فهرست مطالب fariborz hovanloo

Corona is a part of the big family of viral diseases, and a person gets a respiratory infection by contracting this type of virus. As a result of the inactivity caused by this epidemic, many physical abilities of people decrease, balance being one of the most important of them. Considering the importance of balance in daily activities as well as sports, the aim of this study is to determine the effect of a HIIT exercise program at home during quarantine on static and dynamic balance in female student athletes.

The statistical population studied in this research were teenage girls of athletes in Tehran. Based on the entry and exit criteria, 30 people were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group did HIIT exercises at home for 6 weeks and 2 sessions every week. In this study, static and dynamic balance were measured by stork tests and Y balance test, respectively. In order to evaluate the effects of the training, analysis of covariance was used, and in order to evaluate the effects within the group, the paired t-test was used.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores in the experimental group (P≤0.05).

Based on the findings of the present research, it can be concluded that HIIT exercises are effective on the static and dynamic balance of adolescent girls, so it is suggested that these exercises be used in exercise programs with the aim of improving balance.

The overall aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of upper quadrilateral training on chronic middle-age men's headache.

The research method was semi-experimental and research design was pre-test and post-test. The statistical population of the study included all middle-aged men with tension headache referring to health centers affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The sample consisted of 6 subjects who were selected from among those referring to health centers. The criteria for entry into the study included: confirmation of the criteria for chronic tension headache by a neurologist and having a range of 40- 55 years. Information about the severity and frequency of headache and drug consumption in both groups before and after the exercise were assessed by a self-assessment questionnaire. Subjects' sleep quality was assessed in two stages: pre-test and post-test using the Pentecostal sleep quality questionnaire. Became

T-test results (at the level of error of α = 0.05) showed that eight weeks of upper quadrilateral training on the severity and duration of chronic tension headache and also the reduction in the dose of analgesics and ultimately the sleep quality of people with tension-type headache Chronic effects had a positive effect (p <0.001).

The results of the study suggest that occupational therapists use upper quadrant physical exercises to improve the patient's cold pain.

The menopause stage in women reduces estrogen levels and bone indicators. This study compared the effects of highintensity resistance training (HIRT) and low-intensity resistance training (LIRT) on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC), T-score, and Z-score in postmenopausal women with osteopenia.

A randomized controlled trial was conducted among 45 postmenopausal women, aged 50 to 60, who were randomly assigned into 3 parallel groups (n = 15 in each). The exercise program was performed by the interventional groups—the HIRT and LIRT groups—at 4 different intensities, 3 times a week for 24 weeks: 8 repetitions at 80% of 1 repetition maximum and 16 repetitions at 40% of 1 repetition maximum. The evaluated areas (BMD, BMC, T-score, and Z-score) included the lumbar spine (LS) and the femur neck (FN) using a DEXA machine. One-way analysis of covariance and Bonferroni's post hoc tests were used for data analysis.

The results indicated significant differences in BMD, BMC, T-scores, and Z-scores between the means of the LS and the FN in all groups. In addition, significant differences were revealed in the BMC of the LS, the BMD, T-scores (P < 0.001), Z-scores (P = 0.001), and in the BMC of the FN (P < 0.001), the BMD (P = 0.001), T-scores, and Z-scores (P < 0.001), respectively. In addition, the HIRT group's bone indices were considerably greater than those of the LIRT group (P < 0.00). Nonetheless, LIRT was significantly greater than that of the control group (P > 0.00).

According to the current findings, HIRT seems to be the most effective training program compared with LIRT for bone indicators improvement in the femur neck and the lumbar spine among postmenopausal women with osteopenia.

 Football is one of the most popular sports that has many injuries. Due to the importance of the core stabilizer muscles, the weakness of these muscles can lead to poor performance and thus increase injuries. On the other hand, this area as a bridge between the lower and upper limbs with its proper function can improve performance and performance.

The statistical population of the present study included 30 children athletes who purposefully entered the study and were divided into two groups of 15 control and experimental group. The experimental group performed core stability exercises in one session along with their exercises and the control group only previous exercises. The performance of individuals was assessed using the Y balance test, vertical jump (sargent), three-legged distance, one-leg jump time at a distance of six meters and balance system error scoring system test. Dependent t-test was used to evaluate the difference in performance between athletes in the two groups.

The results of the present study showed that central stability exercises had a significant effect on improving lower limb function in athletes (P≤0.05).

The results of the present study showed that core stability training had an immediate effect on the performance of children footballers. Therefore, it is useful for coaches and athletes to perform central stability training in addition to their training to improve their performance.

Wrestling is a high contact sport with a significant risk of injuries. Identifying risk factors can help preventing wrestler’s injuries. little is known about the contribution of balance and proprioception to sport injuries. The purpose of this study was to find out the relationship between dynamic balance and knee proprioception and the injuries in young wrestler.72 young wrestlers from Tehran primer league participated in this study. Before the start of season, proprioception was measured at 30°, 60° and 90° knee flexion using the Biodex Isokinetic pro 4 system. Dynamic balance was measured by Biodex balance system. Injuries were recorded by the team's medical staff. Logistic regression modeling indicated that there is no significant relation between Dynamic balance and proprioception of knee at 30 and 60 and at 90 degree and musculoskeletal injuries. Balance and proprioception testing, as performed in the present study, cannot be recommended as a screening test to predict injuries in young male wrestler.

.Spinal cord injuries are one of the most serious physical injuries. People with spinal cord injury generally suffer from one or more types of pain. Neuropathic pain is the most common of these and can lead to functional impairment as it is associated with loss of mobility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of reflexology massage and virtual reality on improving the function of paraplegics. The sample of this study consisted of Athletic men paraplegics who are members of the Veterans and Disabled Board of Tehran Province. Forty-five paraplegic athletes were randomly divided into three groups of control, virtual reality and reflexology, using the letters of the alphabet in the medical record. The two experimental groups performed three sessions of intervention per week for 6 weeks and the control group did not receive any intervention. Performance-related shoulder girdle strength and range of motion were evaluated by Mobe MMT dynamometer and Mobee Electrogonometer, respectively. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23 software at a significance level of 0.05. The results of statistical tests showed that the strength and range of motion of the shoulder girdle In different movements of Outward rotation, inward rotation,extention and flexion after selecting 6 weeks of training according to available research, intervention in both massage and virtual reality groups increased. (P=0/003, P=0/001, P=0/02, P=0/003). The increase in strength and range of motion According to the means of change was also more significant in the virtual reality group. The results showed that the application of reflexology massage as well as the virtual reality system was effective in improving the range of motion and strength of the shoulder girdle in people with paraplegia; therefore, people with paraplegia and the educators and nurses who work with them can use the benefits of these interventions to improve their performance.

Swimming is one of the most popular disciplines in the Olympics and is popular among athletes. Injury in this sport is often due to repeated repetition of high and repetitive movements. Many researchers Muscle strength is considered one of the most important risk factors. The power of cuff rotators is one of the main risk factors for a shoulder injury.

The statistical samples of this study consisted of 28 swimmers of 12 to 14 years old girls practicing in Alborz Province Swimming League who have been practicing swimming regularly for at least 5 years. In order to perform this study, the maximum isometric and isokinetic contractions (speeds of 60, 90, and 180 degrees per second) in the internal and external rotators of the arm and proprioception of the shoulder joint (45 and 90-degree angles) were measured with the isokinetic device. Then they practiced with TRX for six weeks, after which the measurements were repeated.

The results showed that there was a significant relationship between six weeks of TRX training on isokinetic power at speeds of 60, 90 and 180 per second in eccentric and concentric contractions (P˂0 / 5) as well as isometric strength of internal rotators and External and proprioception of the shoulder joint at 90 and 45-degree angles were significantly different

it can be stated that shoulder injury prevention programs are very important, especially in rotator cuff muscles, for swimming athletes, and strengthening these muscles with TRX is effective because it has positive effects.

Low back pain is one of the most common health problems in different societies in the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dynamic stability training on pain, range of motion and trunk muscular endurance in women with chronic low back pain.

The subjects of this study included 30 women with chronic non-athlete low back pain who ranged in age from 19 to 48 years and were randomly divided into experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. All subjects were first assessed by the Oswestry Low Back Disability Questionnaire for disability in the lumbar region. VAS, goniometer and ITO were used to determine pain, a range of motion and muscular endurance, respectively. The experimental group then received a training program (DNS) for eight weeks, but the control group received no specific rehabilitation program. Pre-test and post-test were used in both experimental and control groups. In this study, paired samples t-test and independent samples test was used by spss24 software.

The results showed that after eight weeks of dynamic neuromuscular stability training, there was a positive effect on pain, the trunk muscular endurance and range of motion (p≤0.05).

The dynamic neuromuscular stability (DNS) training focus on the natural growth process of the motor system, reduce pain, increase lumbar range of motion, and increase trunk muscular endurance in women with chronic low back pain. Keywords: DNS training, Chronic back pain, Range of motion, Trunk selective muscular endurance

Muscle strength is needed for performing many movements and skills in football like speed decreasing, shooting, dribbling, rotating, and jumping. Several studies shown that lower limb muscle strength can increase the quality of exercise skills. But few studies have compared the strength of players at different levels. Therefore, the present study intends to investigate the strength of the isokinetic and isometric knee muscles of the elite, sub-elite and amateur football players of Iran. For this purpose, the isokinetic strength of the knee muscles in 102 soccer players including 29 players of the national under-23 football team of Iran (elite), 29 players of 1st division of under-23 football team of Iran (sub-elite) and 44 players of 2nd division of under-23 football team of Tehran province (amateur) was measured for angular momentum of 60 and 180 degrees per second by the isokinetic Biodex System 4. The isometric strength of flexor and extensor muscles of knee were measured at an angle of 60 degree. The results of the ANOVA test showed that there is a significant difference in strength of flexor and extensor knee muscles in both momentum angles of 60 and 180 degrees per second and flexor/extensor isokinetic strength ratio at 180 degrees per second speed between elite, sub-elite, amateur. However, there was no significant difference in the ratio of flexor /extensor isokinetic strength ratio at 60 degrees per second. Also, there was a significant difference in isometric strength of the extensor and flexor muscles at knee flexion angle of 60 degrees in the three groups. Considering the results of the present study, it can be concluded that exercises and the competition level affect the isokinetic and isometric strength of the knee muscles of young football players of Iran.

Atypical gait pattern is one of the most important motor impairments in individuals with Down syndrome.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of functional strength training on gait kinematics, isokinetic peak torque, and static balance of adults with Down syndrome.

Thirteen men with Down syndrome from the Iran Down Syndrome Association participated in this study. The kinematics variable, isokinetic peak torque, and static balance were assessed by motion analysis, isokinetic dynamometer, and Standing Stork Test respectively before and after completing the training study. All subjects were allocated to experimental (Mage = 28.75±6.1; n = 7) and control (Mage = 30±8.5; n = 6) groups according to their desire to participate, or not, in the training program. The exercise protocol consisted of 6-week functional strength training (treadmill walking and step up/down training) for the experimental group. One-Way ANCOVA Independent test was employed for data analysis.

The results revealed that the functional strength training improved step length, walking velocity, ankle and knee ROMs (range of motion in the sagittal plane), isokinetic peak torque of lower extremities, and static balance. However, no significant difference occurred in step width and hip ROMs.

These findings reinforce previous research showing that task-oriented training with respect to the principle of specificity of training promotes movement patterns in individuals with Down syndrome.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of a fatigue protocol on some kinematic gait parameters in students with genu valgum, genu varum and normal people.

Samples of this study included 37 high school students (age 16.39 years, height 172.42 cm, weight 71.10 kg) who participated voluntarily in the study and were divided into three groups of genu valgum (n=13), genu varum (n=12) and normal (n=12). In order to evaluate the alignment of the lower extremity, goniometry-based quadriceps angle (Q) measurement was performed and the kinematic parameters were evaluated by a 10-m walk test using KINOVEA software.

Intragroup comparison results showed that there were significant differences in stance time, swing time, step length, walking speed, number of steps and walking distance between all three groups after inducing the fatigue protocol (p<0.001), while intergroup comparison results showed significant differences between the three groups only in terms of stance time, swing time, and stride length after applying the fatigue protocol (P<0.001).

The present study showed that the fatigue protocol can affect kinematic gait parameters in people with knee abnormalities and those with normal alignment, and these effects differ in some parameters between normal subjects and those with genu varum and genu valgum.

The risk of injury in football is high. Many researchers have introduced muscle strength as one of the most important internal risk factors, but few studies have examined the relationship between the isometric strength of muscles and incidence of injuries. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the relationship between isometric strength of lower extremity muscles and the incidence of injuries in football players and the power to predict these injuries. The sample of this study included 73 football players under 21 years of age. Before the beginning of the season, the anthropometric dimensions and isometric strength of lower extremity in dominant leg of each player were measured by Isokinetic device (Biodex system 4), then each player was followed up for 8 months and their injuries were recorded. The results of Cox regression test showed no significant relationship between isometric strength of the measured muscles and the incidence of injuries in lower extremity. According to these results, it is suggested that medical and technical staff of football teams use isometric tests to identify high risk players. Other strength evaluation methods such as isokinetic and isotonic strengths may be more effective.

Researches has identified the importance of core training in injury prevention. However, there are limited information about relationship between core stability and swimmer performance. Therefor the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of core stability training on performance of sub elite adolescent swimmers. Thirty male swimmers were randomly allocated in the control (n=15) and intervention (n=15) groups. The intervention group completed the core stability training, three times per week for 8 weeks. Analysis covariance were used for determine the effect of core stability exercise on 50-m front and back crawl, butterfly, and breast- stroke race. The results showed that there was significant difference in time of 50-m front crawl and breast- stroke race, back crawl and butterfly race. According to the results, core muscle strengthening enhanced the performance in young swimmers projected as significant improvements in 50-m front crawl and breast- stroke sprint time.

Disturbances in balance and also regaining the balance strategy is very important in the middle-aged women who are near their menopause and subject to severe hormonal and physiological changes, reduced muscle strength, and decreased bone density. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of balance training in the water with and without the weighted vest on the balance recovery strategy of middle-aged women affected with a balance disorder. Present study was a quasi-experimental study conducted on 26 middle-aged women. They were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two groups: balance training group in water with weighted vest (13 women), and balance training group in water without weighted vest (13 people). In order to assess the balance strategy recovery, the electromyography activity of the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and rectus femoris muscles around the hip joint and lateral gastrocnemius, peroneus longus, and anterior tibialis muscles around the ankle joint was recorded during the drop-landing task. The water balance training was performed for 6 weeks, three sessions per week, each session for 45 minutes. After 6 weeks of training, all pretest stages were repeated in the post-test. Shapiro-Wilk and ANCOVA tests were used for analyzing the obtained data. The significance level was set at 0.05 for all tests. The Independent t test results showed no significant difference between demographic information of the two groups (P<0.05). The results of ANCOVA showed that the recovery balance strategy of middle-aged women in the group of water balance training with weighed shirt had significantly improved (P<0.05). Also, the eta coefficient was 0.76 which indicates relatively large amount of impact exercises.  Doing balance exercises in water with weighted vest can well affect balance factors and improve the recovery balance strategy of middle-aged people. Therefore, in order to prevent disturbance in the balance and falling with increasing age, it is recommended to take advantage of water balance exercises with weighted vest in the middle-aged period.

  The aim of this study was to compare the effect of two types of body-weight and suspension resistance training on general soccer ability skills of children. Thus, 30 children (mean age 12.3 ± 0.55 yrs.) without the history of resistance training were randomly divided into three suspended resistance training, unsuspended resistance training and control groups (n=10 in each group).These children have been participated in regular and identical soccer training three days per week during the investigation. All subjects in the three groups carried out the Mor-Christian soccer skill test before and 48 hours post training periods. The eight week of resistance training on suspended and unsuspended surfaces were designed progressively according to ACSM recommendations for children. Suspension training was conducted using TRX bands and unsuspension training using body weight. Comparison between groups were conducted using one-way analysis of variance (Using delta method). The result of study indicated that soccer skills in Mor-Christian test increased significantly in TRX group compared with body-weight training group (P˂0.05). Thus, according to the low risk, low cost, and fun of TRX, and due to the results of this study, this type of resistance training could be recruited in children population to develop their general soccer ability skills more efficiently than traditional body-weight training.

During the aging process, muscle atrophy and neuromuscular junction remodeling are inevitable. The present study aimed to clarify whether low-intensity aerobic exercise along with limb blood-flow restriction (BFR) could improve aging-induced muscle atrophy and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) at the neuromuscular junction.
Forty-eight male Wistar rats, aged 23–24 months, were randomly divided into control, sham (Sh: subjected to surgery without BFR), BFR (subjected to BFR), exercise (Ex: subjected to 10 weeks of low-intensity exercise), Sh, and BFR groups. Forty-eight hours after the last training session, the animals were sacrificed and their soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were removed. The hypertrophy index was calculated, and molecular parameters were measured using western blotting. Statistical analysis was done with ANOVA using SPSS (version 20), with a P The control and Sh groups showed weight gain (P=0.001), whereas the Ex, Sh, and BFR groups had significant weight loss (P BFR plus mild exercise is a safe method with potential beneficial effects in protecting and augmenting muscle mass and nAChR clustering at the neuromuscular junction in old rats.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the blood flow restriction deal (Kaatsu) during isometric exercise on growth hormone and testosterone in active males. 10 active males (1 to 3 times training per week, age: 23.8±2.32 years, BMI: 24.26±1.80 kg/m2) were participated in this study voluntarily. Subject’s ankle blood pressures were determined by color Doppler ultrasound. Then, subjects performed the study protocol that consisted of six 10-second isometric contractions with 60 seconds rest between each contraction with varying levels of external compression (0% (without compression), 70%, 100%, and 130% of systolic pressure). Blood samples were taken before, immediately after and 15 minute after exercise. Statistical analysis of data did not show significant difference (time × trial) between varying levels of external compression in growth hormone (GH), testosterone (T) and blood lactate (BL). GH, T and BL increased significantly (time) from pre to postexercise in the all varying levels of external compression (p

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of 8 weeks of repetitive sprint training in hypoxia and normoxia conditions on swimming record of female elite swimmers. The subjects included 30 female elite swimmers who were randomly divided into 3 groups (each group 10 subjects): 2 experimental groups (hypoxia and) and one control group. Training protocol was administered to both experimental groups for 8 weeks, 2 sessions per week with swimming ergometer and 3 sessions in the swimming pool. The protocol was designed for both experimental groups with similar intensity and duration (nine 30-sec. attempts at the intensity of 80% of maximum performance with two minutes of rest) on swimming ergometer. Hypoxia group performed the training in hypoxia condition with %14 of Fio2. The control group had only 5 session of regular swimming in the pool. Results were analyzed using ANOVA at P≤0.05. The results showed that 8 weeks of repeated sprint training improved 100 m swimming record (P=0.013) and 200 m swimming record (P=0.009) in hypoxic condition compared with normoxia condition.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the acute effect of isometric exercises with different pressures of blood flow restriction on EMG changes. 10 male healthy university students (mean age: 25.8±0.33 yr, height: 176.6±1.67 cm, weight: 75.2±2.1 kg) who had a history of resistance exercises voluntarily participated in this study. Firstly, subject's ankle blood pressure was determined by color Doppler ultrasound and a sonography specialist. Then, in the exercise sessions with blood flow restriction, similar amount of pressure was applied to the highest point of the thigh of subject's dominant legs by the cuff to occlude blood flow. The study protocol consisted of six 10-sec. isometric contractions; participants had 60 seconds of rest between every two sets. The protocol was repeated in every 4 sessions conducted with 0, 70, 100 and 130% of systolic pressure. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess normality of the data and one-way ANOVA with repeated measures were used to detect significant changes in iEMG among the 4 sessions. Statistical analysis of data showed no significant differences between sessions of 100 and 130 of systolic pressure in iEMG (P>0.05), But a significant difference was observed among other sessions in iEMG (P

Fatigue is an important factor to increase muscle mass and strength during resistance training. The aim of the present study was to investigate the acute response of fatigue indices to one session of isometric exercise with different intensities with/without blood flow restriction. 10 male healthy students (mean age: 24.9±2.5 years) participated in this study. The study protocol consisted of six 10-second isometric contractions and a 60-second rest interval between each two contractions. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess normality of the data and ANOVA test with repeated measures was used to detect significant changes in MPF, blood lactate, Borg index and MVC difference before and after the protocol among the three sessions .All the indices in session 2 were significantly different compared with other sessions but there were no significant differences between session 1 and 3. Results showed that isometric exercise with blood flow restriction can cause more fatigue than similar exercise with the same load without blood flow restriction. Fatigue indices in isometric exercise with 65% MVC with blood flow restriction were similar to isometric exercise with 100% MVC without blood flow restriction.

Recruitment of fast twitch muscles cause an increase in muscle mass and strength but these muscles are recruited in high intensities. Old people or persons in rehabilitation process couldn’t do intense training. On the other hand, it has been told that training with blood flow restriction could recruit fast twitch muscles in low intensity. Therefore, we decided to investigate the acute effect of isometric exercise with different load with and without blood flow restriction on fast twitch fibers engagement.
10 male college students participated in this clinical cross over trail. The study protocol was consisted of six 10-second isometric contractions, and between every two sets participants had 60 seconds of rest. Lactate concentrations were measured before, immediately after and 10 min later. IEMG index was recorded during every exercise session.
Lactate concentrations and IEMG were significantly different between exercise with 65% MVC with and without blood flow restriction and these indexes was higher in exercise with 65% MVC with blood flow restriction. Lactate concentrations and IEMG were similar in exercise with 65% MVC with blood flow restriction and 100% MVC without blood flow restriction.
It seems that in same intensity isometric exercise with blood flow restriction can cause more engagement of fast twitch fiber than exercise without blood flow restriction and engagement of fast twitch muscle in exercise with 65% MVC with blood flow restriction was same compared with exercise with 100% MVC without blood flow restriction.

Present study was designed to investigate the effects of different isotonic and isokinetic concentric contractions and 1h recovery (1h-rec) period on fibrinolytic factors. Ten healthy male subjects (26.9 ±1.7 years) completed two isotonic and isokinetic exercise protocols at an intensity corresponding to 40% of maximal voluntary isometric torque at 70̊ (MVIT 70̊) on quadriceps using Biodex Systems which was followed by 1h-rec. Venous blood samples (6 ml) were obtained before, immediately after exercise and at the end of recovery and were analyzed for tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA),plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), D-dimer and lactate concentration. All data were analyzed using repeated measures of ANOVA (2×3). Although both exercise trials irrespective of contraction type were followed by significant increases in t-PA and lactate (P<0.05), these increases were transient and returned to pre-exercise level at the end of 1h recovery. In addition, concentric isotonic contraction resulted in increases in both t-PA and lactate concentration compared to isokinetic contraction (P>0.05). Irrespective of contraction type, PAI-1 showed no significant changes after exercise but decreased significantly after 1h recovery (P>0.05). Not only, there was no significant differences between two type of contractions for PAI-1 (P>0.05), D-dimer, but also, responses of these variables to acute exercise and 1h recovery was not statistically significant(P>0.05). Based on thefindings of the present study,isotonic muscular contraction leads to more increases of t-PA and blood lactate levels in comprasion toisokinetic knee extension exercise, and that changes in PAI-1 and D-dimer are not related to muscle contraction type.

The propose of present study examined the effects of intense interval training in hypoxic conditions (14%PO2) and normoxic conditions (21%PO2) on blood cells and leukocytes in response exhaustive test. 16 man active (ages 23/27±2/94 years، height 178/13±5/86 cm، weight 78/8 ± 06/74 kg، fat body، 19/33±3/07) were randomly divided into two groups: active hypoxic conditions (14%PO2) and normoxia (21%PO2) groups. Before beginning training، exhaustive testing to determine maximal workload (Wmax) were performed، blood samples were taken before and immediately after the test. After completing the training، exhaustive testing similar to the first day Performed. Exercise protocol consisted of 40 minutes of exercise، six days per week، was performed in two following weeks. Each session includes a five minute warm-up، 10 Step- three minutes pedal (one minute intensity of 50% Wmax and two minutes intensity of 85% -80% Wmax) and had a five minute cool down. The first group training in hypoxic conditions (14% pO2) and the second group training in normoxic (21% pO2) Performed. In this study، repeated measure was used to analyze the hypothesis. Training inHypoxia led to a significant increase in the amount of RBC، hemoglobin and a significant reduction in the accumulation eosinophil- platelets in response to exhaustive testing than normoxic conditions in response to exhaustive testing. As a result of training، significant changes in the levels of neutrophils، monocytes، lymphocytes in response to exhaustive testing was not observed in both groups. It can be concluded that the intense interval training in addition to hypoxic conditions can increase red blood cells in response to exhaustive test and can reduce the risk trombosis be exhaustive.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the lactate kinetics after concentric and eccentric isokinetic contractions. For this reason، ten recreational male participants performed two knee CON/CON and ECC/ECC isokinetic protocols (4 set، 10 repetitions، 60˚/s) in 2 separate sessions. Blood lactate concentrations measured before and at 0، 3، 6، 10، 15، 30، 45 and 60 minutes post-exercise. The individual blood lactate recovery curves were fitted to a biexponential time function. Paired t-test was used to compare the lactate responses to two exercise trials and the repeated measures of ANOVA was employed to compare the work rates following the sets in both sessions. Lactate concentration increased in response to concentric contraction from 1. 65±0. 34 to 5. 05±1. 19 (mmol. l) and in response to eccentric from 1. 71±0. 42 to 4. 12±1. 64 (mmol. l). Statistical analysis of data showed that increases in lactate concentrations were significantly higher in response to CON/CON protocol than ECC/ECC (P<0. 05). The lactate exchange (P<0. 01) and removal (P<0. 01) abilities were significantly higher after ECC/ECC exercise than CON/CON. Likewise، tpeak (P<0. 001) and t1/2 (P<0. 001) were significantly longer after CON/CON protocol than ECC/ECC. According to the findings of the present study، it could be concluded that concentric exercise leads to more metabolic stress than eccentric exercise. Therefore، based on the differences in the lactic acid production following these type of contractions، it is recommended that the type of recovery used following these contractions must be different and that following the concentric exercise the active recovery must be used.

This study investigated the effect of acute resistance exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in the elderly. 22 healthy older men participated in this study (mean age of 60-75 years old). 72 hours after the determination of muscular maximal strength (by 1-RM test), subjects participated in acute resistance exercises via 75% 1-RM. Three blood samples were collected at before, immediately and 4hours after the exercise from Antecubital vein. Serum BDNF, IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 measured by ELISA methods. Also, for statistical analyses Pearson correlation test and Repeated Measures (1×3) were used. Significant level was set at P≤0.05. The results showed that, occurs significantly increased in serum BDNF levels, immediately after a session of resistance exercise. But 30 minutes after completion of the protocol, there were no significant changes compared to the serums before the activity (P≤0.05). There was also a significant increase in the amount of IGF-1, after a session of resistance exercise. But 30 minutes after completion of the protocol, there was no significant change compared to the serums before the activity (P≤0.05). In the end, there was no significant change in the levels of IGFBP-3 in immediately and 30 minutes after resistance exercise protocol, compared to the serums before the activity. Summery, the results of this study showed that, in response to resistance exercise, the amount of BDNF and IGF-1 significantly increased, at immediately after the exercise, but there was no significant changes in the levels of IGFBP-3. According to the results of this study, it seems, resistance exercise causes positive changes in the amount of neurotrophic factors which involved in learning and memory. Subsequently, it may causes reduction in the prevalence of neurological disorders associated with learning and memory impairments such as Alzheimers, depression and dementia in elderly.