hadi ghaffari

Nowadays, the implementation of knowledge-based leadership as one of the components of management competencies is considered essential for the success of companies and institutions, which has attracted the attention of researchers all over the world. Knowledge-oriented leadership leads to the discovery of new knowledge, change, and improvement of methods and development of processes, and in this way creates competitive advantages in the organization. Competitive advantage is the superiority of the company compared to its competitors. Sustainable competitive advantage will create sustainable and superior capabilities for the organization which cannot be imitated by other competitors, cannot be discovered, and cannot be replaced. Competence is a combination of knowledge capacity, experience and skill, ability, and the way leaders behave constructively and effectively in management. The review of internal and external studies showed that Knowledge-based leadership is a new leadership style that has been less studied so far. The survival and success of future organizations depend on their competitive advantage. One of the factors in creating a competitive advantage is the development of the effect of knowledge-based leadership and effective leadership skills in the organization that is based on stable competitive advantage with variable mediation of management meritocracy (Tehran Post Office).

Design/Methodology/Approach: 

This research in terms of purpose is applied type, in terms of data is quantitative, in terms of the method of data collection is survey type, and in terms of time is cross-sectional. The statistical population of this study includes 3500 employees of the Tehran Post Office. The sample size was calculated using Cochran's formula of 346 people. In the current study, the sampling method is stratified random. To collect data, a standard questionnaire was used. The validity of the questionnaire was obtained by experts and management experts and its reliability using Cronbach's alpha for all variables was more than 0.7. SPSS software and PLS software were used for data analysis.

The findings indicate the confirmation of all hypotheses and the appropriate fit of the research model, and the results showed that knowledge-based leadership has a significant effect on sustainable competitive advantage with the mediation of the meritocracy variable. Knowledge-based leadership has a significant impact on competitive advantage. Knowledge-based leadership has a significant impact on meritocratic management. Management meritocracy has a significant impact on competitive advantage.

In the field of competition, the post office will have an advantage if they can benefit from the services of competent managers. Competent managers implement a kind of knowledge-based leadership in the organization. Therefore, the Tehran Post Administration must have a knowledge-oriented leadership to have a competitive advantage and provide the basis for its strengthening. Knowledge-oriented leaders encourage employees to be more assertive in their opinions and to be more comfortable in sharing new ideas. As a result, they bring the organization to a competitive level. Therefore, according to the said content, it is concluded that knowledge-based leadership has a significant effect on sustainable competitive advantage with the mediation of the meritocracy variable. The results of this hypothesis are in line with the studies of Jafari and Alipour (2016), Tadberi and Rozitalab (2015), Banmairuroy et al. (2022), and Jasamuddin and Naqshbandi (2018). Based on the main hypothesis, as knowledge and information are necessary for competence, it is suggested to the managers and leaders of the Tehran Post Office, that they should design their management approach to promote knowledge and information and to share and disseminate it in the entire collection, and to improve and maintain a sustainable competitive advantage in the field of competition through meritocracy and promoting their competence and their subsets and their motivation.

Given the concerns regarding the use of synthetic antiviral compounds in the pharmaceutical industry, it seems necessary to pay attention to natural sources with antiviral activity. Sea cucumbers are one of these sources that numerous physiological properties are discussed in the scientific community. The present study aimed to produce bioactive peptides from Holothuria leucospilota using two microbial enzymes, alcalase and flavourzyme, and to evaluate their antiviral activity against Herpes simplex types 1 and 2, Chikungunya, and Dengue viruses. The results showed that the whole body of the sea cucumber has about 13% protein, which this amount reached more than 67% in the resulting hydrolyzed powders. The amount of protein, as well as the degree of hydrolysis in the hydrolyzed protein using alcalase enzyme (71.58±0.16 and 48.37±0.3%, respectively) was higher than the powder produced with flavourzyme (67.88±0.26 and 41.42±0.6%, respectively) (p<0.05). It was further found that both types of peptides produced at both concentrations of 4 and 5 mg/ml have antiviral properties. In this study, the type of enzyme used to produce bioactive peptides and also the concentration of peptides had a significant effect on their antiviral activity (p<0.05). The peptides produced using alcalase enzyme had significantly more antiviral activity against the studied viruses, while increasing the concentration of peptides from 4 to 5 mg/ml led to a significant increase in the antiviral activity (p<0.05). Among the studied viruses, Herpes type 1 and Dengue virus were the most resistant and susceptible viruses, respectively (p<0.05). According to the results of the present study, bioactive peptides extracted from the sea cucumber have the potential to be used in the pharmaceutical industry as a natural antiviral compound, however, it is necessary to carry out additional tests to evaluate their possible toxicity effects.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of organizational honesty and leadership behavior on organizational excellence with the mediating role of job involvement. The research method of this research is descriptive-survey of applied type. The statistical population of the present study consists of the employees of the passenger department of the Railway Company of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 110 people were selected as a sample. The data collection tool was a questionnaire and the validity and reliability of the structure were assessed through factor analysis. Analysis of research data was performed using structural equation method and SPSS and PLS software. The findings of this study showed that all the hypotheses of the research were confirmed. So that organizational honesty with the mediating role of job engagement on organizational excellence, leadership behavior with the mediating role of job engagement on organizational excellence, organizational honesty on job engagement, organizational honesty on organizational excellence, leadership behavior on job engagement Leadership behavior has a positive and significant effect on organizational excellence and organizational involvement in job excellence. It is suggested that the managers and deputies of the passenger department of the Railway Company of the Islamic Republic of Iran should create a creative culture so that employees can present and apply their new proposals in the field of improving productivity and appropriate leadership style. To develop employees' individual creativity, their risk-taking must be increased to some extent.

The aim of the current research is to design a qualitative model of circular economy education with the 3C (competency-based) approach in small and medium industries. The current research is exploratory in terms of its purpose and applied and developmental in terms of thematic nature. Its investigation method is descriptive and analytical. This research was done with the meta-analysis method. The statistical population of the current research included related researches that were available inside and outside the country in the form of full-text articles, dissertations, and research plans in the databases and libraries of universities or government centers, and specialists who had relevant education or experience in this field. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 182 studies were examined. The results of the research led to the formation of a comprehensive model of cognitive, attitudinal, and skill dimensions and formed in 11 components and 60 items. Reliability was calculated through the Kappa coefficient with a value of 0.95, which is at the level of excellent agreement. This model provides information about the competencies required from the cognitive, skill, and attitude dimensions for the implementation of circular economy training in small and medium industries, and by warning the decision makers, it clarifies the necessary fields of attention, and by recognizing and examining them, they have a clearer understanding of the program. It provides training for the development of circular economy concepts in the organizations. This diagnosis helps to improve training and also helps professionals to create more efficient training programs within the industries.

 Currently, HIV, HBV, and HIV/HBV co-infection are important global health issues. It has been estimated that 2.7 million people are co-infected with HIV and HBV worldwide. In recent years, miRNAs have shown promising results as a research area. The current study aimed to investigate the expression level of miRNA-122, miRNA-149, miRNA-199a, and miRNA-let7 in HIV, HBV, HIV/HBV co-infected patients, and healthy controls.

 In the current study, miRNA expression levels were assessed in PBMC obtained from patients by real-time PCR.

The miRNA-122 was significantly upregulated in HIV/HBV co-infection patients compared with other groups (P<0.001). Also, miRNA-199a and miRNA-let7 were significantly down-regulated in all patient groups compared to the healthy controls (P< 0.001). Correlation analysis demonstrated significant negative correlations between the expression level of miR- 149 and miR-199a with HIV viral load (P<0.001) and HBV viral load, respectively (P<0.01).

 This preliminary study could reflect a limited perspective on the field of the miRNAs in HBV and HIV infection. The study suggested further investigation to understand better the role of the miRNA in HIV and HBV infections.

One of the important factors in the use of natural pigments in various foods is their stability and preservation of their antioxidant properties under the production and storage conditions. Astaxanthin is one of these natural pigments that microalgae are one of its resources. In the present study, after the extraction of astaxanthin from hematococcus microalgae (Haematococcus pluvialis) by a combined method (HCL-Acetone), the effect of temperature, pH, and time parameters on its stability and antioxidant activity (DPPH free radical scavenging activity and reducing power of ferric) were evaluated. The results showed that the effect of temperature, pH and time factors alone and the interactions between the time and temperature were significant (p<0.05). However, the interactions of pH with time, pH with temperature, and the interaction of three factors together on the concentration and stability of astaxanthin were not significant (p>0.05). According to the findings, the antioxidant activity and pigment stability at 4 °C was more than 20 °C and with increasing the storage time, these properties were decreased. The pH changes did not have much effect on the pigment properties, although the results at pH=5.5 were relatively better than pH=4.5. Among the studied treatments, DPPH free radical scavenging activity as well as the reducing power of the extracted pigment ranged from 45.5-93.11% and absorption of 0.31-0.81 at 700 nm, respectively. This property makes it possible to use this pigment in food products as an antioxidant. However, use of various methods such as coating the pigment for using in heat-treated foods is recommended due to the low stability of the pigment at the higher temperatures.

It has been documented that in addition to the genetic susceptibility, environmental factors particularly viruses can also play an important role in the initiation or development of the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, findings from several epidemiological studies have shown conflicting results regarding the role of enteroviruses infections in this field of research. The purpose of the current study was to investigate a link between coxsackieviruses B3 and B4 infection and the development of T1D in children.

In this case-control study, 80 pediatric patients under 14 year of age with T1D and 80 non-diabetic children controls were enrolled between October 2017 to March 2018 from the Children's Medical Center in Tehran. Then, anti-GAD65 and anti-IA-2 autoantibodies were assessed in two groups using commercially available Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. IgG antibodies of both Coxsackieviruses B3 and B4 were also measured by direct ELISA kits.

The mean anti-GAD65 antibody titer in CV B3+  samples was 4.26 ± 2.46 IU/mL,
and was slightly higher than that found in the CV B3-  samples with a mean titer of 3.62 ± 2.08 IU/mL (p = 0.22; 95% CI: -1.69 to 0.4). Also, the mean anti-IA-2 ELISA OD450 values in CV B3+ samples (0.260 ± 0.155) was similar with that of the CV B3- samples (0.260 ± 0.160) (p = 0.98; 95% CI: -0.079 to 0.077).

This study showed that the titer of autoantibodies in CVB3+ or CVB4+ samples were not significantly different compared to CVB- samples. The results of this study suggest that there is still a need for further investigations to prove the association of coxsackieviruses and diabetes.

Due to the concerns about the use of artificial colors in various foods, it is necessary to pay attention to sources with natural colors. One of these sources is the algae Spirulina, which contains the blue pigment phycocyanin. The aim of the present study in the first stage was to extract this pigment from the algae by enzymatic method and its nanoencapsulation. In the second stage, the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles were investigated. Finally, phycocyanin in both free and nano forms was added to the ice cream formulation and the qualitative and sensory properties of the product were evaluated in comparison with the control. The results showed that the produced nanoparticles have an average size of 397.1 nm. The encapsulation efficiency of the process was recorded 73.41%. According to the images recorded using scanning electron microscopy, the nanoparticle with different dimensions are scattered in the microscopic spread so that the particles are visible in different sizes. The release results of nanoparticles in vitro showed that at pH=1.2, the release percentage of phycocyanin is low (the first 2 hours). So that it fluctuates in the range of 7 to 13%. But after this stage (pH=7.4), the release rate increased significantly and from 35 to 71% at 3 and 4 hours, respectively. The use of pure phycocyanin in ice cream formulation improved the hardness, melting percentage, texture, hardness, crystalline intensity and coldness. But these indices were reported at a more favorable level in the treatment formulated with nanoencapsulated phycocyanin. The color index in ice cream formulated with pure phycocyanin was more desirable and more acceptable compared to the treatment with nanoencapsulated phycocyanin. Due to the properties of phycocyanin, especially the nanoencapsulated form, it can be used as a biological dye and improver the quality and sensory properties in various ice creams.

Many authors and pioneers of changing in government management organizations and services considered Entrepreneurship in the public sector as the only solution for public management in the face of these challenges and problems. This study examines the impact of talent management on organizational entrepreneurship with the mediation of intellectual capital at Arak University of Medical Sciences.

This research was a practical research in terms of purpose and a causal research in terms of the nature and method. The statistical population of the study was 480 staff of Arak University of Medical Sciences in 1399 that 213 of them were selected using Cochran’s formula by simple random sampling technique. Data were collected using 3 standard questionnaires. The Phillips and Roper Standard Questionnaire (2009) was used for the Talent Management component, the Bontis Standard Questionnaire (1998) was used for the intellectual capital component, and the Robbins and Colter Standard Questionnaire (1989) was used for the organizational entrepreneurship component. In order to confirm the validity of the questionnaires, it has been approved by the professors and the reliability of the questionnaires has been confirmed by using SPSS software. Data analysis was performed by descriptive and inferential statistical tests using SPSS and structural equations with LISREL software.

The results showed that talent management on organizational entrepreneurship with a path coefficient of 0.53 and a t-statistic of 5.02; Talent management on intellectual capital with path coefficient of 93 / and T-statistic of 9.76; Intellectual capital had an effect on organizational entrepreneurship with a path coefficient of 0.41 and a T-statistic of 3.80. The results showed that talent management has a positive effect on organizational entrepreneurship mediated by intellectual capital.

Considering the findings of the study and the effect of talent and intellectual capital management on organizational entrepreneurship among the staff of Arak University of Medical Sciences, it is suggested that managers pay attention to talent management and intellectual capital improvement.

This study employs the Synthetic Control Method (SCM) as an innovative method in evaluating the effects of a policy to assess the effect of the 2011 economic sanctions on Iran's exports during the period 2001-2018. For this purpose, in addition to Iran, ten other countries have been considered as a donor pool to simulate the trend of Iran's exports before and after the economic sanctions. New Zealand, Turkey, the UAE and China have played the most important roles in this simulation. The results show that while Iran could have achieved more than $ 150 billion in exports for each of the years since the embargo, the sanctions have caused Iran to lose an average of $ 74 billion export income annually. According to the estimated model, the largest export gap is related to 2015, when sanctions caused Iran's export to reach $ 60 billion. While according to the counterfactual export pattern and in the absence of sanctions in this year, the amount of exports could reached $159.7 billion, and the maximum export gap has been recorded $99.7 billion. The placebo test confirms the reliability of the estimates made by extending the SCM to all members of the donor pool. The results of this study show that Iran's export is affected by demand side factors. Developing friendly political relations with business partners, avoiding international disputes, and building sustainable trade relations through business links between firms are among the policy recommendations

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of death around the world. Micro-ribonucleic acid (miRNA) can be involved in forming of atherosclerotic plaques, inflammation, cholesterol metabolism, and other mechanisms involved in CAD development. This study aimed to evaluate the expression level of miR-22, miR-30c, miR-145, and miR-519d and their possible association with inflammatory markers among patients with CAD.

The expression level of miR-22, miR-30c, miR-145, miR-519d, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) was determined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 46 patients with CAD and 39 healthy controls using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay.

53.8% (n = 21) and 52.2% (n = 24) of controls and cases were men, respectively; the mean age was 59.8 ± 7.4 and 57.0 ± 9.8 years, respectively. The miRNA expression pattern of each group showed significantly different expression profiles. In the CAD patients group, miR-22, miR-30c, and miR-145 were down-regulated compared to the control group. On the opposite, miR-519d was up-regulated in patients with CAD compared to the control group. Our results also showed that the expression levels of IL-6 and TGF-β were up-regulated among patients with CAD compared to the control group. In addition, the expression of miR-145 and miR-519d had a significantly negative and positive correlation with TGF-β and IL-6, respectively.

The change in expression levels of miR-22, miR-30c, miR-145, and miR-519d in PBMCs of patients with CAD could be considered as a potential biomarker for CAD.

Glioblastoma multiforme is the most invasive and lethal form of brain cancer with unclear etiology. Our study aimed to investigate the molecular prevalence of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections in patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM).

This case-control study was conducted on 42 FFPE brain tumor samples from GBM patients and 42 brain autopsies from subjects without neurological disorders. The presence of EBV and HCMV DNA was determined, using PCR and nested-PCR assays, respectively.

HCMV DNA was detected in 3 out of 42 (7.1%) of GBM samples and was absent from the control group (p = 0.07). Importantly, EBV DNA was detected in 9 out of 42 (21.4%) brain tissue specimens of GBM subjects, but again in none of the control group (p = 0.001).

Our findings indicate that infection with EBV is associated with GBM.

one of the indicators that is currently considered in determining the level of development of a country is the amount of electricity consumption and its applications.Providing the needs of the industrial sector for energy,especially electricity, is undeniable and very important and is very effective in the process of growth, development and economic stability.In this study,using time series data and aggregate techniques in econometrics, especially dynamic auto regressive distributed lag models (ARDL) and error correction mechanism (ECM), long-term and short-term relationships of electricity demand model of the industrial sector are estimated. Based on the obtained results,The price elasticity of demand in the industrial sector is equal to 0.453 and it indicates that with a one percent increase in the price of electricity,the amount of demand decreases by 0.453 percent.Therefore, electricity is a low-elastic commodity, This means that the industrial sector is dependent on electricity and other energies cannot be a suitable alternative to it.The results show that all coefficients are significant at the levels of 5 and 10 percent. Also, the results show that the demand for electricity has an important role in the production of the industrial sector and ultimately the country's GDP, so that an increase of 1 unit (ten thousand kilowatt hours) in electricity consumption in the industrial sector can increase GDP by about 23,660 dollars.Keywords: Electricity Demand of Industrial Sector, Price of Energy Carriers, ARDL.

The emergence of drug-resistant strains of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) has been increasingly reported. Therefore, attempts to discover new antiviral agents in particular from natural compounds are required. In this study, we evaluated the possible inhibitory effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Sambucus ebulus (S. ebulus) against HSV-1.

S. ebulus extract was produced by maceration method. MTT assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity effects of the S. ebulus extract; also, antiviral effects were measured both by test TCID50 and quantitative real-time PCR methods. To study the inhibitory impact of S. ebulus extract on the expression of HSV-1 antigens, indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) was also performed.  All analyses were performed using the GraphPad Prism software v. 7.0.

In the postexposure assay of HSV-1 with S. ebulus extract at the highest nontoxic concentration (75 μg/mL), S. ebulus extract led to 2.6 log10 TCID50 reduction in infectious virus titer. At the highest nontoxic concentration, the S. ebulus extract led to inhibition rates of 91.2%, based on the quantitative real-time PCR assay results (p<0.001). Also, in the immunofluorescence assay, a significant reduction was observed in fluorescence emission intensity in HSV-1-infected cell treated with S. ebulus extract compared to the control group.

S. ebulus extract is a novel and effective natural compound in reducing HSV-1 titer and future studies should be conducted to discover the complete mechanism of antiviral effect of this natural compound.

The main purpose of this article is to investigate the role of sustainable urban development in the social security feeling of citizens. The research method is survey and the data are collected in the field. In the next step, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. The opinions of professors and experts have been used to assess the validity of the questionnaire Cronbach's alpha coefficient was also used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire, which was equal to 0.86. The statistical population included people aged 20 to 54 in Khorramabad, which according to the 2016 census is equal to 70,417 people., and analyzing the results of the questionnaires to examine the impact of sustainable development indicators Urban on the social security of citizens has been investigated and analyzed using regression test to test the research hypotheses. The results of the study indicated that each of the indicators of urban sustainability development (economic, post-social, post-cognitive dimension) had a positive impact on the sense of social security. Finally, we conclude that in general indicators of sustainable urban development on the sense of social security of citizens have an impact.

Due to exist of the different kinds of sea cucumbers and their biological activities, In this study, the antibacterial activities and the soap forming ability of powder, methanolic and saponins extracts of sea cucumber (Holothuria leucospilota). obtained from Lavan Island, were evaluated. Initially Sea cucumbers were dried and subsequently ground. Extraction was performed by methanol solvents to obtain total extract and 70% ethanol. The method of soaking was used in order to prepare the extract containing the ultimate amount of saponin compounds. With the aim of determine the quality of saponin, its index of foam forming ability was evaluated. The production of soap from marine cucumbers was carried out using the method of soaping fats and glycerin. Finally, sea cucumber soaps was produced using powder, methanolic and saponins extracts with ratios of 1, 5 and 10%. In order to fulfill of bacterial analysis, the effect of extracts and prepared soaps on Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated using tubular dilution method. The results of the experiment show that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the methanolic extract and marine cucumber soap for Staphylococcus aureus is 10 and 5 mg / ml respectively. This index for saponin and its soap is 2 and 5 mg / ml. Regardless of the duration of the experiment, one-way analysis of variance test showed that there was a significant difference in the mean height between volumes of 10 ml and volumes of one, two, three, four and five ml (p <0.05). In other cases, no significant difference was observed in the mean floor height. The produced foam of the sea cucumber saponin remained for more than 12 hours, indicating a very high foam formin ability. In this project, the antibacterial and consequently anti- pimple of extracts and soaps produced from the Holothuria leucospilotaobtained from Lavan Island were studied and confirmed. Therefore, this compounds can be used as an appropriate choice for the production of anti-pimple soaps.

This research has been conducted in the field of Islamic management for studying in the organizational environment entitled " Study and review the role of piety in improving the performance of the staff of the organization.

4 hypotheses were developed based on 5 identified variables. The statistical population of the study was 490 employees of the Arak Social Security organization and the sample was 141 employees of the organization. In order to answer the research questions and hypotheses, 2 questionnaires designed and The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient with 0.93 coefficient for virtue's questionnaire and coefficient 0.975 for performance's questionnaire and total with 0.97 coefficient. The content validity of the two questionnaires was approved by the supervisors and counselors and the study of books and articles related to research and correctional comments. In descriptive statistics, the central indices (abundance and frequency) were used to analyze the demographic data and the dispersion indices (mean and standard deviation) were used to analyze the variables of the research. The f test was used to determine the status of the variables of the research, the test Kolmogorov-Smirnov in order to check the normality of the data, Watson's Durbin test for independence of errors and correlation coefficient and correlation coefficient were used to measure the relationship between variables with SPSS24 software.

All four research hypotheses have been confirmed. The results show a significant and positive impact between individual virtue, social virtue, economic virtue, and political virtue on Staff performance.

The present study, by estimating supply and demand functions, investigated the factors affecting Iran’s non-oil exports especially in export of mineral products with an emphasis on export restrictions. The results show that Iran’s non-oil exports have decreased as a result of the international sanctions despite the foreign exchange surge in Iran in 2012. In addition to these sanctions, the structure of Iran’s non-oil export has not undergone any manifest change in terms of the extent of the factor intensity of production, while as far as technology is concerned, the exportation of higher-technology products has been impacted by the sanctions to a greater extent.Using two stages least squares method, non-oil export supply and demand functions in the period from 1987 to 2017 have been estimated. Estimated coefficients show that foreign prices and income of other countries are the most important factors affecting Iran's export demand, and the price and income elasticities in the minerals export sector have been obtained as higher than those of the total non-oil exports. The coefficient of the dummy variable as a determinant of the effect of sanctions is negative and significant for all non-oil exports of Iran while it is positive for the export of mineral products. According to the achievements of the present study, more than two-thirds of Iran's non-oil exports are primary and resource-based products. Iran's non-oil exports are more demand-driven, and factors such as global prices, other countries' incomes, and sanctions are more influential than supply-side factors such as investment or productivity. The results of the model and the analysis of the structure show that the sanctions are ineffective in exporting mineral products.

In Keynesian theory, fiscal policy is more efficient than monetary policy. While some other schools, such as monetarism, believe greater efficiency for monetary policies. The question of which of the monetary and financial policies in Iran's economy is more efficient is the central question that the present study seeks to answer. In this study, the impact of changes in money supply as monetary policy representative and changes in government spending as fiscal policy representative have been investigated on Iran's economy. The research has been done in the framework of a new Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model using time series data during 1979-2013. The economy's general equilibrium contains 15 equations which have been extracted from behaviors optimization of households and firms besides government and Central Bank policy rules. Parameters estimation has been done by using Bayesian method and calibration. The results showed that the shock of increasing the volume of money increased production, investment, employment and inflation. Also, the shock of increasing government spending increased production, employment and inflation but reduced investment. Results indicate that the impact of government spending shock is more than the money supply shock. Also, durability of government spending shock is more than the same in money supply shock

Currently, there are about 37 million people worldwide living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) /AIDS, with an estimated two million new cases per year globally. According to estimates from the World Health Organization (WHO), only 75% of the population with HIV know their status. Initially, HIV infection was associated with significantly increased rates of mortality and morbidity. However, the rapid advances in treatment and the advent of different classes of antiretroviral drugs over time have led to change the face of HIV/AIDS from a deadly infection to chronic and manageable disease. There is strong evidence that HIV-infected patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy have longer lives and are less likely to transmit infection to their sexual partners. Since the introduction of zidovudine in 1987 as the first antiretroviral drug, significant strides have been made in antiretroviral therapy. The introduction of potent antiretroviral drugs for the treatment of HIV infection has been one of the significant events in the evolution of modern medicine. Antiretroviral therapy refers to the use of drugs in the treatment of HIV. Generally, these drugs are categorized based on the steps of the HIV life cycle suppressed by them. There are six main classes of antiretroviral agents including nucleoside/ nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, co-receptor inhibitors, and integrase inhibitors. Combination antiretroviral therapy should be considered for HIV patients to achieve the highest viral suppression rate, and to reduce the risk of resistance development and morbidity and mortality associated with AIDS. Achieving and maintaining HIV viral load suppression among treated patients has remarkably increased over the last years due to the development of potent and well-tolerated agents which can be co-formulated as a once-daily single-tablet or fixed-dose combination for simplification. However, there are some limitations preventing patients to benefit from this treatment. The main goals of HIV therapy in the future are to overcome the limitations of current treatment, including side effects. This review will provide an overview of advances in the current antiretroviral drugs by focusing on their pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action, dosing recommendations, and adverse events for each drug class.

This paper, by estimating the domestic water demand function, determines the minimum consumption in the Varamin area. For this purpose, have been used annual time series data between 982-2015, Geary- Stone utility descriptive form and Auto Regressive Distributed Lag. Research variables include average household income, average temperature, price, water per capita consumption and consumer price index ratio. The tests for determining the causal and causal relationship between the time series of drinking water data were performed with Eviews 9 software. The results of income elasticity indicate the necessity of domestic water demand in Varamin.. Other results of the research have a positive and significant effect of the ratio of the consumer price index to the water price index on per capita water volume. Based on estimates, the minimum water consumption of every citizen of Varamin is 152 liters per day

In this study, the aim is to identify the economic and welfare effects of forming the water market in the Varamin region. Changes in the area under aquaculture, gross profit in two situations (water market and lack of water market) during 2011-2016 were calculated and compared using GAMS software and positive mathematical programming model. The results show that the establishment of the water market would have a positive and incremental effect on the gross profit of farmers in the region. Also, Cultivation of crops such as wheat, rice, barley, cucumber and potatoes, tomatoes and garlic has been more profitable and more crops can be planted. Based on the results, it is suggested that the government provide private-sector participation through investment and financial incentives.

Human parvovirus B19 was known as one of the possible cause of mild respiratory tract diseases in previous studies. However, there are some reports of acute obstructive respiratory disease and severe pneumonia. The purpose of current study was to assess the prevalence and clinical features of parvovirus B19 in respiratory infection.

This study was conducted on 156 patients diagnosed with respiratory infection at the Iran University of Medical Sciences-affiliated hospitals. After extraction of viral DNA from swab samples, detection of parvovirus B19 was performed by real-time PCR assay.

In 156 patient’s samples, parvovirus B19 was found in 8 (5.1 %) cases including 5 males (5.9%) and 3 females (4.1%). The most common clinical symptoms were wheezing (100%), tachypnea (100%), fever (75%) and rhinorrhea/pharyngitis (75%).

This is the first attempt to assess the prevalence of parvovirus B19 infection in Iranian patients with respiratory infection. The low frequency of parvovirus B19 detected in our study does not support the role of this virus in the development of respiratory infection. However, further studies are needed to better evaluate the etiological role of parvovirus B19 in respiratory infection.

Different outcomes of parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection in immunocompromised patients, including HIV1-infected persons, may be life-threatening. Considering the hematologic disorders associated with B19V infection, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of B19V infection among HIV1-infected individuals in Iran. Serum samples from 100 HIV1-infected patients were analyzed for B19 viral DNA using real-time PCR assay. COBAS TaqMan HIV-1 test was performed for quantitative measurements of HIV-1 RNA in the patients’ sera. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that 10 out of 100 cases (10%) were positive for B19V infection. Across various age groups, the B19V infection was more prevalent among patients within the age range of 21-40 years. Higher prevalence of B19V infection was observed among HIV1-infected patients with a viral load of higher than 400 copies/mL. Despite limitations, this study may set the stage for further evaluations with larger sample sizes to elucidate the potential role of B19V in hematologic disorders, which may result in exacerbation of the disease in HIV1-infected patients. Moreover, as it has been shown that B19V infection can be treated using intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy, available treatments may help improve the quality of life in HIV-infected persons.

Inflation, unemployment, stagnation in production, budget deficit and exchange rate fluctuations, are the factors that governments have always sought to control them in order to achieve the three goals of allocation, distribution and economic stability. Economists now accept that economic stability is a prerequisite for continuing high economic growth. The current study, using the VAR model, tries to explore the effects and consequences of economic instability on the major macroeconomic sectors’economic growth in Iran during the 1981-2013 periods. In this study, using the principle components analysis (PCA), an indicator of economic instability was built and then the impact of this indicator on economic growth of Iran was examined. The findings show that only the importance of labor in the Agricultural sector but in other sectors more than other variables, physical capital is the more important in explaining economic growth. In all sectors of macroeconomics, variable economic instability negative impact on economic growth in the sector. Four parts macroeconomic indicator of economic instability in the analysis of variance, respectively, in the fields of Industry and Minerals, Services, Agriculture and Oil and Gas exploration is more important. The authorities should pay particular attention to the economic recovery and to reduce volatility and shocks in the economy to increase economic growth.