hamid taher neshatdoost

 Depression is a common and recurrent mental disorder and one of the main causes of disability. A large number of depressed people report intrusive negative memories, however, there is no specific therapeutic strategy that specifically targets these memories. In this regard, imagery rescripting is a psychotherapeutic technique that addresses memories and previous experiences and aims to improve negative emotions by changing the inner representation of negative memories and images. Although the treatment was initially developed for traumatized individuals, several interventions have yielded promising results for people suffering from other psychological disorders as well. Also, it seems that the interest in and applications of imagery rescripting for depression are quickly increasing. In this direction, the purpose of this article is to review clinical studies assessing the effects of imagery rescripting on depression, as well as possible processes underlying imagery rescripting.

 The present study is a review article that has been collected through study of 37 articles in the field of imagery rescripting, rescripting, imagery, mental imagery, mental images، intrusive memories and depression.

 The review shows that imagery rescripting is associated with a reduction in cognitive, emotional and behavioral symptoms of depression and related distresses and is an effective intervention for depression, distress of aversive memories and other related variables.

 Overall, it seems that more research is needed to compare different imagery rescripting protocols, investigate mechanisms of change, evaluate modulating factors and therapeutic changes for more effectiveness. Therefore, based on the review, a future research agenda is proposed to provide a sketch for further research in Iranian society.

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of computerized cognitive rehabilitation in improving executive functions and the specification of autobiographical memory in preterm preschool children. The research employed a semi-experimental design with a pre-test-post-test and a control group. The statistical population for this research comprised preterm children in Isfahan city in 1400, from which 20 preterm boys and girls (born at less than 37 weeks of pregnancy) were randomly selected into two experimental and control groups. The research questionnaires included the Autobiographical Memory Task-Preschool Version (AMT-PV, Nuttall et al., 2014), School of Shapes (SST, Espey, 1997), and Brian's mental game. Computerized cognitive rehabilitation involved 25 training sessions lasting 30-45 minutes each (four sessions per week). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance. The results, after controlling for the pre-test effect, indicated a significant difference in the post-test averages of working memory, response inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and the specification of autobiographical memory in the two experimental and control groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, computerized cognitive rehabilitation was found to effectively improve the executive functions and specification of autobiographical memory in preterm preschool children.

Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that causes motor and non-motor symptoms. Non-motor symptoms such as mood disorders severely affect patients' quality of life. The interrelationship of multiple non-motor symptoms with each other makes comprehensive therapies necessary to simultaneously address different psychological aspects of patients. The present study was performed to compare the effectiveness of the treatment package based on psychological factors related to Parkinson's disease and memory specificity training (MEST) on the mood of these patients. The study was a quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design along with a control group. 18 Parkinson's patients were eligible to participate in the study, so the selection of sample subjects was nonprobability and they were randomly assigned to three groups. Due to the possible discrepancies between the groups and to adjust it, the method of analysis of covariance was used and pre-test scores were taken. Groups were matched by gender. Data collection measures were the autobiographical memory test (AMT) and Beck's Depression Inventory- second edition (BDI-II). Data were analyzed by the covariance method and SPSS v.25 software. Data analysis showed that the mean level of depression increased in the control group, while in the package therapy and MEST groups the level of depression decreased. Data analysis showed that the mean mood scores in the post-test only in the MEST group were significantly different from the control group (P <0.05). There was no significant difference in the mean mood scores of the package therapy and control groups in the post-test; however, the mean mood scores in the two groups of package therapy and MEST were not significant. According to the research findings, MEST can be effective as a multidisciplinary intervention in improving the mood of Parkinson's patients. Supporting the effect of the treatment package based on psychological factors on mood requires further research.

Individuals with major depression and anxiety generally have multiple early maladaptive schemas and memory over generality in retrieving memories. On the other hand, memory overgeneral recall facilitates the transmission of early maladaptive schemas from mother to child. There is a research gap regarding the efficacy of the combined method of schema therapy and memory specificity training on depression, anxiety and rumination of students with early maladaptive schemas.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of the combined method of schema therapy with memory specificity training on depression, anxiety and rumination of students with early maladaptive schemas.

In this research, a single subject method with ABA design was used. The statistical population of the research included all students who referred to the Counseling Center of University of Isfahan in 2022. The research sample included four students suffering from major depression with high scores in the level of anxiety and rumination. The tools used in the research include semi-structured clinical interview based on DSM5, Young schema questionnaire-short Form of 90 questions (Young, 1999), Beck Depression Inventory-II (Beck, 1996), Nolen Hoxma and Murrow Rumination Questionnaire (Nolen-Houseman & Morrow, 1991), Beck Anxiety Inventory (1998) and Autobiographical memory test (Williams & Broadben, 1986). Trend graph, percentage of non-overlapping data and recovery percentage were used for data analysis.

The findings of the research showed that the combined method of schema therapy with memory specificity training is effective on participants' depression with an average recovery percentage of 55.30 after the intervention and anxiety with an average recovery percentage of 65.30 after the intervention, but the intervention on accompany rumination with an average recovery percentage of 1.39 is not effective. Also, this method is effective in reducing overgeneral recall of participants' memory.

Considering the effectiveness of the present integrated intervention on depression and anxiety and reducing over general recall of, the use of memory specificity training during schema therapy sessions is suggested as a technique along with other experimental, emotional, cognitive and behavioral techniques.

As an important subjects in the urban studies, an issue that has been less addressed in Iran so far, is the relationship between the physical quality of citizens' living environment and mental disorders. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between physical quality indices of urban neighborhoods and mental disorders in Isfahan metropolis. This study was performed on 434 citizens of Isfahan. The assessment of mental disorders was performed with SCL-90 questionnaire. The quality of people's living environment was assessed in five dimensions (natural conditions, quality of public open spaces, street conditions, environmental pollution and local services) with a researcher-made questionnaire. Data analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and Ordinal Logistic Regression. Results showed, the mean score of the Global Severity Index was 1.29. In the correlation analysis, a significant relationship was seen between mental disorders and physical characteristics (P <0.001). The results of OLR showed that 15 indicators (local parks, quality of sidewalks, walking capacity, diversity of vegetation, street safety, sitting and pause spaces, street lighting at night, cleanliness of the environment, no noise pollution, smooth traffic on the surface Neighborhoods, water spaces, diversity of plants, trees and flowers, access to recreational facilities, access to public transportation and access to local shopping malls) have the greatest impact on mental disorders. The correlation between mental disorders and the physical quality of urban neighborhoods means the integration of health considerations and urban planning principles to reduce the negative effects of residential environments on mental disorders.

One of the controversial disorders recently introduced in DSM-5 is Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD). The main symptoms of DMDD include regular outbursts, verbal and behavioral anger, and constant irritability. The present study aims to explore the prevalence of DMDD and its associated disorders

The study population included all 9-12-year-old students(Grades 3 to 6 elementary)in the academic year 2018-19 in Bushehr County. Accordingly, 2,063 students were selected through two-stage cluster sampling to fill out the researcher-made anger and irritability questionnaire and the CSI-4 Questionnaire and to participate in a clinical interview based on DSM-5.

Study results showed that the prevalence of DMDD among children is 6.1 percent. According to the multivariate logistic regression, the rates of comorbidity with DMDD for other disorders include ADHD (P=0.01, OR=2.03), ODD (P=0.000, OR=5.96), CD (P=0.003, OR=3.52), GAD (P=0.000, OR=7.99), and social anxiety (P=0.001 and OR=2.32). Moreover, depression and demographic features had no significant predictive power for this disorder.

The study results showed that the prevalence of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder was close and similar to DSM-5 criteria and showed high comorbidity with emotional and behavioral disorders

The aim of this study was to investigate the lived experiences of women attempting suicide regarding risk factors and protective factors. The study method was qualitative and the phenomenological approach. Sampling was purposeful and after semi-structured interviews with 15 women who attempted suicide, saturation was achieved. Seven-step Colaizzi method was used for analysis. The reliability of the findings was confirmed based on Lincoln and Guba criteria. Identified four themes and eight subthemes for risk factors: Tensions in family relationships (subthemes: Argument and conflict, emotional indifference, Lack of marital loyalty), Failed relationships (self-blame, loss), Mental suffering (Living in sorrow and despair, Sense of being a burden, Perception of inefficiency) and theme of poverty and unemployment. Four themes were also extracted regarding protective factors: emotional attachment to a family member, sense of responsibility towards children, religious beliefs, and perceived social support. The results of this study indicate the importance of family and emotional relationships as well as untreated depression as the main factors identified as effective. Outcomes and key implications of this study were mainly related to improving the treatment experiences of women surviving suicide and other high-risk populations through the development of preventive interventions commensurate with the findings.

Considering importance of marriage and growing statistics of divorce, methods to decrease marital conflicts and increase marital satisfaction hold great importance. Purpose of this study is to assess the usage of compassion focused therapy on marital conflict in women applying for divorce.

Methods and Materials: 

Method used in this study is semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and control group. Statistical population constitutes women with marital conflicts, applying for divorce that came to Isfahan city consulting centers in year 2020. This study sample constitutes of 30 women that were chosen with convenience sampling method then put randomly in two groups, 15 women in experiment group and 15 women in control group. All participants filled marital conflict questionnaire Sanaei (MCQ) in pre-test, then experiment group went through 12 sessions (each 90 minutes) of compassion focused therapy package (Gilbert, 2014). Meanwhile control group did not face any intervention. In the end both groups were evaluated again. Data of the study were analyzed with single variant covariance analyze test.

Analyzing data show that, compassion focused therapy is significantly effective in decreasing marital conflicts and its sub-scales (reduction in cooperation and sexual relationship, increasing emotional reactions, increase in attracting children support, increasing personal relationship with relatives and separating financial matters from others) in experiment group (p<0.05).

Considering results of this study it can be said that compassion focused therapy can be effective in decreasing marital conflicts in women applying for divorce, therefore it can be used as a method to decrease divorce.

The experience of trauma during childhood is due to decrease in children's psychosocial functions, which continues during adulthood. Children's coping and reactions play the important role in adapting to traumatic events and can lead to post-traumatic disorder or post-traumatic growth. Previous research studies have quantitatively and sporadically shown some of the factors affecting coping styles, but so far, focus as depth research in this area, especially on Iranian children, has been influenced.

The present study evaluated the contextual factors in selecting the effective coping strategies by children exposed to the Kermanshah earthquake in 2017

This research was the qualitative type with an approach to conventional content analysis. The participants consisted of 23 girls aged 10 to 12 years who were selected by purposive sampling, and semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed by the 5-step method of Graneheim, & Lundman (2004).

The results indicated four main categories and fourteen Subcategories as the contexts of selecting coping styles. These categories include a) influence (previous life experiences, modeling), b) individual skills (responsibility to others "external commitment" and "commitment to oneself," time management, emotion control, tolerating failure and compassion with others), c) family members' relationship with the child (intimacy with family members, support of family members and how parents deal) and d) social skills (trust in peers, valuing relationships and the level of ability to make and maintain friendships).

The findings demonstrate the effect of intrapersonal and interpersonal factors in selecting various strategies among children encountered with earthquake trauma.

Due to the increasing focus of new therapies on immediate and short-term interventions, brief cognitive-behavioral therapy has been designed with the goal of disabling suicidal mode and stabilizing symptoms by creating self-efficacy in emotion regulation skills and cognitive flexibility. But there is a research gap regarding the possibility of the effectiveness of this treatment in Iranian society.

This study aimed to determine the efficacy of brief cognitive-behavioral therapy on depression, suicidal thoughts and cognitive emotion regulation in women attempting suicide.

The present study was a semi-experimental research with a pretest-posttest-follow-up control group design. The statistical population comprised women who attempted suicide in Isfahan in 2020. Thirty patients were selected by purposive sampling method and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (15 patients in each group). The research tools include, Beck Depression Inventory-II (1996), Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (1979) and Garnefski Cognitive Emotion ‎Regulation Questionnaire‎ (2001), and 12 90-minute sessions brief cognitive-behavioral therapy (Brian & Rood, 2018). Data analysis was performed by repeated measures analysis of variance.

The findings demonstrate that brief cognitive-behavioral therapy increases adapted emotion regulation strategies and reduces non-adapted strategies, suicidal thoughts and depression at the end of the intervention and follow-up period (P<0.01).

Brief cognitive-behavioral therapy can reduce depression, suicidal ideation, and non-adapted cognitive emotion regulation strategies in people who attempt suicide.

Social maladjustment, including aggression, is a prominent problem in childhood and later stages of life. A social- information processing model of Crick and Dodge developed to explain children’s aggression. Accordingly, children engage in the following six mental stages before behaving properly when they face a social situation:1- Encoding of external and internal cues, 2- interpretation and mental representation of those cues, 3- clarification or selection of a goal, 4- response access or construction, 5- response decision, and 6- behavioral enactment. During Steps 1 and 2, encoding and interpretation of social cues, it is hypothesized that children selectively attend to particular situational and internal cues, encode those cues, and then interpret them, During Step 3, after interpreting the situation, it is proposed that children select a goal or desired outcome for the situation or continue with a preexisting goal, Next, at Step 4, it is hypothesized that children access from memory possible responses to the situation, or, if the situation is novel, they may construct new behaviors in response to immediate social cues, At Step 5, it is hypothesized that children evaluate the previously accessed (or constructed) responses and select the most positively evaluated response for enactment, At Step 6, the chosen response is behaviorally enacted. According to previous studies, children’s aggression can affect all 6 stages of the social information processing model.Children with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) are strongly affected by aggressive behavior and negative emotions. DMDD is recently included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) as a mood disorder. It is characterized by two main symptoms, namely anger and irritability. A problem that these individuals are faced with is the tendency to misinterpret other people’s intentions, something which worsens aggression. These children find it much more difficult to experience sensory processing and perceptual behavior than normal children. Characterized by the aggressive behavioral component, children with DMDD pay too much attention to negative emotional stimuli such as anger. In addition, children with chronic irritability experience more problems in processing emotional stimuli and regulating emotions. This study aims to evaluate and compare early stages of  social information processing in children with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) and normal children based on the social cognitive model of Crick and Dodge.

This research was conducted with a causal-comparative method on 58 children with DMDD and 167 normal Boys, aged between 9 to 12 years, studying at elementary school in Booshehr. The participants were randomly selected using a cluster sampling technique, Anger and Irritability Questionnaire (AIQ), and clinical interview based on DSM-5. They were then compared using « Childrenchr Evaluation of Everyday Social Encounters Questionnaire (Bell, Luebbe, Swenson  and Allwood, 2009).  Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods such as mean, variance, and Multivariable Analyze of Variance (MANOVA) test by SPSS-19 software.

The results from the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) showed a significant difference between group in the stages of interpretation of social cues(F=5.5, P=.001, Partial Eta Squared=.128), clarification or selection of a goal(F=6.65, P=.001, Partial Eta Squared=.159), emotional processing(4.01, P=.004, Partial Eta Squared=.07), response access or construction(P=7.02, P=.001, Partial Eta Squared=.115).

The conducted studies showed that children with DMDD were more biased in an ambiguous social situation in the early stages of social information processing. They were also significantly less competent than their normal peers in internal positive causal attribution, external positive causal attribution (positive attribution to others’ behaviors), and positive interpretation of otherschr(chr('39')39chr('39')) intentions in a social situation. Children with DMDD were also more biased than their normal peers in their negative interpretation of others’ intentions. However, there was no significant difference between them in interpreting the causes of events in external negative attribution and internal negative attribution  in ambiguous social situations. DMDD children exhibited greater anger, worried or nervous, and sad or down in emotional processing and provided less happy processing. In terms of goal formation/clarification, children with DMDD mainly preferred anger- and avoidance-based goals and were less involved in the relationship- and dignity-centered goals. Moreover, children with DMDD produced fewer social responses and were more willing to provide ager-based and active avoidance responses, compared to their normal peers.  Various studies demonstrated that maladaptive social information processing can justify behavioral-emotional maladjustment in most children. Therefore, it is recommended to evaluate the effectiveness of interventional protocols based on the Dodge model in future studies in order to treat and mitigate the symptoms of disruptive dysregulation disorder.

There are growing concerns worldwide about the interdependencies between city life and mental well-being. Perceived stress is a mental disorder induced by urbanization. Today, the quality of the environment that is built and the neighborhood in which residents live is recognized as the main source of stress. In addition, recent research in the context of psychology suggests that urban life is stressful.The main purpose of this research is to evaluate the relationship between neighborhood quality and perceived stress. For that purpose, two neighborhoods in the city of Isfahan, Iran are selected.

Theoretical Framework:

Perceived stress is affected by numerous factors such as individual characteristics, lifestyles, life events, and job variables. The physical quality of the built environment is a factor which is generally underestimated (Beil & Hanes, 2013). Green space is a physical quality of the built environment which affects mental health, and decreases residents’ stress (Roe et al., 2013; Wolch et al., 2014). Another environmental variable which affects the mental health of residents is the transportation pattern. The walkability and bikeability of a neighborhood is strongly correlated with the residents’ mental health (Nieuwenhuijsen et al., 2016). There is a great deal of evidence that the accessibility of a walking or bicycling route is significantly effective on the general health of residents (Frank & Engelke, 2001). In addition, availability of public spaces is another variable of physical quality which affects residents’ mental health (Knöll et al., 2018). Public spaces provide opportunities for residents to interact with each other. On the other hand, the increase in interaction among residents leads to a rise in their confidence, and, eventually, improves the physiological capability of residents when confronted with changes. Finally, appropriate physiological reactions decrease stress.A variable which can be considered here is environmental security. Studies have demonstrated that the violence present in urban communities and residential neighborhoods threatens mental health, and deeply affects psychological behavior (Clark et al., 2008). Moreover, another variable of environment quality is environmental comfort. For instance, living in neighborhoods which are highly polluted, whether with noise or light pollution, influences the sleep quality of residents, and eventually increases stress. In addition, non-standard houses with improper cooling or heating systems can influence the variables of mental health (Hale et al., 2013). The conceptual model of this paper expresses the relationship between the built environment variable and the mental health variable. In this model, environment beauty, functional attraction, physical form, and environmental comfort indicate the quality of the built environment as independent variables. Moreover, perceived stress is evaluated as a dependent variable from the viewpoint of mental health.

In this study, two questionnaires were used. One is the researcher-made questionnaire of built environment quality, and the other is the perceived stress scale (PSS-14). Two neighborhoods were selected for the study. The survey was conducted via face-to-face structured interviews, and yielded a total of 434 valid samples. Then, 203 individuals in the Moftabad neighborhood and 231 in the Mardavij neighborhood filled out the questionnaires as participants. The data has been analysed using normal and partial correlation coefficients and linear regression.

The descriptive statistics on the dependent and independent variables in the examined neighborhoods were compared. Moftabad and Mardavij scored 0.78 and 2.98 in average on environmental beauty. The functional attraction in Moftabad and Mardavij was 0.77 and 2.81, respectively. The median scores on the variables of physical form and environmental comfort were 0.71 and 1.58 in Moftabad and 2.94 and 2.92 in Mardavij. In fact, all the environmental variables were scored on significantly lower by the Moftabad neighborhood than by Mardavij. The total scores on built environment quality were 0.96 in Moftabad and 2.91 in Mardavij. According to the results, it is concluded that the dependent variable, i.e. the level of perceived stress, is higher in the Moftabad neighborhood than in the Mardavij neighborhood. The median scores of stress are 2.07 in Moftabad and 1.04 in Mardavij.The findings indicate significant inverse relationships between the independent and dependent variables of the research. When the control variables are considered, however, the relationship is preserved, but its intensity decreases.Based on the results, the significance level of F-statistic is 0.000 in all the three models. This finding, which is obtained through regression analysis and analysis of variance, indicates that the conceptual model of the research is well-fitted. In Moftabad, two variables (environmental beauty and environmental comfort) are capable of predicting the changes in the dependent variable. In this case, the standard coefficients of the above variables are -0.537 and -0.181, respectively. These statistics mean that environmental beauty predicts 53.7%, and environmental comfort predicts 18.1% of the changes in perceived stress in Moftabad. In the Mardavij neighborhood, environmental beauty, functional attraction, and environmental comfort exhibit the highest capability of predicting the dependent variable. They predict 22.6%, 28.9%, and 14.3% of the changes in perceived stress, respectively. Moreover, in the proposed model for the full sample, environmental beauty, functional attraction, and environmental comfort predict 45.9%, 26.8%, and 24.4% of the changes in perceived stress, respectively.In the second phase of modeling the changes in the dependent variable, the relationship between the built environment quality, i.e. the independent variable, and perceived stress, i.e. the dependent variable, was evaluated. Moreover, three models were proposed in this phase. According to the obtained results, ANOVA provides one significant F-statistic for each of the three models. The adjusted R-squared of the proposed model is greater in Moftabad than in the Mardavij neighborhood. On that basis, it can be stated that the effect of the built environment on stress is more in Moftabad residents than those of the Mardavij neighborhood. Based on the standard coefficient (Beta), the built environment quality of Moftabad predicts 67% of the changes in perceived stress, while the value of this variable in Mardavij is 46.4%. Finally, the built environment quality determines 78.3% of the changes in perceived stress in the full sample.

The results of the present study introduced new aspects of the environmental factors effective on perceived stress. The main finding is that cities serve as powerful forces today in shaping the mental health of citizens. Therefore, treatment of mental disorders requires an interdisciplinary approach. In other words, the living environments of individuals, along with many personal, social, economic, personality, and family issues, are the major sources of mental disorders. To treat mental disorders, therefore, psychologists should interact with urban planners. Lastly, we conducted this research in one Iranian city, i.e. Isfahan. Researchers studying other cities and countries may report different results. The conclusion agreed on by all researchers, however, is that the relationship between urban planning and psychologists should be enhanced more than ever before to reduce the negative impacts of urban neighborhoods on mental disorders.

 This study was carried with the purpose of evaluating the effectiveness of self-regulation strategy training on procrastination, academic achievement, and happiness of 1st grade high school male and female students.

 It is a quasi-experimental research with a pretest-posttest design involving a control group. Sixty students were selected by means of multistage cluster sampling plan and randomly grouped in 4 groups of 15. Research instrument consisted of Solomon and Rothblum Academic Delay, Oxford Happiness, and Standard Academic Achievement Questionnaire. Test group received 8 self-regulation training sessions of 45-minute duration each.

 Results revealed that self-regulation training has a meaningful effect on dependent variables (P < 0.001). In the presented model, "gender", "time and group", "interactive effect of gender and group", and "interactive effect of group and time" were meaningful, as opposed to the "interactive effect of gender and time" and "interactive effect of gender, group, and time" which lacked any significance.

 Results of LSD post hoc test showed no meaningful difference between the mean happiness, procrastination, and academic achievement scores of experimental and control groups in the pretest stage. However, in the posttest and follow-up stage, the mean scores of the two groups differed significantly.
 

This study has developed the model of the effective factors on employee wives' happiness in Mobarakeh Steel Company in Isfahan. The research is a descriptive type that has been done in terms of mixed methodology (including qualitative and quantitative methods) and correlation method. The interviews' content was analyzed using a systematic method (open coding, axial coding selective coding) after conducting a semi-structured interview with 45 employee wives who were selected by cluster sampling. The happiness of employee wives factors was extracted that including foundations of happiness (family communication, justice, and social support, material and spiritual reward), underlying factors(makers happiness including positive thinking, good mood, self-esteem, and Confidence), strategies or happiness mechanisms(Emotional Intelligence, Intimacy, Commitment), interfering factors(happiness breakers including Stress management, justice, suitable Organizational Environment), and consequences of happiness(Peace, Job, and Familial Satisfaction, Cheerfulness and Mental Health). Then relationship model was developed between 5 extracted components. The researcher-made questionnaire was developed to check the initial model fitness based on the quantitative part. Three hundred twenty employee wives were selected by the purposeful method to complete the researcher-made Happiness Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by structural equation modeling. The results showed that the pattern of factors affecting Mobarakeh Steel employee wives' happiness has a good fit. Therefore, five factors of foundations of happiness, happiness makers, happiness breakers, happiness mechanisms, and consequences of happiness have mutual effects on each other and are effective factors on the happiness of Mobarakeh steel company employee wives.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and progressive CNS disease that is characterized and identified by the destruction of myelin sheath. Considering the psychological symptoms and early intervention can be effective in rehabilitation and improvement of life quality. This research was conducted to aim study of the effectiveness of compassion -focused therapy on increasing psychological well-being in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) in Isfahan city in a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test, and follow- up with control group. 24 refering to a clinics of brain and neurology select using purposine sampling method and were randomly assigned to experimental (n = 12) and control groups (n = 12). The experimental group participsnts received 8 sessions (every session 90 minutes) of compassion-focused therapy and control group participants did not receive any intervention, and finally, both groups were re-evaluated. The participants were assessed in Psychological Well-being Inventory (Ryff & Singer). The data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measurements. The findings showed that has been increased psychologicawell-being the participants in the experimental group compared to the control group. In whole, a compassion focused therapy can increase psychological well-being in these patients and this therapeutic intervention is justifiable on Iranian population.

Due to the differences in happiness index and its affecting factors in different geographical and organizational environments, in this study has developed the native model of the effective factors on employee happiness in Mobarakeh Steel Company in Isfahan.

Methods and Materials: 

This research is a descriptive type that has been done in terms of mixed methodology (including qualitative and quantitative methods) and its qualitative part is based on grounded theory approach and its quantitative part is correlation method. The study population of this project includes all of the Mobarakeh Steel of Isfahan personnel, 14529 people in 1398. By conducting semi-structured interview with 75 employees who were selected by cluster random samling and completion of a researcher-made questionnaire by 407 employees that selected purposefully and data analysis, five factors affecting happiness employees was developed including the foundations of happiness(Familial Communication, Communication types in workplace, Justice and Social Support, Material and Spiritual Reward), makers happiness(Positive thinking, Good mood, Targeted, Job security), happiness breakers(Stress, Sickness, Lack of justice, Inadequate Organizational Environment), happiness mechanisms(Emotional Intelligence, Intimacy, Social skills, Meeting basic needs) and consequences of happiness(Peace, Job and Familial Satisfaction, Health) and the native model of the effective factors on employees happiness. Research data were analyzed by using SPSS 21 and SMART-PLS3 structural equation modeling software at descriptive and inferential level and to perform model fitting was used PLS3 software.

The results showed that five factors of happiness foundations, happiness makers, happiness breakers, happiness mechanisms and happiness consequences has direct and indirect relationship with each other and the happiness native model of Mobarakeh steel company employees has a good fit(p<0.01).

The results of this study showed that five factors of foundations of happiness, happiness makers, happiness breakers, happiness mechanisms and consequences of happiness have mutual effects on each other and are affective factors on the happiness of Mobarakeh steel company employees.

 Persistent depressive disorder (PDD) is a chronic problem that is more prevalent among women than men. Various studies have revealed that these people experience many problems in their interpersonal relationships, which increase their suffering.

 The present study was done to identify how people suffering from PDD experience interpersonal relationships that often seem troubled and broken.

 A phenomenological approach was adopted for this qualitative study. For this purpose, in-depth interviews were conducted with 21 individuals with PDD, focusing on exploring their experience and suffering in interpersonal relationships. All interviews were recorded and transcribed, and the transcripts were analyzed using Giorgi’s phenomenological descriptive method.

 In general, five main themes and 16 sub-themes emerged. The main themes were: (1) Feeling empty of love and compassion; (2) feeling ignored; (3) ignoring others’ needs, conditions, and suffering; (4) feeling of being annoying to others; and (5) feeling confused and helpless in relationships.

 It seems that all five themes convey the message that these individuals demonstrate less skill in feeling compassion and receiving it from others. Therefore, it appears that long-term compassion-based interventions can effectively reduce the interpersonal suffering of these individuals. It should be noted that although these themes have commonalities in different cultural contexts, the culture can influence the content and intensity of these feelings.
 

The main purpose of this research is qualitative study and modeling the effects of physical structure of urban neighborhoods on mental disorders of citizens. In this research, content analysis method was used. The statistical population of the study was families that living in Moftabad and Mardavij neighborhoods. Based on this, people were selected as the sample who have diversity in terms of living environment. Also, the condition for entering the study was to be over 20 years old, to have lived in the desired neighborhood for at least 3 years, and not to have acute mental disorders. Based on this, 60 people were selected as the sample size. The content analysis method used for this study that included determine and extract the analysis unit, coding the analysis units, summarize and reduce data, use the categorization system, and analyze and report research results Based on the results of the research, the six main variables for the physical structure of urban neighborhoods were extracted such as natural environmental conditions (diversity of vegetation, water spaces and environment temperature), environmental pollution (noise pollution and unhealthy urban environment), streets conditions (walking ability, street lighting at night, smooth traffic in the neighborhood), public spaces (Local Park, urban furniture, sitting spaces in front of the residential complex), local services (local market and retail stores), and urban landscape and image (Environmental readability, proper application of paint in the environment).

The aim of the present study was comparing the effect of the combination of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Compassion Focused Therapy (CFT) with Cognitive-Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP) on depressive symptoms, quality of life, psychological flexibility, and self-compassion in women with persistent depressive disorder. The research design is quasi-experimental and pretest-posttest and a two-month follow-up assessment have been conducted. The convenience sampling method was used to select 24 patients with persistent depression and then they randomly assigned to two experimental groups. Each experimental group received 14 sessions of treatment and completed Beck Depression Inventory-II, World Health Organization Questionnaire on Quality of Life, Psychological Flexibility Questionnaire, and Self-Compassion Scales in pretest, posttest and follow-up. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze data. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups, which means that the scores of these four variables changed over time in both groups in the same way. More accurate analyzes show that each of the therapies has been effective in improving the four studied variables during research phases. These findings indicate that combination therapy can be as effective as Cognitive-Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy as a validated treatment for persistent depression and both treatments can be used as adjunctive therapies in addition to pharmacotherapy for people with persistent depressive disorder.

The ability to read is one of the most critical skills in today’s modern world. Since many people have reading problems, the early and correct diagnosis and effective treatment seem necessary. The present study aims to determine the effectiveness of perceptual enrichment on the self-efficacy in the third grade children suffering from dyslexia in Hamadan, Iran.

5o children participated in this randomized controlled clinical trial, all of whom were suffering from dyslexia and studying at the third grade of primary school in the city of Hamadan in the school year 2019-2020. The subjects were selected using the purposive method and randomly divided into the two experimental and control groups. The intervention consisted of 21 sessions. The control group, with the agreement of the child and the parents, did not have any parallel treatment process during the study. In the experimental and control groups, the Motivational Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) was used. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to analyze the data.

The results showed that the native pattern of perceptual enrichment had a significant effect on improving self-efficacy in children with dyslexia (P > 0.01).

The study findings suggested that the native pattern of perceptual enrichment is effective in improving self-efficacy in the children with dyslexia.

As other chronic diseases the Multiple Sclerosis creates a number of harmful psychological effects on patients. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of the compassionfocused therapy on positive and negative affect and hope in multiple sclerosis (relapsing remitting) patients.

In a randomized controlled trial design a sample with 24 subjects were selected by available sampling method from a neurology clinic in Isfahan city in the winter 2016, and were randomly placed to experimental and control groups (n= 12). All subjects completed the positive and negative questionnaire and hope questionnaire in a pretest stage. Then experimental group received compassion focused therapy in eight 90 minutes sessions, whereas no intervention received by control group . Both groups were evaluated in the post-test and follow-up stages. The final dataset was analyzed by a repeated measure ANOVA analysis.

Data were shown significantly time effect (pre-test, posttest and the follow-up) ,as well as, time* group interaction effect for positive/negative affect and hope scores. A significant between subjects effects was also found for these variables. Hence the difference among the average scores was significant between two groups regardless of time passage.

The compassion focused therapy could be utilized to reduce negative affect and increase positive affect and hope in people who are suffered from multiple sclerosis and this treatment method is reasonable for patients of MS.

Numerous studies have examined the effectiveness of Frankelchr('39')s semantic therapy on frustration and suicidal thoughts. But there is a research gap in developing a model of meaning in life and comparing the effectiveness of model-based education with Frankelchr('39')s meaningful concepts of frustration and suicidal thoughts in second-year high school girls.

To formulate a model of meaning in life and to compare the effectiveness of model-based education with the meaningful concepts of Frankel on frustration and suicidal thoughts of female high school students.

The present study was correlational and quasi-experimental. The statistical population was 356 students of the twelfth grade of the second high school for girls in Ilam in 2018. Thirty people were randomly selected as a multi-stage cluster method and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 individuals). The research tools are: Questionnaires on the meaning of life of Esther, Fraser, Oishi and Kaller (2006), Sherrchr('39')s general self-efficacy (1982), Brzonskichr('39')s identity styles (1989), Social Value Scale (Mohaghegh Saz, 2018), Scale Beckchr('39')s Suicidal Thoughts (1961), Beckchr('39')s Disappointment Scale (1986) and training sessions based on the model developed and the meaningful concepts of Frankelchr('39')s theory (researcher, 2018). Data analysis was performed by structural equation method and analysis of covariance and t-test.

Both teaching methods had a significant effect on reducing adolescent frustration and suicidal thoughts (P< 0/001). There was no significant difference between the two methods in terms of the effect of reducing frustration and suicidal thoughts.

Students who participated in the training sessions and benefited from the integrated compilation model had a lower rate of suicidal ideation and frustration

The present study aimed to effectiveness of life management integrated with teaching special reminiscence (MEST) on depression among divorced women.

The researcher used intervention method after special stages with qualitative evaluation to intervention method to be effective in the improvement of target group life quality and health, especially in reduction depression. In quantitative part, the present study was quasi-experimental in type with two groups and pretest and posttest and follow-up. The 30 of divorced women under the coverage of Imam Khomeini Relief Committee and Naein Welfare Organization were selected convenience and were assigned into groups randomly. Data collecting in qualitative part was based on reading articles, related texts and interview which has been used under the opinions of psychology department professors to compile the educational-medical package and integrate them with special reminiscence. Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) was study instrument in quantitative part. Educational-medical intervention method was based on 11 sessions in experiment group to influence on depression in experiment group. The data were analyzed by repeated ANOVA.

The results showed that the life management integrated with teaching special reminiscence was effective on depression (p<.05).

According to findings, the integrated intervention of life management and memory specificity training (MEST) can create a new lifestyle and change the cognitive-behavioral system, and so transform the subjects’ thoughts and behavioral patterns compared to their previous condition. Also, it creates an optimistic insight to the subjects’ present and future life that leads to the improvement of the most important divorce-related disorder i.e. depression. On the other hand, by providing the training of proper behavioral patterns for the target population members, this intervention can create a better condition for these people in the future.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of self-regulation intervention on improving the components of academic competence of male and female high school students in Tabriz. The study population consisted of all students studying in academic year 2017-18. The multi-stage cluster sampling was employed to select 94 students participating in the study. The research tools included a questionnaire of self-regulatory learning (MSLQ) and a researcher-made academic competenc questionnaire (based on McGrew's Model of Motivation and Academic Competenc, 2013). The validity of the academic competency questionnaire was obtained through exploratory factor analysis and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient at 0.92. The method of this study was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test with a control group and a follow-up study after 3 months. Data analysis was conducted using variance analysis through repeated measures, Results showed that intervention factor had a significant effect on developing academic competence (0/008), but the effect of gender was not significant. Intervention factor had a significant effect on subscales of orientation towards self (0.008) and Orientation towards learning (0.01). Furthermore, in the subscale of orientation toward others, neither intervention (0.08) nor gender (0.88) were significant. Overall, the results of the study indicated that self-regulated education had a significant effect on developing students' academic competence, however, since this intervention did not prove to be significant on the subscale of orientation towards others, it is recommended that further educational strategies and interventions be implemented and tested in this area.

The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive- behavior therapy (CBT) and schema therapy (ST) on the reduction of cognitive error of pain catastrophizing and increase of pain self- efficacy of Tehranian patients with chronic back pain.

The present study was aquasi-experimental design that conducted in the form of pretest, post-test and 2 months follow-up with control group. In this study, 35 patients with chronic low back pain who were referred to pain specific clinic of Akhtar and Imam Hussein hospitals (AS) and neurosurgery clinic of Imam Hussein hospitals (AS) in Tehran, were selected with purposive sampling method (non-probabilistic). All patients completed Chronic Pain Questionnaire, Catastrophizing subscale of Coping Strategies Questionnaire, Pain Self Efficacy Questionnaire in the pre-test, post-test and 2months follow-up. In addition, the schema therapy group completed the 90-Item Short Form of Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-SF) apart from the mentioned questionnaires. Mixed effect regression model using SPSS software was used to analyzing the data.

The results showed that cognitive-behavior therapy significantly reduced catastrophizing cognitive error whereas schema therapy did not have significant impact on the scores of catastrophizing cognitive error. Also cognitive-behavior therapy significantly increased pain self- efficacy and schema therapy noticeably increased pain self- efficacy and there was no significant difference between two methods in terms of impact on pain self- efficacy.

According to the result᾿s of present study, cognitive-behavior therapy decrease negative automatic thoughts such as catastrophizing and increase pain self-efficacyin chronic pain patients and schema therapy has acceptable influence on increase pain self- efficacy in chronic pain patients. Therefore probably both two treatment methods can be used as appropriate treatment methods in chronic pain patients.