hasan fazaeli

Whole plant barley and triticale were chopped and ensiled separately. After three months, half of each silage was mixed with the roughage and concentrated and prepared in 30 kg packed silages. Four rations including: 1) TMR based on barley silage, 2) TMR base on triticale silage, 3) TMR silage based on barley silage 4) TMR silage based on triticale silage were prepared. In a completely randomized experiment 64 male Zel lambs of about four months age and 20.8 kg average body weight, using in a completely randomised experiment with four treatments and for replicates. During 84 days experimental period, daily feed intake was recorded and body wieht changes was recorded three weeks interwals. Daily weight gain of lambs fed ration 3 was significantly (P<0.05) higher (147 grams), than those fed ration 1 and 2 (147g vs. 108 and 130 g). The highest amount of daily dry matter intake was observed in lambs fed ration 3 (1213 grams) but the lowest amount in lambs fed ration 1 (1213 vs. 937 g) (P=0.03). Feed conversion ratio was improved in lambs received diet comparing to the other treatments (P=0.03). The average carcass wieght was increased (15.3 vs 13.6 and 12.7 kg) in lambs fed diet 3 comparing to the diet 1 and 2 (P<0.05). Lambs fed diet 4 had more abdominal fat than those fed diet 2 (P<0.05). It can be concluded that the use of total mixed silge based on the barley and triticale may improved the fattening performance of lambs.

This research was conducted to study the effect of chickpea straw and strawberry forage in the diet of fattening calves. Eighteen Simmental male calves with initial weight of 285.16±38.15 kg were used in a completely randomized design with three diets over a four-month fattening period. Three diets were adjusted based on 70% concentrate and 30% forage. The forage section in the control was 18% alfalfa and 12% wheat straw, the second treatment was 25% strawberry plant, 3% alfalfa and 2% wheat straw and the third treatment was 25% chickpea straw and 5% alfalfa. The digestibility of diets was determined by acid-insoluble ash method. The use of strawberry forage and chickpea straw had no effect on feed intake and performance of calves. The digestibility of dry matter and organic matter in diet containing chickpea straw was higher than other complete feed blocks, however, the digestibility of NDF and ADF was higher in diets containing chickpea straw and strawberry forage than control . The feed conversion ratio in the group receiving chickpea straw was better than the control group. The cost price per kilogram of complete feed containing strawberry forage and chickpea straw were 20.2 and 24.57% lower than the control, respectively, which resulted in a reduction in feed cost per kilogram of increased calf weight compared to the control group. The results of this experiment showed that the use of strawberry forage and chickpea straw as a forage portion up to 25% in the diet reduced the cost of calf fattening.

The aim of present study was to investigate the effects of processed broiler litter (PBL) levels at 0, 8, 16 and 24% at the expense of dietary forage (i.e., alfalfa and wheat straw at 65 and 35 percent, respectively) on apparent nutrients digestibility, ruminal parameters and blood metabolites in Moghani male sheep. The broiler litter was processed at 75-85 oC for 20 min in the special hot tanks. Sixteen Moghani male sheep were allocated into four experimental diet groups with four animals in each diet in a completely randomized design. Results showed that sheep fed diet containing 16% PBL linearly increased (p < 0.05) digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), CP and ash-free neutral detergent fiber (NDFom). Increasing the level of PBL in the diet linearly tended to decrease (P=0.07) ruminal pH, but increased (p < 0.05) ammonia nitrogen concentration. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) increased with increasing PBL level in the diet (p < 0.05). Overall, results of this study indicated that substituting PBL up to 16% of forage diet improved nutrients digestibility, ammonia nitrogen concentration and BUN of Moghani male sheep.

This experiment was coducted in order to investigate the inclusion of Konar (Ziziphus mauritiana) leaves containing tannins and sunflower oil as a source of poly unsaturated fatty acids (full of linoleic acid) in high concentrate diets on gas production and degradability. In this experiment the degradability and fermentation parameters by were compared by using in situ and gas production techniques. Gas production and degradation rate were measured at 0, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement of treatments. Dietary treatments were control, 20% Konar leaves, 2.5 % sunflower oil and, 2.5 % sunflower oil +20% Konar leaves. The results showed that dry matter soluble fraction (a), 37.72 (p < 0.09), potentially degradable insoluble fraction (b), 49.41 (p < 0.06) and constant degragation rate (c), 0.0573 (p < 0.08) tended to decrease using Konar leaf. Effective dry matter degradability at different passage rates (74.07, 66.52 and 61.60 for effective degradability of 0.02, 0.04 and 0.06, respectively) decreased in diets containing Konar leaf (P <0.02). Effective degradability of crude protein significantly decreased (93.80, 90.32 and 87.60, respectively) at the passage rates of 0.02 (p < 0.01), 0.04 (p < 0.01) and 0.06 (p < 0.02). Significant differences (p < 0.01) were observed between treatments in terms of cumulative gas production at all incubation hours (2 to 96) between treatments due to addition of sunflower oil. Gas production potential, 105.04 (p < 0.01) and gas production rate, 0.110 (p < 0.06) were significantly increased by addition of sunflower oil. An increase in true organic matter digestibility (TOMD) and microbial mass production (MB) (p < 0.01) observed using Konar leaves in the diet. Totally, the results of this study showed that addition of Konar leaves and sunflower oil to the diet could affect fermentative and degradability parameters of diets with little interaction. This means that the effect of each of factors in the diet is independent. On the other hand, separate or mixed using of konar leaves containing tannins and sunflower oil had no adverse effect on ruminal function in vitro.

In the present study one slow-release urea component was produced, and its effects was assessed on in vitro gas production, fermentation parameters, nutrients disappearance and enzyme activity. Four experimental treatments used were 1) control treatment, and supplementing control treatment with 2) urea, 3) slow-released urea and 4) optigen. Results showed that in most examined incubation times highest and lowest ammonia-N concentration was observed in treatment supplemented with urea and control treatment, respectively (P<0.05). However, in all incubation times there was no differences between slow-release urea and optigen treatments (P>0.05). After 96 h incubation, dietary treatments had no effect on total gas production, b and c coefficient and pH of rumen (P>0.05). Highest and lowest in vitro dry matter and organic matter disappearance, estimation of metabolisable energy, short chain fatty acids, microbial protein synthesis and activity of carboxy methyl cellulase were observed in control and urea-treated group (P>0.05). Highest filter paper degrading activity was observed for diet supplemented with slow-release urea, while urea-treated group resulted in lowest activity (P<0.05). Highest rumen protease activity was observed in diet treated with urea, while its lowest amount was related to control treatment (P<0.05). Totally, utilization of slow-release urea compared to urea improved rumen dry matter and organic matter digestion, microbial protein production and most of rumen fibrolytic enzymes activity in vitro.

    Determination of rangeland forage quality is an important factor in assessing the nutrition status of livestock dependent on rangeland, determining suitable grazing time, increasing livestock efficacy and less damaging to rangelands. This study was conducted to determine the nutritional value and digestibility of four dominant species of Compositae family in Baft rangelands located in Kerman province. The species including: Artemisia aucheri, Artemisia persica, Scorzonera tortusissimaand Cousina sicigera, which weresampled in phonological stages of vegetative growth, flowering and seeding. The results showed that the mean values of chemical composition of the mentioned species at different growth stages were 9.94, 8.9, 6.21 and 10.40% of crude protein (CP), 45.62, 45.77, 61.07 and 42.83% of NDF and 32.77, 33.05, 46.61 and 31.73% of ADF, respectively. By increasing age of all plant species, CP was decreased (P<0.01) but except for Scorzonera tortusissima, the values of NDF and ADF were increased in other species (P<0.01). The average digestibility of the mentioned species dry matter at vegetative, flowering and seeding stages were 57.41, 53.54, 45.34 and 39.67%, respectively. The average of metabolizable energy (ME) of the mentioned species at vegetative, flowering and seeding stages were estimated to be 2.24, 2.24, 1.86 and 2.26 Cal/g, respectively. The average concentrations of mineral elements such as calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, iron and manganese of these four rangeland species were more than the critical requirements of sheep and goat, while the concentrations of phosphorus, copper and zinc in these plants were less than the critical level for sheep and goat requirements. Generally, the four species studied in terms of CP and ME, especially in the early stages of growth, provide the needs of sheep and goats in the region.

Forage amaranth (var. Maria) and corn were ensiled in plastic bags, for a period of 60 days, with 5 replicates. Chemical composition, oxalic acid, nitrate and phenolic compounds of the samples were measured. In vitro ruminal fermentation and ME were determined using a gas production method, and in situ degradability by nylon bags using 3 fistulated rams. Crude protein were 80 and 199 g/kg DM for fresh corn and amaranth, and 75 and 180 g/kg DM for ensiled corn and amaranth, respectively, which indicate higher (P<0.05) protein in fresh and ensiled amaranth compared with corn. Forage corn was contained higher DM, WSC and NDFom in comparison with amaranth, while ash was greater in amaranth (P<0.05). The pH of corn and amaranth silages was 3.8 and 4.1, respectively. The amounts of nitrate, oxalic acid, total phenolics and total tannin in corn silage were lower than amaranth silage (P<0.05). In vitro organic matter digestibility, ME and effective degradability of ensiled amaranth were lower (P<0.05) than those in corn silage, but microbial protein and metabolizable protein were greater (P<0.05) in amaranth silage. Overall, nutrients composition and fermentability parameters of amaranth (var. Maria) were comparable to corn silage, with higher crude protein content. Amaranth can be preserved as a valuable silage to feed ruminants in arid area.

In order to evaluate some chemical composition of whole sugar cane at different vegetation stages, in a complete randomized design with two varieties the sugar cane early maturity and late maturity. Two fields of from two varieties of sugar cane were selected the sampling of roughage was done for 7 month. Treatments were 14 sample of roughage for a variety of sugar cane. For each sampling roughage, amount of DM, CP, ASH, NDF, ADF, DCH, ADL, CEL and HCEL for each variety of sugar can were calculated. Experiment indicated that, DM and DCH was increase with up age of sugar cane, and were significant varied among the treatments for two varieties of sugar cane. But amount of CP, ASH, ADF, NDF and HCEL in the time of experiment were decrease, and were significant different between the treatments for two varieties of sugar cane. The amount of ADL with age increase, were increase but were not process of specific, and different of between the treatments were significant for two varieties.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of transferring bacteria Bacillus licheniformis, Ochrobactrum intermedium and Mycobacterium paludicola, with degrading lignin and lignocellulose potential isolated from termite gut to the rumen liquor, on in vitro gas production parameters and digestibility of nutrients in wheat straw and date leaves as a substrate. Each substrate was incubated with rumen liquor that was inoculated with each of the isolated bacteria using completely randomized design, and compared with control treatment (rumen liquor without inoculation). In both substrates, gas parameters, ruminal dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility, estimated metabolizable energy, partitioning factor, pH and two step digestibility of DM, OM, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were similar (P>0.05) between the experimental treatments. Inoculation of isolated bacteria to the rumen liquor in both substrates significantly increased (P

Each year, large amount of pistachio by-product (PBP) was produced after the processing of fresh pistachio. PBP has suitable nutritional value and is used as a feed stuff in animal nutrition. The objective of this study was to determine the microbial contamination and concentration of aflatoxin in PBP. The samples of PBP were collected from two types of processing system (traditional and industrial), three stage of pistachio harvesting, and three different intervals time of picking up the skin (1-2 hours, 5-6 hours and ≥13 hours). All samples were dried under the sun and then were milled. All of the samples were cultured in a sterile culture and total mould, Aspergillus moulds and Coliform, and E.coli bacteria were counted. The concentration of total aflatoxin was measured by HPLC via extraction. Results showed that the means of microbial population of total moulds, Aspergillus moulds and Coliforms, and E.coli bacteria count were 21000, 3892, 3094 and 1.1 CFU/g, respectively, that were below a critical level to interfere in animal nutrition. Although microbial population were different in sampling area (P

This research was assigned to study the top crop yield potential and nutritive value of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus), using a completely randomized designed with three treatments and four replications. The forage was cut at three growing stages where plant high, fresh and dry forage yield and leave/steam ratio were recorded. First and second cut were made when the plant heights were 100-150 and 150-200 cm, respectively. Forage from the third cut was at the early bloom stage (200-250cm). Then the cuts were chopped and sampled and nutrient contents and in vitro digestibility of the samples were determined. The amount of fresh and dry forage yield were 45.20 and 15.95 (ton/h) in first cut, and 64 and 29.85 (ton/h) in the last cut (flowering stage), respectively. Yield of second cut was significantly higher (p

In a completely randomized design، the effect of four iso-protein and iso-caloric diets containing different levels (0، 8، 16 and 24%) of processed broiler litter was studied on the fattening performance of 60 Holstein male calves (with initial weight of 309±9kg and about 8-9 month age) for a period of 200 days. At the end of the experiment، all animals were slaughtered and then the carcasses، edible and non-edible parts were weighted after carcass inspection. Results showed that the average dry matter intake of calves fed diets containing four levels of poultry litter، were respectively 10. 17، 10. 28، 9. 97 and 10. 26 kg/d، daily weight gain were 1339، 1305، 1362 and 1311 g/d، and feed conversion ratio were 7. 7، 7. 9، 7. 4 and 7. 6 that were not affected by the experimental diets (P>0. 05). In addition، the carcass weight، carcass dressing percentage and organs were not different among the treatments (P>0. 05). Based on the visual tests، the carcasses and organs، no differences were observed between the animals received different levels of broiler litter. Economically، feeding cost was lower when the animals received diets containing 16 and 24% of broiler litter. Based on the results of this experiment، the processed broiler litter could be included in the diet of finishing calves، however it is recommended that the optimum level to be about 20% on the farm conditions.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of deep-stacking process on temperature and pathogenic bacterial survival of Broiler Litter (BL). Broiler litter، deep-stacked to 3 depths (30، 60 or 120 cm) and at 3 moisture levels (15، 25 or 35%) was made use of in a split plot design، experiment last for 21 days. Daily temperature of the deep-stacked BL at different depths and at different ambient temperatures were recorded. At the finite temperature of the deep-stacked BLs، representative samples were taken from different depths for later bacterial analysis. The effect of depth on temperature of deep-stacked BL was significant among the day’s 2 to 13 (P<0. 05). Higher moisture level increased the temperature of deep-stacked BL on days 1-4 and 9-21 (P<0. 05). The interaction effect of depth × moisture on temperature of deep stacked BL was significant (P<0. 05). Total count of bacteria in the deep-stacked BL treatments decreased as compared with the control treatment (P<0. 05) with the exception of the depth of 30 cm of 15% moisture and as well the depth of 120 cm of 25% moisture. Mean populations of Coliform bacteria in the depth of 30 cm with 25% moisture and in the depth 30 and 60 cm of 35% moisture amounted to zero. There were no Escherichia coli populations found in at the different depths of deep-stacked BL of 35% moisture. Mean populations of Salmonella in depths of 30 and 60 cm with 25 and 35% moisture contents and at the depth of 120 cm with 35% moisture content were recorded as zero. Overall، deep-stacking BL with 35% of moisture for 9 days (to reach the final destined temperature) decreased the total count of bacteria and other Coliforms and as well eliminated the pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli and Salmonella).

Effect of heat processing on the nutritive value of broiler litter، as a potential ruminant feedstuff، was studied in two pilot plans، processing through an assessment of chemical composition، protein fractionation according to CNCPS as wells digestibility making use of Tilley and Terry method. In a manufactory located in the city of Sabzevar. The average values of Dry Matter (DM)، Crude Protein (CP)، Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDFom)، Acid detergent fiber (ADFom)، ash، Ca، P، Mg، K، Na، Fe، Mn، Cu and Zn in the unprocessed broiler litter constituted 83. 5% of the fresh matter، 26. 4، 41. 3، 14. 2، 18. 6، 1. 85، 0. 97، 0. 8، 1. 0، 0. 065 % of DM، 910. 75، 332. 73، 58. 14 and 384. 4 mg/kg of DM، respectively. These values for the processed litter، respectively، amounted to 92. 9 % of fresh weight، 25. 5، 46. 2، 14. 4، 18. 6، 1. 74، 0. 95، 0. 72، 0. 94، 0. 062 % of DM، 1029. 3، 304. 25، 54. 74 and 379. 75 mg/kg of DM. As for the Semnan manufactory، the average values for the unprocessed litter were، respectively،73. 2 % of fresh weight، 28. 8، 16. 0، 17. 2، 1. 92، 1. 13، 0. 61، 1. 1، 0. 036 % of DM، 13.، 374. 0، 52. 69 and 345. 0 mg/kg of DM. Fllowing the processing operations the mentioned values changed to 82. 3 % of fresh weight، 28. 3، 49. 1، 18. 5، 17. 8، 1. 86، 0. 94، 0. 60، 0. 87، 0. 035 % of DM، 1598. 2، 338. 67، 51. 15 and 302. 6 mg/kg of DM، respectively. Protein fractions A، B1، B2، B3 and C in the unprocessed litter at Sabzevar manufactory were، respectively 51. 8، 18. 5، 17. 1، 7. 13 and 5. 01 % of CP. The values for Semnan manufactory were recorded as 50. 3، 11. 1، 24. 6، 9. 51 and 5. 4 % of CP، respectively. After heat processing، accomplished and fot both manufactories، fractions A and B1 were reduced، wtereas B2، B3 and C increased (P<0. 05). The in vitro DM Digestibility (DMD)، Organic Matter Digestibility (OMD) and ME contents for the unprocessed litter، respectively، were 799، 798 g/kg and 9. 63 MJ/kg DM for Sabzevar manufactory، and 780، 791 g/kg and 9. 70 MJ/kg DM for Semnan،s. Heating process had no significant effect on digestibility and ME (P>0. 05)، except for DMD at Sabzevar manufactory، which had singificantly decreased. The Pressing method of processing reduced (P<0. 05) DMD، OMD (771 and 773 g/kg) and ME (9. 31 MJ/kg of DM) as compared with unprocessed litter. Overall، although application of indirect heat processing of broiler litter somehow reduced CP، Mg and Cu contents، but by removal of the pathogenic organisms it can lead ot the production of a protein supplement، enriched in mineral،s as a ruminant feedstuff and which can help reduc the environmental pollution.