leila ghorbani

The development of the capital market of sports goods is important because it can bring many benefits for developing countries to attract foreign capital to the host country and as a result increase investment, create job opportunities and transfer technology to the host country and play an important role in strengthen their economies and societies. The purpose of this research was to construct and validate the questionnaire for the development of the sports capital goods market. For this purpose, 150 users of sports capital goods were selected as a purposive sampling and completed the questionnaire made by the researcher for the development of the sports capital goods market. This research is exploratory and is a type of correlational study. The form and content validity of the research tool was confirmed by a group of expert professors and its structural validity was confirmed by factor analysis based on the structural equation model. Based on exploratory factor analysis with orthogonal rotation, 36 items were placed in eight factors, which accounted for 61.62% of the variance of sustainable social development. The results of confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha coefficients supported the eight-factor structure of 36 questions and confirmed its validity and reliability. The results of this research can be helpful for teachers, managers, officials and experts in this field in the development of the sports capital goods market by specifying the role of each of the mentioned items for more attention.

The purpose of this study was identifying and analyzing the most important empowerment indicators of sport science education with emphasis on new teaching methods.

The research method was descriptive-analytical and a combination of quantitative and qualitative. The statistical population of this study included 18 faculty members in the qualitative section and 83 faculty members in the quantitative section, and the statistical sample was estimated based on network sampling. A researcher questionnaire was used to collect data. Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the 15 faculty members. The reliability coefficient of the questionnaire estimated to be 0/84. For data analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, factor analysis, one sample T-test, Friedman and Chi-square tests were used.

The results showed that the most important indicators in this study based on priority order were: scientific honor, educational management system, teacher-related factors, educational content, educational planning factors, educational facilities, student-related factors, and finally educational evaluation system.

according to the result, it can be said that the responsible managers should be act according to the scientific and practical solutions presented at the end of this research to further develop these components and promote new teaching methods in the sports science field.

During the early days of COVID-19 pandemic, due to the shortage of N95 respirators in hospitals and healthcare centers, the reuse of N95 respirators was posed as a crisis capacity strategy. Several studies have evaluated the efficacy of various decontamination methods on N95 respirators of well-known and approved brands. However, fundamental question is whether decontamination and reuse methods can be applied to all types of respirators.

Six types of respirators were selected from well-known and lesser-known brands which their manufacturers claimed to be N95. The selected respirators decontaminated with dry heat, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation, and ethylene oxide methods in seven consecutive cycles and their particle filtration efficiency and pressure drop were measured before and after each decontamination cycle.

As the initial measurements revealed, 4 respirators (group A) showed a sharp drop in efficiency and also, negative efficiency in removing 2.5 and 4 µm particles in most of the experiments. In these respirators (group A), the maximum efficiency in removing 0.5 µm particles was 74.4 %, while the last two respirators (group B) achieved an efficiency of 98 %. Subsequent experiments following the decontamination process revealed that the non-authentic N95 respirators within group A which were not resistant to decontamination. However, the second group demonstrated a removal rate of over 95 % of particles ranging from 0.5 to 10 µm after six consecutive decontamination cycles using all three methods. The results demonstrated that ultraviolet germicidal irradiation and ethylene oxide methods could eradicate the covid-19 virus from respirators.

The results indicated that decontamination can be successfully applied to original N95 respirators, not low-quality respirators, even under critical conditions.

The aim was to develop a paradigm model of sustainable development of sports tourism in Iran based on upstream documents. The study is fundamental and exploratory, which was performed by documentary method and qualitative content analysis using grounded theory method. The content analysis started with the constitution and 9 upstream documents were analyzed until the subject saturation was reached. Axial coding formed 319 open codes, 83 sub-categories and 26 main categories, and the formation of a communication network between them determined the central phenomenon, causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, strategies and consequences. The sustainable development of sports tourism was chosen as the central phenomenon and the model was compiled by communicating with other main categories. Causal conditions including the independence of the government budget from public wealth and anthropological foundations, background conditions including social considerations, stakeholder participation, policy and planning and resistance economy, intervening conditions including desirable governance, Iranian-Islamic culture and identity, national and international solidarity, financing, The structure of society, sense of place and attention to historical requirements were in development. Strategies include marketing, infrastructure development of welfare and accommodation services, transportation management, management of sports tourism facilities and businesses, environmental management, management and training of tourism human resources, protection of sports tourism resources, and management of science, technology and innovation. And the outcomes included "sustainability of environment, natural resources and energy", development of peace, balanced development, and well-being of the host community. The developed model can be implemented using legal protection.

This descriptive survey study was conducted to investigate the role of e-sports in the behavior of consumers of sports goods in Iran in the statistical population of people over 18 years in sports and e-sports groups. Sampling was done from Tehran and Ahvaz by random sampling method. A research questionnaire was designed based on two questionnaires of Badrinarayanan et al. (2015) and Abbasi, Asif et al. (2020) on the subject of consumer behavior in the sports and e-sports market and was distributed using Google Form, which obtained 229 correct questionnaires. Data were analyzed by Smart PLS and SPSS software.The results showed that the tendency to e-sports has a significant effect on the intention to buy (β = 0.515) and word of mouth (β = 0.118) sports goods, between the tendency to e-sports and the intention to buy oral supplements. (R = 0.185), match tickets (r = 0.225), sports magazines (r = 0.179), sports websites (r = 0.236), radio programs (0.232 r = and TV programs (r = 0.193) There is a positive and significant relationship, but a significant relationship with the purchase of shoes (r = 0.123), clothing (r = 0.100), equipment (0.047 = r), club membership (r = 0.005) and sports science training (r = 0.003) were not seen.E-sports are involved in sports marketing as elements of location and promotion. Sports marketers can develop their sports products market by introducing brands in key moments and creating a platform for communication with e-sports players.

The purpose of this study is to survey the policy of the tourism industry in the development documents of the Islamic Republic of Iran with emphasis on sports tourism. For this purpose, among the development documents of the country, eight development documents that are currently valid and current were purposefully selected as a sample. Data were collected by documentary method and then analyzed qualitatively. The results showed that in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the vision of the Islamic Republic of Iran on the horizon of 1404, the comprehensive scientific map of the country and general policies of science and technology, tourism, sports tourism and their meanings are not mentioned. Tourism, sports tourism and their related meanings have been considered in the general policies of the Sixth Development Plan, the Sixth Economic, Social and Cultural Development Plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Basic Islamic-Iranian Model of Progress and increasing the importance of tourism for policy makers ultimately leads to codification of A strategic document for the development of tourism in Iran. After the announcement of the general policies of the Sixth Development Plan, the tourism policy and sports tourism of the Islamic Republic of Iran have undergone evolution and subsequent documents give the great importance to this industry. However, it seems that in order to achieve the desired result, the implementation of policies related to tourism and sports tourism should be continuously emphasized and evaluated.

The aim of this study was to explore the effect of natural sport attractions on developing sport tourism in Hormozgan province from sport and tourism experts’ viewpoint. This research followed a descriptive method, which was done in a field study. Data were collected from three groups (n=167): 1. Tourism experts of cultural inheritance and tourism organization (n=19), 2. Experts of active travel agencies in the field of tourism (n=60), and 3.  Sport experts of eight sport boards (mountaineeringm, boating, swimming, horse riding, cycling, hunting, track and field, general sports (n=88). We used stratified sampling to choose the experts. Data was collected through a researcher-made questionnaire, validity of which was confirmed by experts and its reliability was 0.93 done by Cronbach Alpha. The results showed that “attractions related to water treatment (load=0.84), "attractions related to hinking and ecotourism (load=0.76), “attractions related to shore, water and summer sports (load=0.73)” are the most important in sport tourism development in Hormozgan province. In addition, from the exprets’ viewpoint participated in this study, local sports like camel riding are among special and local abilities of this province.

Hormozgan Province, located in the south and neare the warm waters of the Persian Gulf on the one hand and having a variety of natural attractions, historical, tourism, climate diversity and economic potential on the other hand is a good place for attracting tourists and investing entrepreneurs. Tourism industry is a user industry and The perpuos of this study was the Role of Sports Tourism on the Development of Enterepreneurship in the Hormozgan Province (Focus on beaches and Water Sports). The method of this study was descriptive and survey with the practical purpose. The statistical population was include all Cultural Heritage and Tourism organization experts, Science and Technilogy park experts, native professors and MA of physical educations, Yoth and sports Department experts and Travel agencies employee. Valuom of statistical population was estimated 332 people. Samples were selected through randomaly targeted. Valoum of sample was calculated by Morghan table and it indicated 175 people. The measurement tool in this research was researcher- designed questioner. The final questionnaire's face validity was approved by experts. Cronbach s Alfa coefficient was calculated 0/88. For data analysis used Leven test, Kolmogrov Smirnov test and Linear Regresstion. The resulrs shwoed that, sport tourism development can be strong predictor for enterpernership development. Which shows the degree of variability in the development of tourism industry on entrepreneurship development in Hormozgan province. So develop ment of beach infrastructures for sport tourism development can be lead to enterpernership and reduc the number of jobless in Hormozgan Provience.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors influencing the mistakes of referees of League 1 and Iranian Premier League. The research method of this study was survey and purposeful. The statistical population of this study consisted of all the referees of Iranian Football League 1 and Premier League in 2019-20 (N = 165). The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was calculated by exploratory factor analysis and its reliability by Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.93). One-sample t-test and repeated measures analysis of variance were used to analyze the data using SPSS software. The results showed that except for the environmental factor, other factors including: individual, educational, managerial and economic, had a significant effect on the errors of referees of League One and Premier League and also these components had significant differences with each other. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that: By controlling the physical and mental status of the referees, conducting more training and justification sessions throughout the season, adjusting the referees' rights to the whole world and paying it on time and using managers. Sport and training in the field of refereeing of Iranian football can create conditions that are less likely to see the referees' mistakes in judging and referees to reach the desired level of referees day by day.

Radiofrequency (RF) and laser are minimally invasive methods that are used to treat mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) and vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA). The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of RF and laser on UI and VVA in Iranian menopausal women.

Two hundred and forty women participated in this randomized clinical trial, including those who referred to Valiasr hospital, Tehran, Iran and underwent MUI and VVA treatments in 2018. Participants were randomly divided into the RF (n=80), laser (n=80), and placebo (n=80) groups. Before and after the intervention, UI was assessed using the International Consultation on Incontinence. Finally, pelvic organ prolapse/urinary incontinence sexual questionnaire, vaginal health index (VHI), and visual analog score were used to determine sexual satisfaction.

VVA symptoms decreased in RF and laser groups after the intervention although changes in the RF group were more compared to the laser group (15.813 vs. 10.075, P<0.001). Contrarily, VHI improved in RF and laser groups after the intervention although changes in the RF group were more remarkable in comparison with the laser group (10.425 vs. 2.231, P<0.001). Based on the results, MUI symptoms decreased after the intervention in RF and laser groups although changes in the laser group were not significant (P <0.149). Eventually, emotional behaviors in the RF group improved after the intervention (P=0.04) although changes in the laser group were not significant.

In general, a greater reduction was observed in the RF group regarding MUI and VVA symptoms compared to the laser group. In addition, using the RF method for the treatment of the genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM)symptoms had significantly greater effects on the improvement of the quality of life and sexual satisfaction of menopausal women compared to laser therapy. Thus, RF seems to be an effective and acceptable non-surgical method for the treatment of UI and VVA.

The purpose of this study is model designing for empowering indicators of physical education training based on the modern educational technology. the research method was qualitative based on the Ground Theory of Strauss and Corbin's approach to design a paradigmatic model of empowering indicators of physical education. The statistical population of this study was all masters with associate professor degrees, and the statistical sample was selected on the theoretical saturation. The reserch tool was a semi-structured interview, which was used to collect data by 18 experts viewpoint in the physical education field. the output of the research was a paradigmatic model of the empowering indicators of physical education training that was consisting of causal, pivotal, intervening conditions, strategies and outcomes. Codes mentioned in the first stage of coding are open coding in several concepts such as academic honor, educational facilities, educational content, educational evaluation system, educational management system, educational planning, student-related factors, masters -related factors. Also in the second stage of coding, pivotal coding was identified with the educational empowerment factors and sub-levels such as individual, managerial, and professional. Finally, for effective educational strategies, it was found that many of the educational empowerment factors in physical education need to be sought at the three individual, intermediate, and macro levels.

Hymenoplasty (restoration of virginity), although in itself is not forbidden from the jurisprudential point of view, but its use is acceptable only to a limited extent due to improper preliminaries and incidentals and leading to corruptions such as mixing of parentages, etc. In many cases, including the prohibition of hymenoplasty with the intention of falsifying and concealing past truths, there is a consensus, and in some cases, such as the case where the lack of virginity is due to voluntary adultery, but the perpetrator is not well-known to commit adultery, if she has not repented Hymenoplasty is forbidden according to the Ahl al-Sunnah</em>, while in the view of Shiite jurisprudence, if the lack of virginity is due to the desire to commit adultery and insistence on it, hymenoplasty is forbidden for her, which indicates two different views on the permission or impermissibility of hymenoplasty. The reason for the divergence of opinions in this regard can be considered as citing a group of jurisprudential rules such as Osr </em>and Haraj</em> (hardship), urgency and no harm. This study suggests that hymenoplasty is not strictly prohibited, but is conditionally permitted.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the environmental and organizational factors affecting the aggression and violence of the volleyball spectators in Iran. The statistical society and also the number of samples of the organizers of the competition and the staff of the Premier League volleyball teams of Iran in 95 and 96 was 149 in total. A researcher-made questionnaire of 46 questions was used. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 15 supervisors of sport management and construct validity with confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated in a preliminary study with 30 subjects and with Cronbach's alpha 0.88. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods such as Bartlett's test, KMO, confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory factor analysis with variation of rotation using SPSS and AMOS software were used. According to the Friedman test, the Xi value of 005/17 with the degree of freedom 3 and the significance level of 001/0 with 95% confidence can be stated that there is a significant difference between the priority of the factors affecting the abnormal behaviors of volleyball spectators and among the environmental factors Accordingly, three factors of status, safety and security, and welfare services are among the priorities of three factors, and three factors are the sensitivity of the competition, culture and planning, and the implementation of the competition as an effective component of the aggression and violence of volleyball spectators in Iran, and the need for management Explains the correctness of the tournament.

Rainfall is one of the most important environmental factors affecting the density and canopy cover percentage of plant species, erosion, and natural hazard status and its measurement is important for achieving appropriate water management. Satellite products have been introduced as an alternative method for ground-based measurements due to inaccessibility of some areas such as arid, semi-arid and mountainous areas and lack of temporal and spatial rainfall data. This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of PERSIANN and PERSIANN-CDR satellite products to measure monthly and annual rainfall in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province in time span of 2010 and 2016, using correlation coefficient, root means square error and relative bias. Results showed that PERSIANN-CDR yielded the highest correlation coefficient, lowest RMSE and lowest relative bias in both monthly and annual scales. Estimations of rainfall by both PERSIANN and PERSIANN-CDR products were more accurate in monthly scale compared to annual scale. The correlation coefficient of PERSIANN monthly and annual rainfall respectively were 0.833 and 0.465. These correlations for PERSIANN-CDR were 0.877 and 0.641, and statistically significant for monthly and annual rainfall data, respectively. Due to limited numbers of rainfall gauges and inappropriate distribution and their importance in watershed runoff studies, drought and vegetation studies, and using satellite rainfall products with high spatial and temporal coverage can be considered as a suitable data source in climate studies, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran.

There is a corolation between meta-cognitive beliefs and psychological adaptability. The subjects with adaptability beliefs have more soci-psyclogical adaptability. Diabetes has a negative impact on the quality of life. Therefore, this study was done to determine the relationship between meta-cognitive beliefs and adaptability with quality of life in type 2 of diabetic patients. This descriptive correlation study was done on 100 type 2 diabetic patients (60 males, 40 females) whom refered to association of diabetes center in Tehran, Iran during 2016. They were selected by network sampling method. Data collection was done by Wales and Cartwright Hatton (2004) Meta-cognitive beliefs, Bell's (1961) adjustment and ware and quality of life (1996) questionnaires. There was a positive and significant relationship between metacognitive beliefs (r=0.756) with quality of life (P<0.05). In addition, there was a significant relationship between adaptability (r=-0.917) with quality of life (P<0.05). The results of sub-scales of metacognitive beliefs showed that the strongest predictor of adjustment and quality of life is the component of positive beliefs about worry, and then the components beliefs about superstition, punishment and responsibility associated with worry and beliefs about uncontrollability of worrying and about the dangers of failing to control worrying, respectively, had a good predictor role.the severity of diabetes significantly reduced the qulity of life (P<0.05). Metacognitive beliefs and compatibility can affect the quality of life in diabetic patients.

The method used in this study in terms of purpose, applied, and the method is descriptive and correlational. The population of the study researchers, including futsal players is the province in 2014, Considering the inclusion criteria (League Division One, Two and Continuous the team for one year training) number of 87 people, According to the limited number of population of the entire population as a whole number and the number is equal to 87, The data collected and analyzed 81 questionnaires were analyzed. Through questionnaires Kyslak (2004), and bass (1947) data were collected. Sports identity and gender role equal to the 0/89 reliability with 0/95 through Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated.Finally, through Kendall correlation coefficient and regression analysis were done. Check hypotheses through Kendall's correlation test showed that the main hypothesis was confirmed and between athletic identity and gender roles in professional futsal players, men and women there is a significant relation of Hormozgan. The results showed that the hypothesis of divergence between dimensions (social identity, exclusion) with professional futsal players, male and female gender roles in the province there is a significant relationship. But the dimensions (personal identity and negative emotionality) with professional futsal players, male and female gender roles in the province there is no significant relationship. Finally, based on the results of regression, social identity and personal identity positively predict the variations in gender roles(P0/05).

This study aimed to evaluate Naja personnel performance in general department of physical education based on the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) between years of 2015-2016. The research was descriptive - inferential. The target populations were 143 formal and contracted personnel of physical education department in Iran. To gather the data, a researcher-made questionnaire was used by previously similar researches consisted of 32 questions with Likert scale. kolmograph-smironov and one sample t-tests were used. One-sample t-test results showed that unlike three other elements (growth and learning, customer, and internal processes), financial component in hypothetical situation was less than favorable average. There was a significant difference between the current and desired status means (t = -3/36, p

In order to achieve more success in the Bachelor of Science in the discipline of nursing education in Iran and identify its weaknesses and strengths, comparative studies and utilization of successful universities’ strategies and experiences are necessary. The present research compares the curricula of undergraduate nursing education in Iran and 8 selected universities from America, Europe, Australia, and Asia. The universities were compared in terms of student selection methods, mission and objective, general structure, program length, educational content, teaching and learning methods, educational strategies, role of graduates, and evaluation methodologies. This was a descriptive-comparative study. In the present study, 8 renowned and innovative nursing schools were selected through purposeful sampling method. The important components and indices of nursing curricula of the 8 nursing schools in America, Europe, Australia, and Asia were analyzed. Then, each studied item was compared between the selected nursing schools and nursing schools of Iran. Practical suggestions were made to improve the quality of the nursing curriculum in Iran in terms of improvement of each studied item. The research model used in this study was the Beredy model that identified the 4 stages of description, interpretation, proximity, and comparison in comparative studies. The general objectives and educational contents in all curricula of the examined nursing schools were to some extent similar. However, the establishment and development of the contents and the method, extent, and type of addressing them were different. These differences created different contents. Moreover, despite the many similarities in training and evaluation techniques, many differences depending on the level and purpose of the program were observed. It seems that although the nursing curriculum in Iran does not hold a dissatisfactory position in comparison with the other studied curricula, in order to resolve the flaws, items like goals selection, student selection methods, research, teaching and evaluation (theory and performance) methodologies need to be reviewed and revised.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of metformin and flutamide alone or in combination with anthropometric indices and laboratory tests of obese/overweight PCOS women under hypocaloric diet. This single blind clinical trial was performed on 120 PCOS women. At the beginning, hypocaloric diet was recommended for the patients. After one month while they were on the diet, the patients were randomly divided in 4 groups; metformin (500 mg, 3/day), flutamide (250 mg, 2/day), combined, metformin (500 mg, 3/day) with flutamide (250 mg, 2/day) and finally placebo group. The patients were treated for 6 months. Anthropometric indices and laboratory tests (fasting and glucose-stimulated insulin levels, lipid profile and androgens) were measured. A one-way ANOVA (Post Hoc) and paired t-test were performed to analyze data. A p≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. After treatment, reduction in weight, BMI, hip circumference was significantly greater in the metformin group in comparison to other groups (p<0.05). In addition, the fasting insulin was significantly greater in metformin group and flutamide group in comparison to metformin flutamide and placebo groups after treatment (p<0.05). Within groups, insulin level showed significant changes (before and after treatment) in metformin flutamide group and LDL reduction was significant in flutamide group before and after treatment. Post hoc tukey and two-tailed with p≤0.05 were used to define statistical significance. Using combination of metformin and flutamide improves anthropometric indices and laboratory tests in obese/overweight PCOS women under hypocaloric diet.

According to Mulla Sadra, the right path that prophets have walked through is the true monotheism, which is based on the two principles of ‘unity in plurality’ and ‘plurality in unity’. For monotheists at that level of monotheism, people are not the veil of God and God is not the veil of people. In his works, Mulla Sadra tries to explain this right path with the maxim: ‘The ultimately simple is all things and is not any one of them’; the theme whose origins can be traced back to Plotinus and Ibn Arabi and his followers who have discussed it by interpretations such as ‘the plurality in unity’. In Ibn Arabi’s mysticism, God is the absolute being and the absolute being does not leave any space for the other, even in a dependent or related form of existence. This issue that is known as ‘personal unity of being’ has had the opportunity to be explained by Mulla Sadra. By expressing the well known saying that understanding the personal unity of being necessitates a level of understanding which exceeds the level of intellect, Mulla Sadra claims that he has been subjected to divine grace and that he has understood the personal unity of being at the level of intellect and has brought forward arguments for his claim in his works. The present article aims at stating the base of the ultimately simple and explaining it through two statements of ‘analogical unity’ and ‘personal unity of existence’. An effort is made to adjust this maxim to the Sufis’ sayings and to find the similarities and differences.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of lordotic and kyphotic deformities among different age groups. 349 subjects (male and female) from three different classes of age, namely, the adolescent (n=141), the young (n=114) and the adult (n=94) participated in this study. Flexi curve ruler and the Cobb method were used to measure the spinal column curves and determine the angles, respectively. The obtained data were statistically analyzed by Chi-square method. the prevalence of lower back deformities among the aforementioned age groups was as follows: normal subjects; 34.1%, flat back; 10.6%, lordosis; 25.8% and hyperlordosis; 29.5%. These amounts were significantly different (P≤0/05). Adolescents had the highest prevalence of lordosis (42%) which was significantly different from the prevalence of this deformity in the young and adult groups (P≤0/05). With regard to the gender of subjects, the highest and lowest prevalence of lordosis were observed among female adolescents and adults respectively (22.3% vs. 11.9%). lordosis and hyperlordosis was the most prevalent among the young (38.8%) and adult (, 48.7%) females. There were not significant differences between all groups (P>0/05). The results of present study also showed that the prevalence of spinal deformities including, flat back (3.4%), kyphosis (27.2%) and hyperkyphosis (14.1%) and the differences between them were significant (P≤0/05). There were not significant differences in kyphosis between adolescent (29.85%), young (29.85%) and adult (40.3%) subjects (P>0/05). Adult men have the highest prevalence of kyphosis (31.9%) which was significantly difference from the other groups (P≤0/05). we concluded that the highest prevalence of lordosis belonged to adolescent women and adults had the highest prevalence of kyphosis. In advanced countries, screening tests are conducted to determine the prevalence of deformities and then, according to the resultant data, the most appropriate program is chosen to prevent occurrence of deformities in future. Therefore, administrating such tests in our own country and among all age groups seems to be an appropriate action for prevent more and complex deformities in the elderly age

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of kyphosis disorders in students. Five hundred and two students in three levels including primary (99 girls, 99 boys) guidance (47 girls, 57 boys), and high schools (100 girls, 100 boys) participated in this study. Frontal Cobb angle was measured by flexi curve ruler. Data were analyzed by chi square. After collecting the data, subjects were classified in 4 categories includeing flat back, normal, kyphosis, and hyperkyphosis. In all 256 boys, 2% had flat back (2%), normal (76.6%), kyphosis (21.4%) and in 256 girls (4.5%), showed flat Bach, flat back normal (80%), kyphosis (15%), but there were significant differences between their disorders (P > 0.05). There was significant difference between boy and girls in elementary school (P < 0.05). In guidance and high school boy and girls, there were significant differences between their spinal deformities (flat back, normal and kyphosis). We concluded that reducing improper habits and familiarized the children with proper way of carrying her or his bags and performing proper activities such as sitting, sleeping and also participated in regular training, can reduces the risk of spinal deformities.