracy or piracy) piracy is one of the oldest international crimes, for this reason, along with piracy, people are dragged into the depths of one of the oldest and at the same time the most continuous incidents of the seas. This crime is not only a matter of establishing security in It raises the seas, but also causes the application of universal jurisdiction over pirates.This competence can be seen both in the 1993 Geneva Convention on the High Seas and in the 1932 Convention on the Law of the Sea in the form of the cooperation of all governments to suppress piracy.

The international political economy is built on indicators of reciprocal and multilateral cooperation among actors, with economic interdependence shaping the primary rationale behind their actions. Each actor in this economy fulfills a specific role within the international division of labor. This study seeks to uncover the mechanisms used by the United States to constrain the Islamic Republic of Iran, focusing on the core issue of the Iran-U.S. conflict within an economically interdependent framework. The research question is thus framed as: What mechanisms does the United States employ to limit Iran, particularly in the sphere of political economy, during this era of economic interdependence? It appears that, as the U.S. acts as a balancer for emerging global actors in economics and politics, it employs mechanisms to distort Iran's energy sector, disregarding the broader necessities of the international political economy. This creates challenges for the global economy and regional politics in Iran. Possessing sufficient influence in global policy enables the U.S. to impose restrictions on Iran's monetary, financial, banking, and trade exchanges. Using a descriptive-analytical approach and grounded in the theory of interdependence, this study concludes that economic sanctions on Iran challenge the Islamic Republic's potential for establishing a role in global economics and politics. These sanctions elevate the level of economic threats Iran faces amid economic sanctions and strategic limitations. In this age of economic interdependence and international political economy mechanisms, Iran is confronted with signs of tactical and functional restrictions embodied as economic sanctions. In response, the Islamic Republic has leveraged communicative action mechanisms to minimize the impact of sanctions and strengthen its regional role within international politics.

Considering the feeling of need to access information and news and correspondingly expanding Iranians' acceptance of virtual space and social networks, as well as the need of intelligence organizations for this access, attention to its threats and opportunities should also be considered. One of the characteristics of some non-Iranian social networks is the unavailability of the information of its users or administrators. This issue can severely threaten national security. From this point of view, the statesmen and policy makers of the virtual space are determined to minimize the amount of these threats with different solutions and methods. Among the policies adopted in this field is the filtering policy, which seems to have failed to significantly prevent employees from joining non-Iranian social networks and, as a result, maintain a safe space in the internal cyber borders. Therefore, in this research, we decided to investigate the security threats of these networks on intelligence organizations and filtering policies in Iran and investigate the factors of its complete lack of success.

The research method is descriptive-analytical and the data has been collected and analyzed using the library method.

It seems that globalization and the requirements for global identification have caused the tendency of Iranians and intelligence organizations (in line with their mission) to foreign virtual networks, as well as the lack of sufficient infrastructure and written documents in the field of virtual space, as well as the political culture of Iranians, policy makers and Pro-global village and liberal-minded managers have made the filtering policy difficult; Therefore, in this field, it poses various threats to the intelligence community and Iranian society; At the end, suggestions, strategies and solutions are presented.

The energy economy in the 21st century is organized based on the power formations of the capitalist economy. Capitalist economy considers a certain "comparative advantage" for each country, and based on the comparative advantage, such countries play a political, economic and strategic role. Energy economy should be considered a part of the global strategy of the United States in the "international division of labor". Countries like Iran, which are in the space of revolutionary action and resistance, become marginalized in the world trade structure.The control of the global economy is formed by actors who have the necessary ability to produce appropriate strategies in international politics.

Abstract Globalization of rights, at least in some areas such as human rights, is taking place as an indisputable fact. This globalization is shaped based on the closeness of human beings culturally to each other and the acceptance of the presence of values, beliefs and awareness of the common behaviors and natures of human beings to each other throughout the world. Democracy is a new model that the United Nations, governments and states have considered in the last decade of the twentieth century and the beginning of the new century to avoid war and bloodshed as well as the establishment of international peace and security. In the democratization approach, the war, insecurity and global conflict stems from lack of democracy. In fact, democracy is a necessity of time and modern world is moving towards it. The UN Security Council, which is primarily responsible for maintaining the international peace and security,.

This article examines Erdogan;s personality and Turkey;s policies towards Syria. Due to special perceptual-psychological nature, Erdoğan;s cult of personality and desire to promote Turkey ;s position as a symbol of pragmatic Islamic policies and competition with rivals, he has chosen Syria as a suitable place to implement his regional security strategy. During the recent crisis in Turkish-Syrian relations and the direct military confrontation between the military forces of the two countries, this issue shows the importance of Syria ;s position in Turkey;s regional political and security strategy. The question raised in this article is, what were the reasons for Erdogan;s government;s tendency to be present in Syria? The temporary answer to the current question is that Turkey ;s security presence in Syria originates from the neo-Ottoman policies of the Justice and Development Party and Erdogan himself as the basic agent of the political structure of strategic and security decisions.

Turkey's policies have undergone various ebbs and flows over the past two decades. These policies have been characterized by both friendly relations with neighbors and inference in the internal affairs of certain countries, including Syria. These changes fall under the broader strategic objectives of the Turkish government, which require further examination. This article aims to investigate the reasons behind Turkey's strategic policy shift towards Syria. The significance of Syria's position in Turkey's regional political-security strategy has influenced the Erdogan government's change in strategy. This article addresses the question of the impact of Erdogan's policy shift towards Syria on Turkey's strategic policies in the region. The research findings, based on an explanatory-analytical approach using secondary data, indicate several reasons, including Erdogan's perceptual-psychological nature and personality, his inclination to enhance Turkey's position, the internal political and economic instability, as well as national security concerns, particularly in dealing with Kurdish groups. These factors have constrained the Turkish government to adopt a new policy towards Syria. This shift of policy will change Turkey's strategies in the Middle East and cause it to abandon its neo-Ottomanist policies. The economic instability of Turkey, national security considerations, the long border between the two countries, the issue of the Kurds, terrorism, and the presence of millions of Syrian refugees in Turkey are all significant factors in this strategic shift. Currently, Turkey is more pragmatic in changing its neo-Ottomanist policies.

The main problem in the recombinant protein expression in E. coli strains, especially for high-yield production, is the accumulation in un-folded and inactive inclusion bodies. A suitable solution is the direction into the soluble cytoplasmic products by solubilizing tags. The use of inteins with self-cleaving ability, in addition to increase the chance of soluble protein expression, facilitates their purification process. 

Evidence Acquisition:

 In this review article, papers related to the use of intein tags for soluble expression or protein purification were collected regardless the time limit. Available databases including Pubmed, google scholar, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase was searched. The best condition for soluble expression or purification was focused in all articles.

There are various intein tags commercially available in expression vectors that results in gaining our goal in facilitating the recombinant protein solubilization as well as its simple purification. It is enough to induce the self-cleavage property of the intein, which varies according to the type of intein used. In this way, the target protein is easily separated from the purification tag without the need to add protease enzymes such as enterokinase or treatment with various chemicals. The most common affinity tag in intein-based systems is Chitin Binding Domain attached to the chitin resin. 

In this review article, we introduced proteins or peptides which produced in fusion to intein tags and discussed about their expression condition and purification process in order to enhance the chance of soluble expression and intein cleavage in a single stage, respectively.

While other major global players emphasize the tangible characteristics of power, this alliance focuses on intangible power structures. For this purpose, this union is the only powerful normative identity player in the world community. Analysis of the position of this union in this context and its role in the fight against terrorism is the primary goal of the present article. Now, the main question is, what effect does the European Union's identity positioning have on this union's role in the fight against terrorism in the world system? According to the findings of the research, the European Union, be-sides enjoying normative identity advantages, as an essential international actor seeks an independent role in the fight against terrorism, but the lack of growth of standard military and security power in line with the development of normative power faces this union with a challenge and continues to rely on NATO under the leadership of the United States. The surge of terrorist activities in the territorial sphere of the European Union, the perceptual and psychological environment of the strategic and security policy-makers of the European Union on how to deal with terrorism, the specific attitude of right-wing European statesmen towards trends of terrorism, and the lack of social integration of Middle Eastern Muslim immigrants in European norms have led to more alignment and coherence of the European Union's strategic and security policies against terrorist movements.

This article criticizes the process of nation-state building in Iran based on the facts in the country's political structure and specifies the factors affecting the non-formation of nation-state building in Iran on what mechanisms are based and why this category is in the Islamic Republic. Iran has not succeeded. The most important assumption should be made on the structure and the transnational nature of the Islamic Republic of Iran and its intellectual foundations, because this structure, behind its political ideology, which came from the Islamic Revolution of Iran and religious teachings, rather than the concepts of national unification emanating from history, The culture, language and mythological system existing in a common geographical border relies on values and principles that are transnational and global and can influence from a small group to the whole world. In this article, the descriptive-analytical method of the library type is used to study the texts, books and articles using the fishing technique.

Non-governmental international organizations, whose primary function and goal is to serve the public interest, have managed to gain access to international forums to achieve this important objective after overcoming numerous ups and downs. This access has taken the form of a legal institution known as "amicus curiae," where an amicus curiae is a natural or legal person who is not a party to the dispute but submits written or oral statements regarding the facts and rules governing the dispute at their own initiative or at the court's request. A review of judicial practice shows that the major players in this field are international non-governmental organizations, although their participation in the dispute resolution process has faced many obstacles and challenges. This research aims to explain the role of international non-governmental organizations and examine the consequences of their presence, including significant impacts such as combating impunity, achieving judicial transparency, democratizing international law, and ensuring fair trials.

In recent decades, the phenomenon of climate change has been one of the major concerns of the world community, and measures have been taken in this direction. Among the most important of these measures is the adoption of the Climate Change Convention on May 9, 1992, followed by the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 and the 2014 Paris Agreement. The main goal of this article is to explain the impact of climate change on the sovereignty of the national government and here the authority and sovereignty of Iran. The current research, by applying the descriptive-analytical research method and based on documentary and library studies, tries to answer the question, how does climate change affect the national sovereignty of Iran? The main hypothesis is that climate change has marginalized the traditional concept of national sovereignty and by creating internal crises with global and international consequences, it has influenced the decisions and processes of national governance and led to a kind of fluidity of governance at the global level. It becomes national, which requires global consensus. The results of the research show that the economic, socio-political and environmental effects of climate change in Iran have created many challenges for national governance in Iran and changed its form from a traditional state to a fluid state.

What happened in the Middle East, from Western countries’perspe-ctive, was a rebellion of unemployed youth and graduated persons, who are familiar with the requirements of information era, seeking freedom, quality and order of power’s new patterns. This perspective called Middle East developments Arab Spring and predicted the events by using theories of patrimonialism and democracy. Some experts would analyze the Middle East developments according to Islam and relations between theology and politics. They believe that thedevel-opments are a kind of Islamic awakening against the patterns of traditional despotism and western dictatorship. It seems none of perspectives happened and the Middle East is experiencingfundam-entalism.

Media studies, as part of the humanities, use this concept to explain phenomena and analyze the way different events are presented and their function in the issue of power, and thus try to increase the level of knowledge and awareness of the audience about the structures and Develop the processes that govern power structures and critically analyze and critique the impact of power structures on human social life. In the process of representation is one of the important factors for the transfer of concepts and application of narrative knowledge. Exploitation of narrative in many aspects of human life provides the opportunity to use in a desirable way that part of the information that can be useful in achieving useful goals. These narratives are produced and provided to the audience in various formats such as news, stories, reports, films, etc. The crucial point in the representation of reality by the media is that the media can not be considered as a neutral tool. The media relies on language and meaning, and these two elements themselves always rely on power in the context of discourse. Therefore, the representation of events by the media, a debate on moral and immoral issues, has an ideological orientation and takes steps to weaken or establish a special power and discourse.Cinema is very important because of the representative role it plays in the field of culture. Cinema representations cover a wide range of topics and areas such as culture, economics, politics, war, and so on. This diverse range of media coverage in cinema has led researchers to place a significant role on the functions of cinema and deem it worthy of further scrutiny. One of the fields of study in which the study of the role of media and cinema is of great importance is the field of politics. The importance of cinema in the field of politics in general, and foreign policy in particular, is due to the fact that it can be used to influence public opinion. Examining this issue can help researchers in the fields of media, cinema and foreign policy in the field of media functions in representing political and geopolitical events, public diplomacy and factors influencing public opinion.Given that in contemporary America, the United States is in a superior position in terms of cultural and media hegemony over other countries in the world, this country seems to have a wide capability and ability to use various media such as newspapers. ‌ Use magazines, cyberspace, television networks, radio and cinema to represent their actions globally, or have their actions covered or criticized by various serious and entertainment media. In the meantime, it seems that the role and function of entertainment-making media such as cinema in representation and through it international trends is significant. Accordingly, this study will attempt to examine the main signs of American power building in the field of foreign policy through artistic tools, especially cinema.

In this article, the relationship between cinema representations and media coverage with US foreign policy was examined, and by selecting several films, an attempt was made to analyze the function of cinema in the process of empowerment for the United States. The purpose of this study is to analyze the organizational, behavioral and functional realities of Hollywood and how it is effective in the field of foreign policy. Accordingly, an attempt will be made to answer the question that the representations that take place in the field of cinema, from the perspective of the relations between What impact has the nation had on US foreign policy?

The findings of this study show that the most important function of American foreign policy cinema goes back to its representative role. This means that a diverse range of global audiences will become acquainted with, understand, and even identify with the political processes and attitudes that govern American politics and culture, as well as the interpretations of the world offered by American cinema. To think. Here, both the products of American patriotic and critical cinema are linked at a specific point: the representation of America in the global dimension. By creating an ideal image of the United States, these films strengthen the country's soft power in foreign policy and international relations. Therefore, it must be said that American cinema cannot be considered an independent position in American foreign policy and lacks any effective power to direct American foreign policy. In other words, in the foreign policy of this country, cinema plays the role of a tool for the development of cultural and public diplomacy and the development of soft power. In general, the studies of this research show that cinema can be used as a complementary tool in foreign policy or even for its critique due to its storytelling and illustration capabilities.

Therefore, in the discussion of international relations, it should be said that cinema was very important in introducing and representing American foreign policy. He spoke of the direct influence of cinema on American foreign policy, but these representations have the potential to strengthen America's soft power around the world through their illustrations. Therefore, it can be emphasized that cinematic films can serve as a complementary element in the long run of public diplomacy of countries and by showing freedom of expression, criticism, And their illustrations bring with them a range of audiences, thereby helping to reinforce the positive image of countries like the United States whose cinemas have global influence.

The EU's normative policies are the product of a different way in which the EU views the world. The propositions concerning the promotion of the values and norms of the European Union are an integral part of the factors influencing the normative power of the European Union in the world system. Priority of material interests over normative interests, lack of universal definition and acceptance of values and norms, dual and contradictory policies in the application of values and norms, non-observance of the rights of minorities and races and human rights violations among members The European Union, the regression of democracy in some EU member states, and the differences between important EU countries are among the most important issues that have challenged the EU's identity in the global system. The main question of the present article is that, what effect do the EU defense-security policies have on the identity of the EU in the international community?Accordingly, the EU defense and security policies are largely influenced by the interests of the member states and prevent the formation of a common and clear process and pose challenges to the normative position of the EU.

This article examines the role and influence of urban civic institutions in Iran's political development. Accordingly, the main question is: What effect do the duties, powers and performance of urban civic institutions have on Iran's political development? The temporary answer to the present question is: Urban civic institutions will lead to Iran's political development by exercising the duties and powers enshrined in the law and raising the level of civil participation in governance. The city council of developed countries has a wide range of responsibilities. In many countries, the affairs of an independent ministry are the responsibility of the city council in developed countries. This system of decentralization has left many matters directly to the collective wisdom of the citizens. Therefore, the performance of the city council is directly related to the wishes of the citizens of developed countries, and it can perform better than the city councils in a There is a centralized system (like Iran), observed.

The present age, which is called the "cybernetic age", has caused a large part of commercial, economic, social, political, etc. activities to move from the real space to this space, so that today We are witnessing a kind of virtualization of all different areas of life in the universe. On the other hand, the rapid acceleration of technological change in the global arena has made planetary relations, virtual reality and global surrealism the subject of international relations. Therefore, the study of theoretical perspectives on the cybernetic age and also the study of the impact of new communication technologies in the postmodern age on the main components of international relations and finally the need for international cooperation to combat modern cybercrime is one of the main objectives of this article. We will pay.

The present study was conducted by descriptive and analytical methods.

We can conclude that all processes, structures, services, actions and activities in various fields of political, social, economic, security, educational, etc., both domestically and internationally Influenced by new communication and information technologies (cyber) that this fact is happening virtually. The complex technologies of the modern age, which have permeated all areas of human life, have penetrated into the realm of relations between units of the international system, especially in the dimension of threats, wars and conflicts, and have influenced current dynamics within and between societies. . The emergence of cybercrime, especially in the international arena, has brought the new era of cybernetics, which, due to its complex nature and scope, requires the full cooperation of all agencies and organizations in the domestic and international arenas.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effective factors of cultural policy in tourism that can play a role in the integration and unity of the Islamic world. The methodology of the present study is mixed. Data collection tools were based on interviews in the qualitative section and based on a researcher-made questionnaire in the quantitative section. The statistical population of the qualitative section was the experts and policy makers of the Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts. They conducted free and semi-structured interviews. The statistical population of the quantitative section was managers, employees and policy makers working in the Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts, whose number was estimated to be 135, and 135 questionnaires were distributed among them, and finally 116 completed questionnaires were analyzed. After confirming the validity and reliability of the research and design of the interview-based model. The data were analyzed qualitatively and then the designed model was implemented in quantitative terms. The test results showed that the relationship between the four independent variables of this study, namely the factor of attraction diversity, cultural factor, legal factor and management factor with the dependent variable of tourism development had a significant correlation at the level of 0.001. In other words, these factors can play an effective role. Invest in the development of the cultural tourism industry in the unity of the Islamic world.

Realism has different and perhaps conflicting meanings in discussions of legal theory and philosophy of law. The general meaning of realism refers to an image of the world in which external reality plays a stronger and more effective role than ideal aspects. Accordingly, the American realist movement seeks to exclude artificial and mysterious layers in the realm of law. Realism in this sense is somehow testing of legal theories considering the reality that takes place in the outside world. Legal reality, then, is anything that the courts actually do when decision-making. In this regard, descriptive-analytical method is used in problem processing and the purpose of this article is to examine the American school of legal realism and the issues raised by experts in this field. Finally, the findings show that realists, against their will, have succeeded in developing a strong and coherent theoretical perspective on law and judgment.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effective factors of cultural policy in tourism that can play a role in the integration and unity of the Islamic world. The methodology of the present study is mixed. Data collection tools were based on interviews in the qualitative section and based on a researcher-made questionnaire in the quantitative section. The statistical population of the qualitative section was the experts and policy makers of the Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts. They conducted free and semi-structured interviews. The statistical population of the quantitative section was managers, employees and policy makers working in the Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts, whose number was estimated to be 135, and 135 questionnaires were distributed among them, and finally 116 completed questionnaires were analyzed. After confirming the validity and reliability of the research and design of the interview-based model. The data were analyzed qualitatively and then the designed model was implemented in quantitative terms. The test results showed that the relationship between the four independent variables of this study, namely the factor of attraction diversity, cultural factor, legal factor and management factor with the dependent variable of tourism development had a significant correlation at the level of 0.001. In other words, these factors can play an effective role. Invest in the development of the cultural tourism industry in the unity of the Islamic world.

Research on Russian foreign policy in recent decades has always been a topic of interest and analytical appeal to researchers in the field of foreign policy and international relations. As the main heir to the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation still retains many of its hardware components in a variety of forms. However, since 2000, when Putin and his entourage came to power, with the backing of his own powers (political, security, military and economic), Russia's recovery at the regional and global levels, as well as the process of Eurasianism and Neo-Eurasianism on the agenda. Russian Foreign policy was pursued, and on this basis a policy of regional balancing and appropriate countermeasures were taken against the ambitious and interventionist plans of the United States. Accordingly, the question of this research is how Russia has behaved in its foreign policy in the post-2000 period in order to achieve national goals and interests, and what are the salient features of its behavioral pattern? In this study, using the theory of neoclassical realism, the internal factors, variables of intellectual and cultural and Russian political currents, as well as the most important regional and trans-regional variables affecting the process and behavior of Russian foreign policy are examined. The findings and data used are collected on the basis of descriptive-analytical methods and on the basis of library and Internet studies.

Today, technology, the Internet, and computer commerce play a major role in global communications. This phenomenon has created a new frontier between the cyber world and the real world, but the inherent weakness of ICT has put the system at risk for numerous security threats. Governments' use of unsafe cyberspace has paved the way for security threats including sabotage, disruption, assassination, espionage, and other related crimes. The purpose of the present study is to examine the strategies and approaches of the two countries in the field of cybersecurity, as well as to discover weaknesses or shortcomings in cybersecurity. In this study, while investigating cyber-related security threats in both Iran and the United States, security measures to address these threats have been investigated. The results of the study showed that cyber - space experts in iran have less attention to the identification of cyber - threats and thus in the national security domain, counter - threats to cyber - threats with regard to threats should be updated and new strategies have been taken. in this context, in the field of technology, legislation and culture building, certain programs are formulated and effective measures have been taken.