mahrokh dehghani

The aim of this study was to determine the role of satisfaction with education and hope in education in predicting academic adjustment of physical education students. The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the study consisted of all undergraduate students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in the academic year 2020-2021, from which 116 students were selected as a sample using stratified random sampling. Student satisfaction questionnaire, study hope questionnaire and detailed adaptation questionnaire were used to collect data. Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to analyze the data.Findings showed that there is a significant positive relationship between education satisfaction and study expectation and its dimensions with students' academic adjustment.The results of regression analysis also revealed that approximately 37% of the total variance of academic adjustment can be predicted based on satisfaction with education and hope for education, with the variable of satisfaction with education having a larger share.Therefore, it can be concluded that education satisfaction and study expectation are variables related to students' academic adjustment.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between academic optimism and Academic self-regulation with help-seeking in Athlete students.

The research method was descriptive correlational. The statistical population of the study consisted of all Athlete students of Ardebil in the academic year of 2019-2020. That 186 students were selected using stratified sampling method. To collect data, Tschannen-Moran, et al. Academic optimism questionnaire, Savari and Arabzade Academic self-regulation questionnaire and Ryan & Pintrich help-seeking questionnaire were used. The obtained data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis.

The findings showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between academic optimism and academic self-regulation with help-seeking (P<0.01). The results of regression analysis also revealed that help-seeking are able to predict 0.47 of changes in help-seeking a positive direction.

  Therefore, to increase the level of academic vitality, we can pay attention to the variables of between academic optimism and academic self-regulation.

The performance reduction of proprioceptive and plantar pressure and lower limb muscles lead to balance loss. Using interventions such as braces and orthoses can assist postural control and improve sensation in these receptors. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the simultaneous use of knee braces and foot orthoses on postural control in male and female older adults during walking.

The present study was of a semi-experimental. The statistical population includes the older adults of Ardabil city and the statistical sample consist of 30 older adults (including 15 women and 15 Men). The interventions used in this study include a support knee brace with restriction of knee movements, a type of foot orthosis along with simultaneous use of both of them. Center of pressure was recorded using a Bertec force plate. The statistical analysis was done using two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures at the significance level of 0.05.

The value of the maximum displacement of the center of pressure in the medio-lateral direction during walking with a brace and orthosis increased significantly by 20.68% compared to walking without a brace (P=0.011). The main effect of group for maximum displacement of the center of pressure was significant (P=0.003). Paired wise comparison demonstrated statistically greater maximum displacement of the center of pressure in the male group than that female group.

Considering the disruption of balance in the older adults, braces and orthoses can prevent these people from reducing posture control, balance disturbance, and falling after that by creating a positive potential for these people.

The purpose of this study is to develop a model of marketing strategies on brand loyalty among consumers of Iranian sports goods with the mediating role of viral advertising. The present study is based on purpose, of a fundamental type; The method of doing it is combined (qualitative and quantitative) and of the type (exploratory and descriptive-survey) which is the method of data collection in the form of library-field. The statistical population of this study consists of two parts: through research snowball sampling method and based on in-depth interviews, research data were collected. Fifteen experts in the sporting goods industry were interviewed and the most important indicators in the model of marketing strategies on brand loyalty were extracted. In the second part of the study, a questionnaire was distributed among 384 consumers of sports goods and to determine the relative importance of model variables and analyze the results, exploratory and confirmatory analysis methods were used. The results of data analysis showed that marketing strategies with the mediating role of viral advertising affect brand loyalty among consumers of Iranian sports goods. The value of t-statistic related to the paths is greater than 1.96 and it can be said that the relevant path is significant at the 95% confidence level. Thus, marketing strategy on viral advertising with a value of t (7.63), viral advertising on brand loyalty with a value of t (8.75), marketing strategy on brand loyalty with a value of t (15.50).

Gene polymorphisms are related to athletic performance. Angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism is essential in identifying talent and guiding adolescents to appropriate sports.

The aim was to investigate the relationship between the angiotensin gene and endurance performance of novice adolescent wrestlers in Ardabil.

Subjects were 15 Amateur adolescent wrestlers in Ardabil (age: 13.07±1.53 years, height: 164.60±10.68 cm, weight: 60.14±6.32 kg, BMI: 22.22±4.98 kg/m2) with three-year wrestling. Chest and thigh muscle endurance, abdominal fat percentage and cardiovascular endurance, chest press, and squat muscle endurance were measured. ACE polymorphism was determined using tetra-ARMs polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and compared direct DNA sequencing in salivary samples. Chi-square and ANOVA were used to compare frequencies and their relationship with performance indicators.

ACE DD genotype frequency was higher in novice adolescent wrestlers, and there was a significant difference between ACE polymorphism frequency (P=0.008). There was a significant difference between ACE genotype distribution with endurance performance of pectoral and triceps (P=0.004) muscles, body composition (P=0.0001), and Vo2max (P=0.0001). There was a significant difference between body composition and Vo2max of Amateur adolescent wrestlers with ACE DD (P=0.0001), ACE II (P=0.0001), and between body composition and Vo2max with ACE II (P=0.0001), ACE DD (P=0.0001), and ACE ID (P=0.0001). In body composition, ACE II was significantly higher compared to ACE DD (P=0.0001) and compared to ACE ID (P=0.0001). Also, in Vo2max, ACE II was significantly higher compared to ACE DD (P=0.0001) and compared to ACE ID (P=0.0001).

Findings showed the superiority of ACE DD polymorphism and its relationship with the endurance performance of novice adolescent wrestlers in Ardabil. ACE DD polymorphism is probably essential in wrestler success. Other research with more subjects and other genes is important.

Nonlinear methods in physical education is a new idea that covers all the disadvantages of the traditional method and is effective for learning and implementation based on the results of studies compared to the linear method. However, it is not clear how much this method is used by trainers in Iran. This study sought to determine what kind of method (linear / non-linear) instructors use for training. Therefore, 15 expert trainers were selected by available method and interviewed by semi-structured method. The study and determination of linear or non-linear methods was based on the differences between linear and non-linear methods and the results showed based on the interview of trainers and taking into account the target categories, repetition, pattern, description, variability, feedback and instructions. The educators studied in this study use the linear method in education. The results of this study show that the university environment and practice in the field of education are separate and emphasizes that specialists in nonlinear methods should raise the awareness of sports coaches by holding training workshops and increasing knowledge. Also, the use of physical education graduates in the field of coaching and as teachers of federations may be helpful in this regard.

 One of the treatment methods in the old age is to strengthen the sensory inputs. This study aims to evaluate the effect of knee brace on the electric activity of selected lower limb muscles during walking in older adults.

 The is a quasi-experimental and laboratory study. Participants were 30 older adults, 15 females (Mean age=62.66±3.84 years, mean height= 159.93±0.02 cm, mean weight= 73.86±11.56 kg, body mass index=28.82±4.17 kg/m2) and 15 males (Mean age= 68.93±5.88 years, mean height=175.07±0.03 cm, mean weight= 81.20±11.07 kg, body mass index= 26.44±3.19 kg/m2). The intervention was the use of a type of brace by restricting knee flexion and extension movements or knee support. Electromyography (EMG) data were analyzed in DataLITE and MATLAB applications using two-way ANOVA with repeated measures, and considering the significance level at P<0.05.

 The effects of braces on the electric activity of tibialis anterior, semitendinosus and erector spinae muscles were significantly different in the loading response, mid-stance, push-off and swing phases of walking. The effect of group on the electric activity of anterior tibialis and biceps femoris muscles in the loading response phase and for gastrocnemius medialis and biceps femoris muscles in the push-off and swing phases were significantly different. The interaction effect of group and brace was significant on the electric activity of the gastrocnemius and vastus medialis muscles in the push-off phase, and on the electric activity of the vastus lateralis and semitendinosus muscles in the swing phase.

 The knee brace improves the electric activity of selected muscles during walking in older adults. However, further studies are needed to prove this claim.

 Today, academic deception is one of the most important challenges in educational environments which is defined as a set of behaviors based on deception to achieve academic outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of academic ethics and academic help seeking in prediction of academic deception of student-athletes during the Covid-19 outbreak.

 The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the study consisted of all 653 student-athletes in Ardabil, from which 242 people were selected as a sample using stratified random sampling. Academic ethics questionnaire, academic help seeking questionnaire and academic deception questionnaire were used to collect data. Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to analyze the data.

Ethical Considerations: 

Participants' verbal consent was obtained and they were assured about confidentiality of information.

 Findings showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between academic ethics and its components and academic help seeking and its components with academic deception. The results of regression analysis also revealed that approximately 51% of the total variance of academic deception is predictable based on academic ethics and academic aid seeking, with the academic ethics variable having a larger share.

 Based on the findings, it can be concluded that academic ethics and academic help seeking are variables related to reducing the rate of academic deception in students.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of marketing strategies on brand loyalty in sporting goods. This study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of the nature was correlation research that was conducted through a survey. The statistical population of this study included all consumers of Iranian sports goods in Tabriz sport shops. Since the size of population was not known, the sample size was 384 for unknown communities based on Krejcie and Morgan table. In this study, standard questionnaires were used as data collection tool. Porterchr('39')s Strategy Questionnaire (1999), containing 27 questions about Porterchr('39')s three competing strategies (differentiation, focus, and cost leadership) and the standard Brand Loyalty Questionnaire (Mahmoudi Et al, 2015), which includes two components of behavioral and attitude loyalty, with a total of 15 questions. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was verified by the opinion of eleven experts in the fields of sports management and business management. The reliability of the questionnaire was obtained by using Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient in the variable of marketing strategies 0.87 and for brand loyalty 0.85. The results showed that concentration) CR=13.96( and leadership) CR=7.21(  strategies at high-intensity and differentiation) CR=8.11(  strategy with moderate intensity influenced brand loyalty. The results showed that cost-focused and high-intensity leadership strategies and differentiation strategies influenced on brand loyalty. According to the research results, managers of Iranian companies can attract and retain their consumers more effectively by creating a desire between its products and foreign brands and by using the cultural and national capacities of the country, as well as leading in costs and using new pricing methods, etc.

Training of elastic walking is a new method for elasticity in gait and correction of the distribution pattern of plantar pressure in patients with low back pain during gait. This study aimed to investigate the distribution pattern of plantar pressure during gait in women with low back pain following 8 weeks-training of elastic walking.

The present study was quasi-experimental. In this research, 20 women with low back pain were divided into control (n=11) and experimental (n=9) groups. Subjects from the experimental group performed elastic gait training for 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks while the control group didn’t have any exercise program. The plantar pressure variables included the peak of vertical ground reaction forces, the time to peak of ground reaction forces, loading rate, the peak of plantar pressure on the ten foot regions, the peak of ground reaction forces on the ten foot regions, and displacement of the pressure center in two internal-external (copx) and anterior-posterior (copy) lines. The distribution pattern of plantar pressure during gait was recorded by a foot scan system (Sampling rate 300 Hz) in pre-training and post-training. Two-way ANOVA was used to analyze the data. The significance level was set at P < 0.05.

In the experimental group, the results of this study demonstrated lower peak vertical reaction force (FzMS component) during post-test compared with pre-test (P = 0.002). Moreover, findings showed that the main effect of group on peak pressure in the mid-foot region was significant (P = 0.011). The results showed no significant difference concerning the main effect of group, the main effect of time and effect, interaction time and group on peak vertical reaction force, displacement of pressure center, vertical loading rate, and walking stance time (P > 0.05).

The findings of this study showed that training of elastic walking does not have a significant effect on stance time. Also, training of elastic walking in the experimental group reduced the peak vertical ground reaction force (FzMS component) during the post-test compared with the pre-test that can correct the walking pattern and improve the chronic low back pain.

Using textured insoles in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) individuals could be effective during walking. This factor is a major cause to change the frequency spectrum of ground reaction forces during walking. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of texture insoles on the frequency spectrum of ground reaction forces in children with ASD during walking.

A quasi-experimental study was conducted on children with Autism Spectrum Disorder selected via available sampling. A total of 10 girls with ASD participated in the present study with the age range of 7-8 years old. A foot scan system (sampling rate: 300Hz) was used to assess frequency spectrum of ground reaction forces during walking with and without textured insoles and bare foot condition. Repeated measures ANOVA was used for statistical analyses.

The results did not show any significant difference in the frequency spectrum of ground reaction forces in the vertical direction, hallux 1, and toes 2-5 among the three conditions of bare foot, shoe, and LP insole (p>0.05). Also, the number of essential harmonies in the third metatarsal during insole condition was lower than that for bare foot condition by 29.32% (p=0.044, d= 1.13).  In addition, the number of essential harmonies of the fifth metatarsal during insole condition was lower than that of shoe condition by 27.19% (p= 0.031, d=1.33).

The present study showed that the use of textured insole reduced the number of essential harmonics in the fifth metatarsal as compared to shoe walking and, therfore, could be recommended for the blind. However, it did not show any significant effect on most of the frequency spectral variables.  Yet, further study is warranted.

Walking and running frequency domain analysis of ground reaction forces are associated with injuries. Comparison of frequency domain analysis of ground reaction forces could be useful in rehabilitation of low back patients. The objective of this study was to investigate frequency domain of ground reaction forces during running in patients with low back pain compared to healthy control ones.

This study was a semi-experimental. The statistical sample of the present study include forty males that divided into a healthy control group (n=20) and a group of patients with low back pain (n=20). A foot scan system (sampling rate: 300 Hz) was used for measuring ground reaction forces in ten regions of the foot during running. Independent sample t-test was used for statistical analysis. Alpha level was set at p<0.05.

The frequency content with power 99.5% in the Toe 1 region in low back patients group was significantly greater that that healthy group by 50% (P=0.017). Also, the frequency content with power 99.5% in the Toe 1-5 region in low back patients group was significantly lower than that healthy group (P=0.007). Number of essential harmonics in forth metatarsal in low back patients group was greater than that healthy ones (P=0.049).

Patients with low back pain had lower running speed than that healthy ones and therefore lower values of most of the components of the frequency may be due to the guarded gait mechanism in these patients. This altered running speed and lower frequency content is suggestive of a lower mechanical efficiency of running in patients with low back pain.

The purpose of this study was to predict academic vitality based on perception of learning environment and hope for employment in physical education students. The research method was descriptive correlational. The statistical population of the study consisted of all physical education students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in the academic year of 1389-99. 210 students were selected using available sampling method. To collect data, Sweeney, Sorensen and Commission learning environment questionnaire, Qureshi Rad employment hope questionnaire and Dehghanizadeh and Hossein Chari academic vitality questionnaire were used. The obtained data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. The findings showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between perception of learning environment and employment hope with students' academic vitality. The results of regression analysis also revealed that perceptions of learning environment and hope for employment are able to predict 0.33 of changes in academic life in a positive direction. Therefore, it can be concluded that perceptions of learning environment and hope for employment are important variables related to students' academic vitality.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of school sport spaces on electromyography activity of lower limb and erector spinae muscles during running in students.Fifteen students with an age range between 10 to 14 years from schools with suitable sport facilities and fifteen students with the same age range from schools with inappropriate sport spaces. A wireless electromyography system with 8 pairs of bipolar surface electrodes (sample rate: 2000 Hz) was used to record the electromyography activity of back and lower limb muscles during running. The results showed that during the loading response phase, median frequency of the tibialis anterior (p=0.005, d=1.27) and medial gastrocnemius (p=0.021, d=0.93) muscles in the suitable sport facilities group were higher than that the other group by 13.45% and 38.28%, respectively. Also, during the propulsion phase, median frequency of biceps femoris muscle in the suitable sport facilities group was higher than that the other group by 28.88% (p=0.002, d=1.37). In addition, during the loading response phase, amplitude of medial gastrocnemius (p=0.024, d=0.84) and erector spinae (p=0.014, d=0.85) muscles in the suitable sport facilities group were lower than other group by 35.55% and 43.29%, respectively. The results of this study showed that students in schools with suitable sport facilities have better performance of the lower limb and erector spinae muscles while running, which reduces the chance of injury during running.

Efficient walking requires the interaction of the three sensory systems for a good maintenance of the balance. In blind people, lack of visual input can harm for walking mechanics. The aim of this study was to compare plantar pressure variables during walking with and without immediate use of textured insoles in blind subjects.

The design of the present study was self-controlled study. 12 blind men (age: 29.66±4.39 years) volunteered to participate in this study. A foot scan system (sampling rate: 300 Hz) was used for measuring plantar pressure variables during walking with and without textured insoles. Paired sample t-test was used for statistical analysis. Alpha level was set at p< 0.05.

Stance time duration did not show any significant difference between both walking with and without insole conditions (p>0.05). Results demonstrated that the medio-lateral displacement of the center of pressure during walking with insoles was lower than that walking without insoles by 35.51% (p= 0.001). First metatarsal peak plantar pressure and force during walking with insoles decreased by 25.69% (p= 0.020) and 64.30% (p= 0.004), respectively. While, peak plantar pressure in second and third metatarsals during walking with insoles increased by 20.03% (p= 0.041) and 28.9% (p= 0.023), respectively. Also, peak force in second metatarsal during walking with insoles was greater than that during walking without insoles by 19.70% (p= 0.010).

Textured insoles improved medio-lateral postural control during walking. Therefore, it could be recommended for blind individuals. However, further study is warranted.

Plantar pressure variables and their measurement and comparison can be considered as a useful tool for assessing the effectiveness of motion, especially in patients with low back pain. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of walking with internal and external attention on the balance and foot pressure patterns in patients with low back pain.
The sample of the present trial study included 15 women (Age: 22.86±1.15 years, Height: 162.53±1.54 cm, Weight: 61.06±2.42 kg) with low back pain. Plantar pressure values were recorded during normal walking, internal, and external attention walking using a foot scan system with 300 Hz sample rate. All analyses were performed using SPSS, version 22. A repeated measures ANOVA was used for statistical analysis.
The results showed an increase in the time to peak of ground reaction force values during heel-contact, mid-stance, and push-off phases in the internal attention walking compared to normal walking conditions and increased walking with internal attention compared to walking with external attention conditions. The ground reaction force and the plantar pressure peak values on the Metatarsal 2 region increased in normal walking compared to walking with internal attention conditions and increased in walking with external attention as compared to walking with internal attention conditions. The ground reaction force peak values on the lateral heel region increased in normal walking compared to internal attention walking conditions and increased in external attention walking compared to internal attention walking conditions.
Internal and external attention walking conditions do not have significant effects on stance time. Also, the loading rate of ground reaction force values decreased in internal attention walking as compared to external attention walking conditions.

The Frequency Domain analysis of Ground reaction forces is one of the mechanical parameters that play a significant role in the vulnerability of people while walking and running. The purpose of the present study was to compare the frequency domain analysis of ground reaction forces in deaf and healthy control people during running.

A quasi-experimental study was carried out on 30 males who were equally divided into a healthy group and a group with hearing loss problems (Deaf group). Peak plantar pressure variables in deaf individuals and healthy controls were recorded using a foot scan system (sample rate: 300 Hz).

The results showed that the frequency content with the number of essential harmonies in the Toe foot (p= 0.012) and foot finger 2 to 5 (p=0/035) in deaf were smaller than those of the healthy controls. Also, the frequency content with power 99.5% in the fourth metatarsal (P=0.038) and fifth metatarsal (P=0.019) in deaf were greater than those of the healthy controls. Moreover, stance time during running in deaf group was more than that of the healthy control group (p=0.032).

Stance time during running in deaf group was more than that of the healthy control group, which has the potential for injury in these people.

The study is to edit a communication model of psychological capital and work engagement with job self-efficacy as a mediation among sports and youth administration employees in Ardebil province. The study is an applied one and the research method was descriptive correlational (SEM). Statistical population of this study comprised all of Ardabil Youth and Sports Department personnels. From among this population, 145 employer were selected by using random sampling method. For data collection, psychological capital questionnaire, work engagement questionnaire and Job self-efficacy questionnaire were used. The content validity of the questionnaire was approved and realability of questionnaires Respectively 0/78, 0/88 and 0/72 is obtained. To analyze the data, spss softwar (mean, Standard Deviation, person correlation coefficient and k-s test) and LISREL saftwar were used. The results showed that direct effect of the psychological capital Job self-efficacy (0/39) on work engagement (0/36) is significant. Also, Job self-efficacy had a diredt effect on work engagement (0/25). The mediator role of Job self-efficacy in the relationship between psychological capital and work engagement was significant (0/09). Therefore, it can be concluded that psychological capital and Job self-efficacy may be taken into account as one of the important factors in work engagement