atefeh taklif

The subject of pricing in the oil market has undergone changes as the market evolves over time. Today, PRA reporting to private institutions that disseminate information, and especially prices in the world oil market, play an important role in determining the price of oil in the physical and paper markets. Concerns over the activities of these institutions have led to the formation of oversight bodies. However, the question remains as to what is the appropriate model for the interaction of price reporting institutions and supervisory bodies in a way that results in a more efficient oil pricing mechanism. The purpose of the present study is to review the theoretical foundations of the activities of price reporting institutions and supervisory institutions, using a data-base theory and using the opinions of experts in global oil markets, to provide a model for the relationship of these actors. Following the implementation of the foundation's data strategy, 60 concepts were constructed, categorized into 7 sub-categories and 4 main ones. At the theoretical coding stage, a conceptual model was developed for the relationship between supervisory bodies and price reporting institutions.

The purpose of this study is to compare the economic efficiency of Iran's petroleum contracts, buyback contracts, and production-sharing contracts. This study also determined the optimum path for production and drilling operations in the Yadavaran oil field which has special importance because it is a joint field with Iraq. It was estimated using real field data and the SQP algorithm by MATLAB software. First, the objective function, the constraints of each contract model, and the cost function are defined and expressed based on field data. For the objective function, the oil price is determined based on the reference price scenario and based on the forecast of the US Energy Information Administration (EIA). Cao et al (2009) 's cost function model is also modified by using historical field data (first development phase data) to be applied to the study field. The results show that the most efficient oil contract is the Iran petroleum contract, with a low floor for capital costs and no limit to the number of drilled wells. it was proved that the buyback contract with the ceiling of capital costs incompatible with the recovery coefficient has recorded the lowest efficiency. Also, the Iran petroleum contract can be a good alternative to the buyback contract, because it can well solve the problems of the buyback contract, especially for joint oil fields where the priority of the objective function of the maximum cumulative production over the objective function of the maximum present value of the total profit is more desirable.

the main question in this research is about ways to export Iranian natural gas. during recent four decades, the market for natural gas has gown steadily. I R Iran has second largest resources of natural gas and so, is potentially a major player in this market. but without choosing a wise way to export, all efforts will end in void.after reviewing of related documents and scholar researches, we extracted the current ways to export natural gas and then ranked them with help of Analytic Hierarchical Process (AHP). results show that with regard to infrastructures, investments, institutions and international relationships, turning natural gas into petrochemical commodities is the best ranked way to export.

The success of long-term gas sales contracts is largely related to the ability of the seller and the buyer to adapt the terms of the contract to their conditions, infrastructure, facilities and market. If the buyer's demand changes from season to season and seasonally fluctuates, problems and complexities arise for the seller and he may need to provide the excess capacity to produce, refine and transport gas that only used for a few monthswhich will eventually make gas prices more expensive. The present article seeks to examine the strategies for managing seasonal fluctuations in buyer demand and subsequently increase the stability of the contract. Findings indicate that unlike the method of creating excess capacity by the seller, the use of non contractual methods such as finding counter-swing customers, providing maximum buyer gas demand from a second source and gas storage or contractual methods and optimal use of quantitave terms is effective in managing the buyer's seasonal demand. These solutions, while fulfilling the maximum buyer demand for gas, will not only not increase the price of gas, but will also increase the durability of gas sales agreements.

In this study, we employed the CGARCH model, the vector auto-regression and graph analysis, to analyze permanent and temporary fluctuations of Brent oil, gold, currency, petrochemical and petroleum industries index and Tehran stock exchange index. Data of this study includes the daily and weekly observations of the above variables from 2008 to 2018. The results showed that the fluctuations of Brent oil prices, oil and petrochemical industries were the most affected. Therefore, in the short term, these fluctuations in oil and related industries have the greatest impact on fluctuations in the stock market, currency and gold in Iran. However, according to daily and weekly data, permanent gold fluctuations and Tehran Stock Exchange index have the most impact on the volatility of other variables. In addition, based on daily data, the fluctuations of the oil products index, exchange rate and gold are the most important given the criteria presented.

Natural gas prices do not follow the normal free market criteria where prices are established by the intersection of independent demand and supply curves.  As a strategic good that is traded between major suppliers (normally sovereign countries) and market monopoly or oligopolies in the importing countries.  One method that has been agreed between sellers and buyers is the buy back mechanism used in many long term contracts.  This pricing method is designed to provide confidence for both consumer and producer that they are getting a fair price and to increase competitiveness with alternative fuels and reduce the costs of natural gas transmission from producing countries to target markets. In this study, we use the market value of gas in the target countries of the European export market, and deduct transit and transmission costs to arrive at the optimal price of potential Iranian gas exports to Europe at the Bazargan border with Turkey has been calculated as $ 300 per thousand cubic meters. The comparison of the calculated prices with the current export prices of Iranian gas to Turkey and Iraq reveals that the use of netback pricing method for the European export market is fully justified.  Iranian access to the European gas market, however, in addition to economic factors is influenced by the state of political relations between Iran and European countries.

Natural gas sales and purchase agreements include a variety of contractual terms in commercial, financial, technical, and legal areas. Some of these are volume constraints. These terms have a value of flexibility and the degree of flexibility of these volumes ​​has a monetary value and influences the financial regime of the contract, including the applicable gas price.The purpose of this study is to optimize contractual volume flexibility and gas prices, while determining the optimal flexibility range for the constraints, focusing on gas export data to Turkey for the period 2010-2019.   We optimize our mathematical model based on the cost-plus approach. The results show that the optimal output values for the variables of minimum and maximum daily contract quantities, percentage of take-or-pay and make-up gas quantity and carry forward will lead to optimal contract prices.

In the Balance of Payments Constrained Growth (BPCG) model, demand variables such as export and import determine the limit of economic growth in the long run. In this study, we compare the results of both basic and extensive forms of the Thirlwall model for developing oil producing countries considering the key role of oil exports and foreign-exchange reserves. To do so, two groups of oil developing countries are categorized based on the average daily oil production. The first category includes Iran, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, and Mexico, and the second one is Egypt, Algeria, Nigeria, and Indonesia. Additionally, the price and income elasticities of demand for imports and exports as well as the co-integration are investigated by using an ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) model and Pesaran and Shin’s bound test. The price and income elasticities are also calculated with Kalman filter method. Then, we calculate the constrained growth in various forms for ten-year overlapping periods from 1960 to 2016 and finally test the validity of the Thirlwall law. The results indicate that Thirlwall law is not confirmed for several developing oil producing countries. The lower rate of real growth compared to constrained growth of payments in some economies including Iran can be attributed to factors such as the lower rate of capital inflow growth than the growth rate of export volumes as well as the positive effect of foreign income on the constrained growth of payments. The results show that the balance of payments is not a limiting factor for Iran's economic growth which confirms the fact that improving economic growth, in the long run, depends on the improving of the supply side.

OPEC acts as a crude oil balancing producer and is an important player in the global energy equations. It is therefore important for us to identify the norms that govern OPEC’s behavior in different time periods. Understanding these norms will help us to explain and forecast the future decisions of this influential organization on the crude market. We use information about 20 factors that impact production, such as various contract modules for joint and independent fields, transfer of technology as well as financing methods for development projects, to determine the reasons for member’s divergence from their agreed production to quotas.  Our study indicates that market share and revenue maximization policies are the key factors that lead to non-compliance of member states with their quotas.

Developing gas supply in line with the policy of replacing natural gas with other fossil fuels and liberalizing natural gas prices as a price policy to optimize consumption. The need to study the resilience of the natural gas distribution system is more evident. this study aims to investigate the effects of the liberation of gas price on the gas distribution system. so, first, Lyapunov power has been computed based on the gas consumption in the residential sector between 2005 and 2017. In the next step, model was estimated using Vector Auto-Regression (VAR) method, by using the Johansen-Uuselus Coincidence Method and the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), the relationship between the price of natural gas and the volatility of the Iranian gas distribution system has been investigated. based on (IRF) shows that in the short run, the Lipanov view is reduced and then increased and its effect is fixed in the long run. based on the (VDCs) shows that the price of natural gas in the short run is more contributing to the explanation of the prediction error of the Lyapunov view, but in the long run its share decreases. Moreover, the momentum resulted from the real gas price to the Lyapunov power variable as the resilience index of the gas distribution system shows that Lyapunov power will decrease in consequent periods and the resilience will increase.

Carbon dioxide emissions are known to be one of the major contributors to environmental pollution and climate change, so many researchers have investigated this issue in their studies. In this empirical study, using theoretical discussions and information from OPEC members in the Gulf States, it is attempted to accurately estimate the marginal abatement cost of carbon dioxide emissions and improve the effectiveness of policies by identifying the effective factors. By correctly recognizing the regional differences in terms of supply and demand for environmental services, it can be concluded that to achieve the long-term goals of reducing global emissions, achieving a win-win state between environmental considerations and economic benefits and more effective presence of these countries in world markets, the more efficient the use of such regional plans will be. The results show that Iran has the highest shadow price of $ 3.025 million per ton of carbon dioxide and Kuwait has the lowest shadow price of $ 0.011 million per ton of carbon dioxide Also, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and the UAE have the same shadow price of $ 1.14 million per ton of carbon dioxide.

In this study, we aim to compare results of the basic and extensive forms of the Thirlwall model (balance of payment constrained growth model) for two economies including Iran and Norway. In this model, demand variables i. e. export and import determine the limit of economic growth in the long run. The balance of payment (deficit) can be a factor as a constraint on the rate of growth of output in the long run, since it puts a limit on the demand growth. Given the key role of oil exports and foreign-exchange reserves in the economics of oil countries, it is useful compare results of this model in this country. To do so, the central bank reserves, as an effective factor in the balance of payments of oil producing countries were added to the import function. Additionally, the price and income elasticities of demand for imports and exports and the co-integration were investigated by using the ARDL model and Pesaran and Shin bond test. Then, we calculated the constrained growth in various forms for ten-year overlapping periods from 1960 to 2016 and finally tested the validity of the Thirlwall law. The results indicate that Thirlwall law is not confirmed for Iran; however, it’s confirmed for Norway. Therefore, the balance of payments in Iran does not restrict economic growth. The lower rate of real growth compared to constrained growth of payments can be because of factors such as the lower rate of capital inflow growth in comparison with the growth rate of export volumes as well as the positive effect of relative prices on the constrained growth of payments. These results are completely reversed for Norway. Results showed that the balance of payments is not a limiting factor for Iran's economic growth confirming the fact that improving economic growth in the long run depends on improving the supply side.

The substitution of the natural gas for other fossil fuels during last few years has led to a siginificant increase in its share in the energy mix. The main goal of this research is to investgate the resiliency of the Iranian gas distribution system using Lyapunov exponent. On cold days of the year, up to 85% of natural gas is consumed in the household sector. Therefore, temperature fluctuation, as a shock to the consumption of natural gas in the household sector, was considered as an indicator for measuring the resilience of the natural gas distribution system. In order to calculate the biggest Lyapunov power, the time delay and the encompassing dimension need to be calculated. To calculate the time delay, mutual information average function was used. Kao method was also used to calculate the encompassing dimension. Finally, Rosenstein method was used to calculate the biggest Lyapunov power. The results showed that the consumption of natural gas occurs in a chaotic process. Therefore, the gas distribution system is not resilent enough. Morevoer, regarding Lyapunov power before and after the subsidies reform, an improvement was observed in the resilence of the Iranian gas distribution system after the implementation of the law of subsidies reform in Iran.

Development of oil and gas fields is facing many risks, which are mainly due to uncertainties about the existence of commercial reserves, natural and economic environment, political conditions of host countries, legal and infrastructure issues and a market for petroleum products. In such an environment, investors are often engaged as contractors to develop and operate petroleum projects, constantly seeking to recover their capital and operating expenditures quickly, through increasing production levels. But some geological and geophysical factors, hydrocarbon structure, technological and scientific constraints, as well as some of the contractual arrangements, such as cost recovery ceiling, virtually prevent the investor from gaining access to high economic benefits and quick recovery. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of contractual factors and arrangements on the optimal production levels of petroleum projects. To this end, information on the South Pars phases 17 and 18 projects were collected as a case and the optimal level of rich-gas production in this project was simulated in form of a nonlinear dynamic optimization model under the Iranian Petroleum Contract and Engineering, Procurement, Construction arrangements. The production levels and scenario analysis indicated that contractual factors and arrangements could affect the optimum level of petroleum production, significantly. Given that the production paths obtained for this project are different from that drawn by the Management and Consolidated Planning department in National Iranian Oil Company, the current production profile for the Phases 17 and 18 is not optimal, in which the executive suggestions are presented. These findings would be applicable to the formulation of Master Development Plans.

This research conducts a quantitative comparative analysis of the dynamic international crude oil trade network of Iran by using the network connectedness measures of Diebold and Yilmaz (2015) and also the asymmetric short-term and long-term impact of the increasing and decreasing key driving factors and obstacles in the crude oil trade development through the gravityrelation and by using the nonlinear panel auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) model during 1980–2017. Results indicated the dynamic spillover flow of the crude oil trade of Iran during the investigated period of time. Moreover, the crude oil trade flow of Iran is a net shock transmitter to Middle East and a net shock receiver from the crude oil trade flow in countries of America, Eastern Europe- Eurasia, Africa, Western Europe, and Asia Pacific, respectively. The focus on the divided regional trade scheme and adopting the biased foreign trade policies by Iran may not lead to the vulnerability reduction of its economy from crude oil trade flow volatilities. Findings also reveal the asymmetric behavior of the crude oil bilateral trade flow in response to the increasing and decreasing of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita variables in both crude oil exporting and importing countries and international crude oil transportation costs in the short-term and long-term period that it can be used in identifying the effective factors on the volatility transmission to adjust the crude oil trade flow. Therefore, concerning the high degree of the integration in the international crude oil trade network of Iran, it seems that it is necessary to prioritize cooperative over competitive behavior in the crude oil trade of Iran and respond appropriately to market shocks and volatilities during the time (risk management) in the economic plan of the country.

This study is an attempt to present and numerically simulate a dynamic system of energy price-energy supply-economic growth to perform a comparative analysis of strategies for energy intensity reduction in Iran. To achieve this purpose, a nonlinear differential equation system is designed and the data for total domestic energy production, non-oil GDP and energy price index during period 1992-2014 are used to estimate the parameters of system by means of whale optimization algorithm. In the next stage, four strategies (exploration of new energy sources and imports, moving towards a self-regulatory market, industrial restructuring, and adoption of new energy production and price policies) are addressed based on aforementioned system. The results indicate that the first three strategies will stabilize the energy market, but the fourth strategy will only drive the system into a cyclical shock state. The effects of different individual and combined strategies on energy intensity are also investigated. The results show that under a reasonable control power, these strategies can reduce energy intensity, but an unplanned increase in control power leads to reverse results. As for the energy intensity stabilization under these strategies, the lowest energy intensity is achieved by the third strategy and the lowest time to stabilize energy intensity is under the second strategy. It should be noted that the comprehensive strategy (combination of the first three strategies) outperforms individual strategies both in energy intensity stabilization and energy intensity reduction. Accordingly, implementation of a comprehensive strategy or any of the individual strategies with reasonable control power rather that unconsidered and strict application of a specific strategy, is the best choice for reduction of the national energy intensity in Iran.

The existence of numerous common oil and gas fields between Iran and the neighboring countries as well as Iran's less efficient exploitation of these fields compared with other beneficiary countries, has led the development of common fields to always be among the priorities of the Iran Petroleum Ministry. While introducing different methods applied for joint exploitation of common fields, this study consider the possibility of unitization between Iran and its neighboring countries. For this purpose, Iraq is considered as a best choice for cooperation in exploitation of common oil fields among Iran's neighbors. The negotiation of share and production plan is modeled as a bargaining problem which is solved by using Nash solution and concludes that whenever the profits gained by competitive exploitation of the commom field is the same for both parties, they will equally share the profit in unitization.

The liberalization of natural gas markets and the emergence of gas hubs in recent decades have shifted the natural gas trade from the regional to the global trade. The growth and maturity of these hubs have weakened the previously established relationship between the natural gas price and the prices of crude oil and petroleum products. Therefore, predicting the price of gas as a strategic commodity has become more important for different countries. Using the neural network method, this paper attempts to provide a model for the monthly prediction of natural gas price. Based on the time series data from 2012 to April 2019 as neural network input, this model predicts the prices in five hubs and natural gas exchange centers in Europe. Based on the R2 performance evaluation index of 98% in the neural network model fitted based on the aforementioned data series, the neural network model has an acceptable performance in predicting the natural gas price. The results of this study show that using the artificial neural network (ANN) method, the gas prices in the European gas hubs, which are located in European Country, can be predicted with a high accuracy.

The optimal allocation of natural gas, as an important source of energy, to different activities is critical for developing a resilient economy. This paper is thus investigating the optimal allocation of natural gas to various sectors based on the needs of a resilient economy.
We first undertake a literature review to develop criteria for prioritizing use of natural gas and then interview a certain number of oil and gas experts, using the Shannon method, to determine the relative importance and quantitative value of major indexes. We chose a sample of 62 experts, based on the Cochran method, and classified our findings through use of the SPSS22 software and applying the t test. We then used the TOPSIS and multi-attribute decision -making technique to prioritize different uses of natural gas and determine the optimal share of each in limited gas resources.
Our results identify the following order in terms of factors to bear in mind in determining the optimal allocation of natural gas to different uses. The most important consideration is the resultant value added, followed by diversification of the energy basket, job creation, strategic requirements, energy security and social justice, as second to sixth important indicators for prioritizing different sectors. The optimal allocation of gas would assign top priority to exports, followed by injection into oil fields, use as feed in petrochemicals, as input in industry and power generation, with the lowest priority assigned to use in the household and commercial sectors.
JEL Classification: O13, C61, C53, D61, D81, Z39, Q41

The global growth in energy consumption especially in fossil fuels together with environmental considerations has produced a prospect of considerable increase in the demand for natural gas.  The particular conditions prevailing the Iranian gas industry such as the existence of the World largest gas reservoir, the excellent geopolitical location, the access to the free seas and the availability of necessary infrastructures for pipelines as well as natural gas storage offers actual and potential advantages towards this objective, accordingly by benefiting these advantages, we can define the objectives and formulating appropriate actions towards promoting regional and global gas trade, perform an active role in the gas market.  The realization of this objective may contribute towards advancing the international status of Iran in political and economic relations.For study the aforementioned topics, the feasibility study of establishing gas-trading hub in Iran is carried out with using SWOT approach.  By focusing on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the Iranian gas industry, these points are examined within the SWOT matrix.  Finally, the best strategies involving SO, WO, ST and WT strategies are analyzed regarding the transformation of Iranian gas industry into gas-trading hub in the region. The results show that the establishment of gas-trading hub in Iran is possible, although the domestic shortcomings and the international threats, the possibility of achieving this objective in the foreseeable future is rather weak.

The efforts of oil importing countries to transfer from fossil fuels to non-fossil fuels and the feasibility of commercial exploitation of unconventional oil and gas reserves can jeopardize the security of demand for crude oil by exporting countries. . In this study, by calculating the oil demand risk index from OPEC member countries during the years 2000-2014, the relationship between this variable and the price of oil by investing in the upstream sector of the oil industry of these countries during the years (2000-2012) Using panel data model with random effects has been investigated. The results show that the effect of the index of risk of demand for oil exports on investment in the upstream sector of the oil industry is negative and this effect is significant. Therefore, given the coefficient of the risk index of demand for oil exports, it can be concluded that a percentage change in the risk of demand for oil exports makes up 0.51percent of investment in the upstream sector of the oil industry in the opposite direction. In addition, the effect of oil prices on investment in the upstream of the oil industry is positive, so that a 1percent change in oil prices changes 1،12percent of investment in the upstream sector of the oil industry in the same direction.

The choice of contract type in oil fields has always been one of the main and problematic challenges in Iran and elying in making decisions in this regard leads to a dely or non-investment. On the other hand, one of the ways to recognize the components of bargaining power is to recognize and evaluate various types of international contracts. Therefore, in thiss study, while introducing the fiscal model of the contractual agreement concluded in Iran, as well as a combination of contracts for participation in traditional production in Azerbaijan with Joint venture, has been applied to financial simulation in Duroud oil field. After explaining the optimization problem using the generalized reduction gradient method, the optimal production path from the perspective of the parties to the contract is estimated andcompared with the production path specified in the buy back contract. The results show that the use of share-based indicators of project revenues and the net present value of a project for evaluate of oil contracts can be misleading. The oil production path agreed in the Buy back contract is higher than the optimal production path from the perspective of both sides of the combined contract. Tthis is due to the desire of the International Oil Company to rapidly capture capex and remuneration fee in the shortest possible time. Increase in recoverable reserves due to gas injection (presented in MDP), which was approved in buy back contract is less than its optimal amount from the viewpoint of Joint venture in a hybrid contract. This indicates that the proposed hybrid contract is closer to the Maximum Effective Rate and Maximum Final Recovery from Oilfields than the conventional buy back agreement in Iran.

As the result of increasing importance of global CO2 emissions and balance between economic development and these gases emission, cooperation between all countries is necessary. The equity in allocation of emission allowances have a significant impact on efficiency of this system. Based on Zero sum gains data envelopment analysis (ZSG-DEA) allocation model and given the premise of fixed CO2 emissions, this paper attempts to determine optimal emissions allocation and creating conditions for cooperation among selected OPEC members. The results show that after initial emission rights were allocated in accordance with the ZSG-DEA model, optimal distribution in these selected countries differs from their current state. Also, Consider to the energy consumption indices, capital formation, population, gross domestic production and CO2 emissions, the optimal emissions in our country is higher than the current level. While Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar and the UAE should reduce their CO2 emissions.

IRAN`s new petroleum contract is a new generation of service contract which aimed to fix bugs from Buy-Back model. In this model some incentives have inserted to increase contractors' motivations. In this study, we consider fiscal differences and revenue division of the two models in the case of phases 4 & 5 of the South Pars gas field. This study is conducted by fiscal simulation for two mentioned models and comparison the results. It is concluded that, government revenue in Buy-Back model throughout the period of production in phases 4 & 5 is bigger around 29% and 11% respectively in regard of the net present value and the discounted net present value. Also, if in Buy-Back model, production decline starts at the first year after fiscal settlement with contractor by the rate of more than 3% yearly, then it is better for the government to employ new contract model instead of Buy-Back model regarding revenue

Production sharing agreement and joint ventures are frequently used in upstream oil industries. The contractual framework determines the affect the payoffs for each party. In this paper, the optimal production path explored using the Generalized reduced gradient method (GRG), and its sensitivity to the changes in annual cost recovery ratio is analyzed. According to the despite the different prospects of the two parties regarding the optimal path of production, changes in the annual oil cost recovery ratio do not chande the optimal path of oil production. Therefore, any increase in the annual oil cost recovery ratio would reduce the NPV of per barrel of oil extraction (NPV/q) for the host government, increase it for the investing company and reduces the payback priod of capital expenditures without changing the production path