فهرست مطالب khodabakhsh ahmadi

The phenomenon of marital infidelity is a painful experience for the other party, which can make a person suffer psychologically. A review of research shows that women affected by infidelity have problems in terms of marital loneliness, emotional Divorce, Alexithymia, and psychological capital and need special attention for psychological interventions.

The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of emotion-focoused therapy on marital loneliness, emotional Divorce, Alexithymia, and psychological capital in women affected by infidelity.

The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group and a follow-up test period. Among the women affected by marital infidelity in Tehran in 2022, 30 people were selected as available research samples according to the inclusion criteria and randomly replaced in two experimental and control groups. The tools used in this research included marital burnout questionnaires (Pines, 1996), emotional Divorce (Gutman, 2001), Alexithymia (Begby et al., 1994) and psychological capital (Luthans et al., 2007). Data were analyzed with SPSS 23 software and analysis of variance with repeated measures.

The findings showed that there was a significant difference between the mean of the pre-test and the follow-up test of the experimental and control groups in terms of marital Burnout, Emotional Divorce, Alexithymia, and psychological capital. In other words, EFT reduced marital Burnout, Emotional Divorce, Alexithymia, and increased the psychological capital of women affected by marital infidelity (p<0.001).

Based on the findings, it can be concluded that emotional therapy is effective in improving marital boredom, emotional Divorce, Alexithymia, and psychological capital, and this therapy can be used to improve the psychological status of women affected by marital infidelity.

Context: 

This study was carried out in order to provide a narrative review of the practice of patience and an opportunity for post traumatic growth in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19 crisis). COVID-19 is a type of disease-causing acute respiratory syndromes. The mental health of people has been negatively affected by COVID-19 due to increased complications and mortality, special living conditions, and mandatory quarantine. Reactions to this crisis depend on the person's emotional processing style; therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to cultural and social factors. Trauma is defined as an individual’s exposure to an event, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in serious injury or threat to the integrity of the self and others. Commonly, the person’s first response to a traumatic event involves fear and helplessness. A traumatic event cannot be merely viewed as a threat or loss, as it also creates opportunities for positive changes, known as post traumatic growth (PTG). In the present study, we aimed to discuss the concept of patience to facilitate PTG in the context of a viral disease.

Evidence Acquisition: 

The type of study is a narrative literature review. The content under study was the content and opinions with the keywords Post-traumatic growth and patience. The sources used were the Holy Quran books in the field of Islamic sources. Scopus and Google Scholar databases were also used to search for articles with the keywords patience and PTG. In this regard, the views of Islamic philosophers, sages, and scientists were considered.

 It was found that patience involves acceptance, positivity, responsibility and commitment, faith, hope, reliance, and trust. The development of patience involves emotional restraint (avoidance of complaining, expressing anger or inappropriate instinctual desires, and revenge), tolerance (having peace of mind, self-care, self-regulation, and openness), endurance (showing tenacity, perseverance, and firmness), and positive expectations (anticipating relief, hope of salvation, and reward or perfection).

 According to the findings of this study, it can be stated that in times of crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, people need to practice patience at a higher level than before. The development of this model and its training by counselors and therapists can help people who have severe anxiety disorders and depression caused by bereavement crises and other crises.

The emotional and behavioral effects of disclosing infidelity on each of the couples involved are extremely destructive. This often leads to acute stress disorder, which is the primary and most significant response to such a situation. In this context, schemas, acting as a framework for information processing, can be effective in managing acute stress by bringing about profound changes in attitudes towards oneself, others, and the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of maladaptive schemas on acute stress disorder resulting from spousal infidelity.

The research method used was descriptive-correlational. The study's statistical population comprised couples engaged in marital infidelity who sought assistance from courts and family counseling centers in Tehran and Saveh cities between 2020 and 2021. A sample of 172 individuals was selected using the purposeful sampling method. Data collection tools included the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire (Cardena et al., 2000) and the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (1998). The data were analyzed using SPSS24 software, which employed descriptive indicators such as frequency, frequency percentage, mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis. Statistical tests including Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis were also conducted.

The study findings revealed a significant positive relationship (p<0.01) between acute stress reactions to a spouse's infidelity and early maladaptive schemas, including disconnection and rejection (r=0.40), impaired autonomy and performance (r=0.34), other-directedness (r=0.29), overvigilance and inhibition (r=0.44), and impaired limits (r=0.25). Various types of acute stress reactions, including dissociative symptoms, re-experiencing, avoidance, hyperarousal, and functional disorder, were found to have a significant positive relationship with early maladaptive schemas and their domains (p<0.05). The domains of early maladaptive schemas accounted for 33% of the total variance in acute stress disorder (p<0.01).

The research results indicate that maladaptive schemas formed as a result of spousal infidelity serve as the foundation for the development of acute stress disorder following the revelation of the infidelity.

Due to the sensitivity of childhood and adolescence, it is necessary to study the underlying factors to prevent psychological and social harm, such as the sexual abuse of children and adolescents.

This study aimed to investigate the lived experience of children and adolescents about individual and family factors that underlie sexual abuse.

The approach of the present study was qualitative. Its strategy was phenomenological. A targeted sampling of critical cases, 15 children and adolescent victims have chosen who experienced sexual harassment and abuse and were referred to the Legal Medicine Center in Tehran, was completed based on theoretical saturation. The data collection process was during 2019. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview. It was audio-recorded, and the content was converted into text. Then, the data were as concepts and categories. The research team, including the researcher, supervisors, and consultants, confirmed the validity of the interview tool. Also, the Participants confirmed the correctness of the coding process.

Research Findings showed that the main factors in the occurrence of abuse were (1) individual factors (misplaced trust, relationship with strangers, simplicity, stress, loneliness, inappropriate coverage, disregard for parental advice, and emotional dependence); And (2) family factors (poor relationship with parents, parental separation, parental strictness, busy motherhood, inconsideration by parents, poor parental supervision, running away from home, and fear of parents).

individual and family categories and comparing the results with the research background, identifying to prevent the underlying cause of sexual abuse.

this study was to investigate the lived experiences of young people who had high-risk sexual behavior.

The approach studied in this study was qualitative and of the Grounded theory. Sixteen adolescents who experienced high-risk sexual behavior and were willing to cooperate with the researcher were selected by theoretical sampling method. These individuals were examined in depth using semi-structured interviews. After analyzing the data by Strauss and Corbin (1990) method, a total of 58 concepts, 15 primary categories and three secondary categories were extracted.

  These categories were: 1- Predisposing factors (weakness of religious beliefs, structural problem of family, Sexual experiences and awareness in childhood, childhood abuse and developmental problems); 2. Involving factors (access to sexual stimuli, the impact of friendships, normalization and reduction of shame and guilt, low self-esteem or sexual audacity, poor sexual awareness and attitude, and easy access to sex); And 3- The existence of sexual perversions (having experiences of sexual perversions, gaining emotional rewards, having sexual temptations and seeking the maximum sexual excitement).

it can be said that high-risk sexual behavior is caused by the interaction of several factors, and to prevent such behaviors, we need the joint cooperation of family, school and community.

Multiple sclerosis is a neurological and progressive disease. Living with MS has many negative and positive effects on patients' physical and mental health. This study aimed to investigate the effect of supportive therapy on post-traumatic growth and psychological capital in women with MS. This study used quasi-experimental method (a pretest-posttest and fallow up plan with a control group). Participants consisted of 30 women with MS who were selected using convenience sampling method and were randomly divided into two groups of experimental and control groups. Our measuring tool was Psychological capital questionnaire (2007) and post-traumatic growth questionnaire (1996) which was completed by the participants. Then, the participants in the experimental group participated in 10 sessions of 50 min of intervention based on Winston, Rosenthal, & Pinsker (2004) supportive therapy protocol. Repeated-measures mixed-model analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze data. Data analysis showed that supportive therapy had significantly increased the psychological capital (F=16/50, P≤ 0/001) and post traumatic growth (F=14/40, P≤ 0/001) in the experimental group, compared to the control group and the effects of intervention over time remained constant. Based on the findings of this study, supportive therapy can be an effective intervention to increase psychological capital and post traumatic growth in MS patients and can be used to improve the psychological state and better cope with the disease.

Context:

 This research aimed to determine the protective and risk factors of high-risk sexual behaviors.

Studies assessing high-risk sexual behaviors from 2000 to 2021 were reviewed. We retrieved 743 articles from SAGE, Wiley, Science Direct, Taylor & Francis Group, SID, and Google Scholar. Two independent reviewers extracted data using a tool developed by the review team. Forty-five articles were included in the final analysis.

Religion, parental care, education, health literacy, and active participation in work activities act as protective factors. On the other hand, negative sexual self-concept, parental divorce, weak religious beliefs, and escaping social rejection make people vulnerable to risky behaviors.

The joint actions of families, schools, and society can effectively deal with such behaviors.

It is necessary to determine family health Indices and Indicators to be integrated with policy making, priorities, planning, and researches regarding the family unit. Accordingly, the main question was “what are the indicators and components of family health according to the Iranian Islamic model” ?The research method was Narrative Review and a focus group of elites in the field of family were involved in the study. The statistical population was divided into two groups. One group that used for content analysis was published books and articles on the family, in which findings and perspectives on the family were examined, some of which were Islamic sources. The second group which was used as a focus group, were family experts, including members of the Family Thought Center of the Iranian Islamic Model of Progress. The proposed model for the content analysis was used to analyze the information.For results, the proposed model was used for content analysis. In this set, the basics and concepts of family indicators were first used based on the Iranian Islamic model and then, family indicators of the Islamic Iranian model were presented. Findings included: Definition of a healthy family; Family indicators in the format of 3 main indicators and 9 measures (includes: marriage stability, family strength and dynamics, and family satisfaction) and family indicators in the format of 6 main components, 32 sub-components, and 120 measures (including: sustainable marriage, family strengthening, family growth and dynamism, family destroyers, family social developments, and family support resources). According to the findings, in order to determine the i indicators and components of family health, measures such as: discourse, theorizing, measurement and monitoring, database creation, internal and environmental analysis and it is necessary to determine the burden of family problems and issues.

The intellect is one of the best Allah gifts to man and the cause of his privilege over other beings. This gift is potential in humans and needs to be nurturing and rearing in order to emerge. On the other hand, whimsy, including the most important one "lust" which is present in man and has a strong force for manifestation, hinders the growth of intellect. Accordingly, in the present study, lust control is discussed as a way for the growth of intellect, which is the same kind of patience. The research is qualitative which was done by review method which is a combination of systematic review method, content analysis and literature review. The study population was the source of theories, models and research on the subject that were searched for with the keywords: intellect, whim, lust and patience. The sources used were the Holy Quran, books in the field of Islamic sources and scientific articles on the subject. In this regard, the views of Islamic philosophers, sages and scientists were considered. The results of the research are presented in the form of ways to develop of intellect, crisis as an opportunity for intellect growth, patience as a path for intellect growth, lust control as a way for intellect growth, mechanism of lust control for intellect. Methods of lust control are presented in a five-factor model: self-care, modesty and chastity, repulsion of lust until marriage, observance of boundaries and avoidance of prostitution. Therefore, it can be said that controlling lust (patience) causes the growth of intellect. Accordingly, the use of lust control methods is part of the process of patience and intellect growth.

< p >The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of meaning of life and religious beliefs with the type and extent of acute stress reactions after the disclosure of spouse''s infidelity. This correlational study was a descriptive research. The population was couples who had been involved in infidelities and had referred to the courts and family counseling centers in the cities of Tehran and Saveh in the years 2020-2021. 172 people were purposefully selected among them as the sample. The data collection tools were Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire (SASRQ), Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ) and Glock and Stark''s dimensions of religiosity. The data were analyzed by the Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. According to the results, the extent of acute stress reactions after the disclosure of spouse''s infidelity had a negative significant relationship with meaning of life and its dimensions, including the existence of meaning and seeking it, and religious beliefs and their dimensions, including beliefs, rituals, and emotional and consequential aspects (p < 0.01). All types of acute stress reactions, i.e. dissociative symptoms, re-experience, avoidance, anxiety, hyper-arousal and functional disorder, also had a negative significant relationship with religious beliefs, and meaning of life and its dimensions (p < 0.05). 36% of the total variance of acute stress reactions was explained by meaning of life and religious beliefs (p < 0.01). Therefore, couples'' meaning of life and religious beliefs decrease their acute stress reactions after the disclosure of spouse''s infidelity.

The present study was conducted with the aim of studying and analyzing the content of Ayatollah Khamenei's viewpoint regarding marriage and family. In the hope that it can be helpful in recognizing the family in the Iranian Islamic model and improving their strength and in achieving a native theory. The research is a qualitative study and in it two methods "Content Analysis" and "Grand Theory" were used. The research unit includes existing archival viewpoint, including writings and written works, orders, statements and orders presented by Ayatollah Khamenei in the field of family. According to the results, the views of Ayatollah Khamenei in the field of family are in the axes of marriage and family formation, family structure and function, family pathology, family health, child education, family and system. It is hoped that Ayatollah Khamenei's view as a model with the Iranian Islamic model will be studied and exploited by counseling and psychotherapy specialists and family researchers.

Marriage as the most important and highest social tradition to achieve the emotional needs of individuals has always been emphasized and plays a fundamental role in forming a healthy family. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify the strengthening factors of marriage taking into account Iranian culture.This study was a mixed type and in the qualitative part of the content analysis approach and reviewing sources and literature of the last ten years and in the quantitative part of the data collected using descriptive method and Pearson correlation and confirmatory factor analysis using 24 AMOS software analysis Were. The members of the sample group were selected based on the input criteria and by available sampling.The results showed that the checklist items that strengthen marriage were identified in the qualitative section of the acceptable ability to assess underlying factors such as family of origin and cultural, social and economic components and individual factors such as personality, moral and belief characteristics and factors of marriage including homology. And had consensus and intellectual sufficiency and marital factors including sexual / marital issues, communication skills and issues of childbearing and child rearing.A better understanding of the factors that strengthen marriage can provide a good way to model a successful marriage. It also helps marriage and family counselors and psychologists to help young people on the verge of marriage and increase the welfare of couples and reduce social harms, more beneficial and professional.Keywords: marriage stability, strengthening factors, Iranian culture

The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of emotional intelligence interventions, sexual fantasies, and integrated protocol in treating the orgasmic disorder, performance, and quality of sexual life.

The type of study is quasi-experimental based on the pretest-posttest design. The study population consisted of all married women aged 30-45 years who had a marital life experience for at least one year and had an orgasmic disorder. The sample consisted of 30 women with a definite diagnosis of the orgasmic disease. The research instruments included Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), Wilson Sexual Fantasy Questionnaire (WSFQ), Shot Emotional Intelligence Scale, and Perceived Relationship Quality Scale (PRQC).

The results indicated that the effectiveness of all three interventions, including Emotional intelligence, sexual fantasy, and integrated intervention, were adequate for sexual function, quality of the sexual relationship, and orgasm (F =7.36, P <0.001, square share=0.46). The integrated intervention and sexual fantasy intervention were more effective in improving sexual function and quality of individuals’ sexual life than the emotional intelligence intervention. There was no significant difference between the three types of interventions in the orgasm subscale.

The findings indicated that the integrated intervention is more effective than the other two because this type of intervention works both at the cognitive (sexual fantasies) and emotional levels (emotion regulation and emotional intelligence). The results of the present study can be used in counseling and psychotherapy, especially couple therapy and sex therapy, as well as improving marital life and the quality of sexual life.

Multiple sclerosis is a neurological and progressive disease. Living with MS has many negative and positive effects on patients' physical and mental health. This study aimed to investigate the effect of emotion-focused therapy on post-traumatic growth and psychological capital in women with Multiple Sclerosis.

This study used a quasi-experimental method (a pretest-posttest plan with a control group). Participants consisted of 30 women with Multiple Sclerosis who were selected using a convenience sampling method and were randomly divided into two groups of experimental and control groups. Our measuring tool was a psychological capital inventory and posttraumatic growth inventory which was completed by the participants. Then, the participants in the experimental group participated in 10 sessions of 60 min of emotion-focused therapy in 10 weeks but the control group didn’t receive any therapy. Analysis of covariance method was used to analyze data.

Analysis of data showed that there was significant difference in psychological capital and posttraumatic growth in the experimental group, compared to the control group. (P≥ 0/05) There was a significant deference in all the subscale of psychological capital (self-efficacy, hope, resilience and optimism) and the fourth posttraumatic growth subscale (communication, personal strength, value of life and new ways) in women with MS in the experimental group (P≥ 0.05), but no significant difference in the spiritual change subscale.

The result showed, emotion-focused therapy can be an effective intervention to increase psychological capital and posttraumatic growth in MS patients and can be used to improve the psychological state and better cope with the disease.

Marital infidelity can cause many injuries to people and cause them to lose their marital relationships. The purpose of this study was to identify the types of marital infidelity injuries. The research was a qualitative one and systematic review and exploratory interviews were used to extract the types of marital infidelity injuries. In the systematic review section, 31 articles out of a total of 65 articles were searched and selected during the process. Also, for exploratory interview, 20 couples involved in marital infidelity were selected by purposeful method and interviewed. The opinions of 14 family professionals were also examined to assess the validity of the list of marital infidelity injuries. The results showed that marital infidelity was harmful in all aspects of individual (physical and psychological), family, social and spiritual. In the individual dimension, sleep disturbance, eating disorder, anxiety, depression, loss of trust, in the family dimension, emotional relationships decline, stress in the family, loss of family intimacy, disturbance of parental duties, loss of social dimension Honor, job problems, and financial problems, and in the spiritual dimension, tormented conscience and guilt as the most important traumas of marital infidelity. Based on the results, it can be said that marital infidelity is not an individual problem but a comprehensive injury and requires comprehensive interventions to prevent and treat it.

An increase in post-marital relationships has had adverse consequences. One of the consequences is family dissolution and the breakdown of social units (families). The present study aimed to study the processes and contextual factors of marital infidelity.

This qualitative study was conducted using the grounded theory method. The research population included couples who experienced marital infidelity. A total of 32 participants were selected using the purposive sampling method in 2019. We conducted semi-structured interviews with the participants to collect the study data, and the interviews continued until the data saturation. The collected data were systematically analyzed in three stages of open, axial, and selective coding.

Analysis of the data collected revealed 51 codes extracted through open coding. Then, the extracted codes were merged into 10 categories via axial coding. These categories included four themes: the formation of the context of marital infidelity, predictions of marital infidelity, engaging in marital infidelity, and the consequences of marital infidelity.

Given that marital infidelity is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, the insights from this study can be used to develop models to identify and prevent predictors of marital infidelity.

 Marriage is one of the most important and basic human relationships and is the first unit for family relationships and the upbringing of the next generation. On the other hand, ignoring risk factors reduces the well-being of couples and increases marital conflicts. For this reason, the aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for marital stability on 318 married people in Tehran.

 This study was of mixed type (qualitative-quantitative) and in the qualitative part of the content analysis approach and reviewing sources and literature of the last ten years and in the quantitative part of the data collected using descriptive method and Pearson correlation and confirmatory factor analysis using software AMOS24 were analyzed. The members of the sample group were selected based on the input criteria and by available sampling.

 The results show that the risk checklist items of marriage that were identified in the qualitative section and the acceptable ability to assess cultural, social and economic factors and components, family of origin, personality, intellectual adequacy, financial skills, sex / marriage, skills They have communication and issues of childbearing and child rearing

 Better understanding of the risk factors in a stable marriage can both help to form a lasting and satisfying relationship and prevent individual and social harms, especially the problem of divorce in society. Therefore, the results of this study can be useful for experts and counselors in the field of marriage and family

One of the variables that is considered before the beginning of married life and is related to the next performance of couples is the attitude towards marriage. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of premarital education based on premarital interpersonal choices and knowledge Program (PICK) and Prevention and Relationship Enhancement Program (PREP) on attitudes toward marriage in couples on the verge of marriage.

The research method was quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group with a two-month follow-up. The statistical population of couples on the verge of marriage referred to private counseling centers in districts 1, 3 and 5 of Tehran that 60 people (three groups of 20) were selected by available methods as a research sample. First, Bratton and Rosen (1998) Attitude to Marriage Attitude Scale was tested, then the Interpersonal Choices and Knowledge Program (PICK) and the Prevention and Relationship Enhancement Program (PREP) were applied to the experimental groups. Follow-up test was performed. The collected data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test. The software used was SPSS version 25.

The results showed that both PICK and PREP programs have a significant and lasting effect on attitudes toward marriage (P = 0.001). The results also showed that the use of PICK program is more effective than PREP program on the attitude towards marriage of couples on the verge of marriage (P = 0.001).

The results of this study indicated that the PICK program is a priority over PREP as a more efficient and short-term intervention to improve the attitude towards marriage.

Hysterectomy is a common surgery among women in which the uterus, cervix, and sometimes ovaries and fallopian tubes are removed. As women’s reproductive organs are important to their sexual image, hysterectomy can affect their psychological status, personal interactions, and especially marital adjustment and sexual function. Moreover, sexual function and marital adjustment can be affected by women’s thoughts about their body image.

The current study aimed at comparing marital adjustment and sexual function in women’s job, focusing on the moderating role of body image.

This causal-comparative study was conducted among 200 women (100 with hysterectomy and 100 without hysterectomy) recruited via the purposive sampling method. The cases were assigned into two groups of control and study based on their age range, level of education, marital status, and lack of chronic mental and physical disorders. Data collection instruments were the female sexual function index (FSFI), dyadic adjustment scales (DAS), the body image concern inventory (BICI), and a demographic checklist.

Independent t-test showed that the total score of marital adjustment (t = -6.108, P = 0.001) and each of its subscales, dyadic agreement (t = -4.44, P = 0.001), marital satisfaction (t = -5.98; P = 0.001), dyadic cohesion (t = -4.38, P = 0.001), expressing affection (t = -5.91; P = 0.001), and sexual function (t = -6.55, P = 0.001) were significantly lower in women undergoing hysterectomy than in those not undergoing hysterectomy. However, according to regression analysis and results of bootstrapping, the upper and lower bounds of the effect of body image on marital adjustment and sexual function were within the overlapping section. Hence, these effects were similar in both groups of the study [95% confidence interval (CI)], and the differences were insignificant.

According to the study, marital adjustment and sexual function decrease after hysterectomy. Therefore, specialist treatment and family counseling interventions seem to be essential in order to improve sexual performance andmarital adjustment in women who underwent hysterectomy.

Marital infidelity can have adverse effects on couples’ lives. The purpose of this study is to determine the extent of harm caused by marital infidelity. The research is descriptive-correlational. The subjects were 100 men and women who had com-mitted marital infidelity and 100 men and women who had not. The subjects ans-we-red a questionnaire about the types of har-ms caused by marital infidelity, which were classified into 4 dimensions of per-sonal, family, social and spiritual harms. Statistical analysis was performed using independent group t-test and ANOVA in SPSS software. Findings showed that per-sonal injury (physical and psychological), family injury, social injury and spiritual injury have the highest rates in unfaithful couples, respectively. Also, the study of the extent of injuries caused by marital infidelity in different dimensions showed that: in the physical dimension of sleep disorders, in the psychological dimension of impatience, in the family dimension of cold marital relationship, in the social dimension of loss of reputation, consci-ence had the highest rate. According to the research findings, marital infidelity as a trauma affects all aspects of human exis-tence and requires immediate, short-term and long-term interventions such as crisis intervention.

Nowadays marriage is considered the most important pillar of a stable family and as such is quite a big concern for the average youth. Therefore reaching a successful marriage requires paying attention to different variables of this crucial subject. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to reveal a template for a successful marriage and all of its strengthening and endangering variables, considering the Iranian culture.

The research method for this study was super compositional, and the statistical population included all local research in this field between the years of 2009 to 2019 that were acquired following a systematic selection criteria, that yielded 21 articles.

The result of this research showed that the most important factors of a successful marriage can be divided into 4 themes and 16 main factors with 146 strengthening and endangering factors, which include individual factors, environmental factors, couple factors, and criteria for mate selection. The main factors include moral, personal, or identity characteristics, religious and spiritual beliefs, including problem solving skills, parenting, effective relations with spouse, family ties with spouse, financial issues, sexual issues, cultural factors, societal factors and family, knowing the expectations, needs and wants, same mindedness, general maturity and general, physical, and mental health. All of the above mentioned main factors all have their own sub factors within themselves.

It is expected that this project will be of use to researchers and family and marriage specialists.

 Regarding the importance of health as well as the discussion of thinking in psychology and philosophy, so far, no model has been presented in the field of the relationship between “thinking and health” with this model. Therefore, the present study aimed to introduce the new model of healthy thinking based on human soul faculties. 

 Using the narrative review method, 63 sources were selected among the 240-evidence, including books, articles, national, and international reports and theses from PubMed, Google Scholar, Elsevier, and Web of sciences, then entered the analysis stage Indicators of sensory and intellectual thinking were extracted from these sources. Then, the indicators were coded and analyzed according to the Content Analysis method. 

 The results of this research are used in psychotherapy in clinical psychology because researches have shown that thinking and especially healthy thinking has a very effective role in mental health and a healthy lifestyle. Several concepts are available in this model: The nature of thinking, levels of thinking, sources of error in thinking such as cognitive distortions, cognitive bias, and perceptual errors. 

 The models of thinking that have been proposed in the world so far have many shortcomings, including none of them has the power to clarification thinking and none of the theories and models have the relationship between thinking and health been clearly explained, while the proposed thinking model of the present study does not have such shortcomings.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of premarital education based on prevention and relationship enhancement programs on communication beliefs and attitudes toward coupleschr('39') marriage on the verge of marriage.

The research design was a quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test with a control group and a follow-up test period. From the statistical population of couples referring to private counseling centers in 5,3,1 districts of Tehran, 40 people were selected by available methods as a research sample. First, the pre-test of the Idleson-Epstein Communication Beliefs Questionnaire and the Bratton-Rosen Marriage Attitude Scale were administered. Was analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and post hoc test.

Findings showed that pre-marriage education based on prevention and relationship enhancement program has a positive and significant effect on improving communication beliefs and attitudes toward marriage of couples on the eve of marriage (p≤0.001).

The results of post hoc test showed that this effect was stable over time. Therefore, by using premarital education based on the prevention and relationship enhancement program, communication beliefs and attitudes toward the marriage of couples on the verge of marriage can be improved

Today, breach of contract in marital relations has become a worrying one of the hidden social harms of society. The aim of this study was to study the process and contextual conditions of contract breaking in marital relationships.

This study was performed qualitatively with the foundation data theory method. The statistical population included couples with experience of breach of contract in marital relations in 2018 that 32 people were selected by purposive sampling and theoretical saturation criteria. Semi-structured interview method was used to collect information. Data were systematically analyzed in three stages of open, central and selective coding.

Analysis of the content of the information obtained from the interviews led to the identification of 10 sub-categories and 3 main categories including risk factors in the premarital life of the contractor (socio-environmental causes before marriage), how to get to know the spouse (get to know the spouse) And risk factors after marriage and during married life (socio-environmental causes after marriage) in the process of contract formation in marital relationships and 18 sub-categories and 3 main categories including intrinsic risk factors (individual and personality factors), interpersonal risk factors (Family and economic factors) and general risk factors (cultural and social) in the context of contextual conditions in the marital relationship.

Although most people considered the unfulfilled expectations of marriage and dissatisfaction with emotional-sexual needs in the marital relationship as the main reason for breaking the contract, but the influence of attitudes and personal characteristics should not be left to chance. In fact, disability breeding is due to several reasons that the formation process begins before marriage and individual, family-marital and social factors affect its.

In recent decades the family in Iran, under the influence of internal and external factors has changed. One of these changes is the increase of conflict in the family and the consequent collapse of the couplechr('39')s relationship, which has become one of the main challenges of the contemporary family. The aim of the present study was to compare the causes of marital conflicts in the last three decades (1991-2020) with a comparative method. by Convenience Sampling were selected 225 conflicting couples (450 people) married in three decades (1991-2020) were selected from couples referring to a counseling and psychology center in Tehran in 2019-2020 and 19-factor checklist of marital conflict It was given to them to complete The results of analysis of variance showed into marital conflicts trajectory of those married during the three decades (1990s-2000s-2010s) indicated that there are significant differences in factors of frustration, the absence of care and support, economic and occupational problems، power structure, unattractiveness, sexual dissatisfaction, past romantic relationships problems, personality and behavioral problems and religion issues. that some factors related to marital conflicts depends on time conditions. as a result, for every decade, the identification and then determination of the roles of these factors in marital conflicts is suggested.