naser soltani

History is full of popular struggles against oppression and tyranny. When a government undermines the existing democratic regime and jeopardizes the constitutional order, there is a need for a mechanism to safeguard the rule of the Constitution. To address this, democratic systems worldwide have long recognized the concept of the Right to Resistance (RtR) within their constitutional laws. However, this issue has been overlooked in Iran, leading to a dearth of legal research in this area. This theoretical gap necessitates comprehensive research to advance the public law literature. This article adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to answer this question: What is the position of the RtR IN the international legal system and constitutions, particularly in the Iranian Constitution? The research findings reveal that the RtR is regarded as a fundamental human right within the international legal system. Additionally, this right has been enshrined in numerous constitutional laws due to its dual function (both forward-looking and backward-looking). In the Constitution of Iran, the right to resist can be inferred from the affirmation of "the right to sovereignty and self-determination of the people" or "enjoining the good and forbidding the evil of the people towards the government". Resistance can also be justified as a "non-peaceful assembly" and as a "guarantee of popular implementation of deprivation of rights and freedoms".

The purpose of this article is to study the orientation of the system of country divisions in Iran and the degree of alignment or mismatch of the decisions and actions taken in the country divisions with the upstream laws related to this sector. The study approach was comparative, and the research method was based on content analysis. Based on this, the city level was chosen as one of the four elements and units of the country's divisions. Despite the emphasis of the study on the ineffectiveness of the criteria specified in Iran's law of national divisions, the results show that in terms of population and density (factors emphasized in Iran's Law on Country Divisions), the decisions and actions taken in the country divisions at the city levels do not have much compliance with the frameworks and requirements of the upper laws and many of the new cities created in 2019-2021, in terms of population and density, have benefited from a smaller share than the provincial centers. Also, in the same criteria of population, density, and economic capacity, proportionality between the elements and units of country divisions in Iran is not seen with countries on the same level in these three criteria, and we see the plurality and multiplicity of country division units compared to other countries. Based on this, in the absence of efficient laws of the system of country divisions in Iran, the influence of unofficial factors on the system of country divisions has intensified, and this has created harmful effects and results such as increasing government expenses.

In order to develop settlements and areas related to the border and border corridors, as well as to establish a link between the economy of West Azerbaijan province, the regional economy and the national economy, the need to pay attention to the definition and development of border development corridors is inevitable for the realization of the future development vision. The main goal of this research is to investigate the potential and development capacities of border corridors in West Azerbaijan province.

In terms of its objectives the present study is of an applied research type and in terms of the nature and method of data collection it is a quantitative and library study. In order to check the status quo of West Azerbaijan Province, data from the statistical yearbooks of this province in 2021 and 2022 have been extracted and summarized. QSPM model has been used to present the proposed strategies, and 5 experts in this field have been employed for scoring.

The findings of this research show that the border cities of West Azerbaijan province have major weaknesses in the areas of lack of logistics towns, poor development status of the border cities of the province, weak communication and accommodation infrastructure in the border cities, the existence of regional inequalities between border and non-border cities and lack of suitable health, medical, and recreational services for bordering cities.

West Azerbaijan province needs to activate its border development corridors branching from the western corridor of the country in order to free itself from the trap of deprivation and border areas and to benefit as much as possible from the connections and links between the national economy and the international economy and to form active and dynamic logistics centers in the province. It is not through the failed strategies of developing border markets or getting caught in the ambitious plans of commercial-industrial free zones or special economic zones with minimal returns for the province's economy, but by developing the connection of the province's resources (existing and creating new capacity) with the demands, and the needs of the target international markets.

Maurice Duverger was a French political scientist and professor of constitutional law in the 1950s-1970s, and greatly influenced the intellectual climate of constitutional law and political science. His fame spread abroad throughout Europe, North America and Asia, and his books and articles became known to thinkers and students in a score of countries as diverse as Iran, the U.S., and Spain. Duverghe stood between these two academic disciplines and tried to establish a link between them. Abolfazl Qazi, a constitutional law professor at the University of Tehran undertook the task of translating some of Duverger’s books into Persian, e.g., Institutions politiques et Droit constitutionnel (Constitutional Rights and Political Institutions), and Sociologie politique (Political Sociology). He also wrote a book which was clearly and significantly influenced by the French scholar’s writings on the subject of constitutional law. Nowadays, research conducted on the history of French constitutional thought have been analyzing the negative impact of Duverger’ school of thought. The important narrative that he presented about political institutions, for example, his discussions of ‘semi-authoritarian system’ and ‘semi-parliamentarism’ has been gradually forgotten. At the end of the 1970s, a slow but significant change in political science was taking place as the result of the systematic and comprehensive use of methods and theories of sociology and history by political scientists, and the growing value of collaborative research, empirical analyses and multidisciplinary scholarly efforts to discuss and analyze issues. This change turned Maurice Duverge into a historical figure who belonged to an obsolete and pre-scientific period. This "new" political science was not exclusively interested in the same issues that were of concern for Duverge such as voting. behavior and political parties. Instead, the attention somehow turned to exploring how politics can draw inspiration from other disciplines and encourage collaboration, elaboration, and evaluation.The results of the recent studies which have critically examined Duverger’s writings might also apply to the discussions of Iranian Constitutional theory. The main objective of this article is to find suitable answers to the following research questions: a) How have Duverger's works influenced Iran’s theory of constitutional rights? and b) What consequences have these works had on research concerning constitutional rights in Iran? Using the qualitative content analysis method, the most significant works of Duverger and Abolfazl Ghazi are examined in order to answer these questions. In the research hypothesis, the author claims that Ghazi’s translations of Duverger’s books have had a negative impact on the studies of constitutional law in Iran. The main findings indicate that the studies of constitutional rights in Iran are still under the influence of Abolfazl Ghazi’s work which had been in part influenced by Maurice Duverger's thought. These studies have been diverted from the right course and have not found its way. Thus, Iranian scholars and leading experts must pay closer attention to the link between constitutional rights and political science as two imperative fields of knowledge.

Geopolitical relations are one of the types of relations between countries and political actors, which are formed based on the combination of elements of politics, power, and geography. Each of these three elements has its own role and function in the formation of geopolitical relations. The element of geography provides a platform for establishing a relationship between two or more political actors; The element of politics shapes the will of two political actors from the nature of the relationship, and finally, the element of power shows the form, pattern, nature, and attitude of the actors towards each other. What is influential and defining in geopolitical relations is the nature, quality, and how to achieve maximum benefits, which is always the goal of all political actors and the relations between them. Geopolitical relations between political actors follow different communication patterns and are formed from different forms such as interaction, competition, confrontation, conflict, dominance, and influence. These patterns are a function of how the elements of geography and politics combine and interact in the context of the time. In other words, geopolitical relations between the central, semi-peripheral, and peripheral players based on geographical sources of power or the scale and type of game are made and manifested. Therefore, the investigation of the effective components in the geopolitical relations between the power players has an important place, and in this research, the most important components and factors affecting the geopolitical relations of the actors have been calculated by using the theories and perspectives related to the geopolitical relations. And finally, a proposed model for geopolitical relations between power actors is presented.

The present study seeks to explain theoretically the factors affecting geopolitical relations between power actors. which is classified as basic research based on its purpose. Because in basic research, the goal is to discover the truth and increase human knowledge. This research provides the basis for this increase in knowledge by knowing the factors affecting geopolitical relations between power players. Identifying the factors affecting the relations of power players based on the study of 37 theories and 15 views in the fields of geopolitics, political science, and international relations have been extracted and presented. The research method of this research is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information is done using library sources. The method of data analysis is also qualitative. In order to get the opinions of the experts, the dimensions and components were counted in the form of a fuzzy Delphi panel, and an electronic questionnaire was sent to the experts using the chain collection method (snowball). The process of sending the questionnaire until reaching the agreement and theoretical saturation Three stages continued. Because the design objects in this research are large and using variables with definite values ​​is not effective in these cases; In the framework of the fuzzy Delphi method, the items reached experts' opinions through qualitative variables and then were used to convert verbal variables into triangular fuzzy numbers.

The examination of the theories and viewpoints that are effective in geopolitical relations shows that there is no complete and comprehensive view in this field despite many efforts, and in order to achieve indicators and factors that are effective in geopolitical relations Different sources and works should be put together in the form of a puzzle where each of the theories and viewpoints presented (37 theories and 15 viewpoints and a total of 52 theories and viewpoints) act as pieces of a puzzle and with understanding The main map by combining the pieces together, you can get the puzzle and the final map, which in this section is the achievement of the factors and components affecting geopolitical relations. The study of theories and approaches shows that some theories have emphasized the natural dimension of power sources, such as territorial location, etc. have mentioned Some others have considered a combination of natural and human dimensions of power sources as effective components of geopolitical relations, such as maintaining the balance of the region, etc. Some other components that are highlighted in the mentioned theories and are considered as the basis of geopolitical relations include man-made things such as obtaining special technologies, directing large news media, etc. In a way, it is possible to artificially give power to those geographical sources.

Based on this, in general, it can be said that the geopolitical components of actors are formed in the form of four dimensions with natural, human, combined, and artificial bases. Meanwhile, the relations of geopolitical actors, which are in the form of various forms such as competition, cooperation, convergence, influence, dominance, and tension, are formed and emerge based on these components. From the perspective of the viewer, this form of relationship between actors at different levels can have different effects based on the position and position of each actor. In other words, based on the geopolitical weight of the sources of power geography, the actors take different positions, which is based on the performance of the sources of power geography or its relations. In this regard, the position of actors can be leveled in the form of focal and central positions based on geographical sources of power or relationships, semi-peripheral and peripheral positions. The noteworthy point is the different and dynamic leveling of actors in such a way that an actor can be in a focal position based on geographical sources of power, but in terms of relationships in a semi-peripheral or peripheral position (such as Iraq, which is one of the five largest producing countries) is an oil producer, but has low bargaining power and relationships). Or vice versa, a country can be in a peripheral position in terms of having geographical resources of power, but in terms of relationships, it can be in a focal position (like England, which is located in a peripheral position in terms of geographical resources of fossil power, but in terms of relationships around this the source is at the center of the issues); Therefore, it can be said that the position of actors based on the geopolitical weight of their resources and performance scale can follow different patterns.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of cross-border trade on population indicators in Tamerchin border settlements in Piranshahr. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the research tool is a questionnaire. The results of one-sample t-test for the 5 main dimensions of the research showed a greater reflection of political dimensions on demographic changes in the study area with a score of 3.43. In the next categories, economic reflections with a score of 3.29, population with a score of 2.86, social with a score of 2.57, and physical with a score of 2.25 were more important, respectively. According to the results mentioned in the findings section, the development of cross-border trade in the rural settlements studied has not had a positive impact on the stabilization and population growth of these settlements and one of the reasons for this is the lack of population stabilization in these settlements, including infrastructure. , Services and welfare. But according to the results of research tests, cross-border trade has had a positive impact on the social and political components and improving the quality and mobility of life in rural areas.

In recent years, rough set theory has become one of the powerful solutions in solving the problem of artificial intelligence and data mining. But the classic version of the Raff set theory is not very suitable for discussing feature reduction in imperfect information systems. An incomplete information system refers to data tables that do not have a value in some attribute directories. Feature selection based on fuzzy rough sets is an effective approach to select the best subset of features. Fuzzy set theory and rough set theory are two distinct but complementary theories that deal with uncertainty in data. The salient features of both theories are within the scope of fuzzy rough tuning theory. This hybrid theory is useful as a potential tool for data mining, especially for feature selection. However, there are relatively few studies on incomplete data with time intervals. The purpose of this paper is to present a fuzzy set approach based on overcoming information systems with incomplete value. Since feature reduction is an NP-hard problem, a fast and effective approximation algorithm is required.. In this paper A new optimization approach known as water cycle algorithm has been used to solve this problem. The presented method was tested on the known UCI dataset. The results of the experiments show that the fuzzy rough and the proposed algorithm gave appropriate results, which is reasonable.

The main demand of Constitutionalism movement which was succeeded by the slogan of “The Court,” was the law, based on which the first work of constitutionalists was compiling laws and reestablishing the judicial courts. They also continued their former trial for establishment of legal system, and made a huge success by abolishing the Capitulation in April, 1928. Nowadays, the New Iranian Legal System is on the verge of its hundredth anniversary of establishment. During the last century, important endeavors have been made for establishment of the new legal system, one of the most brilliant and everlasting of which was compilation of civil law. The law is important because of its continuation and survival, and it is hence necessary to investigate the reasons of its success. However, in spite of such a position, Iranian Civil Law has disregarded the study of history of civil code, while it is one of the parts of civil law and a topic of interest in many law faculties around the world. Although research done by researchers of other fields is important and useful in historical and sociological viewpoints, such fields cannot explain some legal realities and subtleties; hence, it is necessary for law faculties to do the required trial for the history since no other field can fulfill this gap. The present study is done based on a legal viewpoint to compile the history of civil law and to provide lessons for Iranian Legal System.

In the catchment area of Lake Urmia in West Azerbaijan province, the development of non-agricultural and agriculture-related small production activities has been the main strategy of the government to reduce the dependence of rural livelihoods on the agricultural sector and reduce water consumption in agriculture.Referring to the studies conducted and the literature on the subject, it seems that the issue for the development and expansion of small non-agricultural activities in the villages is a problem of power relations and the inequality of abilities among the beneficiaries of these activities, which has made them unable to get the market benefits and capture the surplus value.Therefore, the purpose of this article is not to explain the lack of success and discover the cause and effect of the development and establishment of non-agricultural production activities in villages. Rather, it is to help understand the structural limitations of the development and creation of production activities by identifying and examining the pairs of power relations and the interaction forces of these pairs.

Our fieldwork was done in 2019. The main methods used in this research are in-depth interviews, document reviews, and secondary data analysis. In-depth interviews with villagers, semi-structured interviews with officials of financial institutions and entrepreneurship fund (KARA), responsible for rural small business development of Jihad Agriculture Organization, responsible for the training of technical and vocational organization, responsible for the rural economic development of West Azarbaijan Governorate, rural insurance fund, responsible for cooperation Rural, responsible for rural business development of the province's industry, mining and trade organization is.Villagers and village councils and, producers of pickles, herbal spirits, paste, and dry fruits production, some large and medium-sized companies producing similar urban products were of interest to us in the interview. During the research, we also conducted informal interviews with a number of villagers who own small workshops. Also, we examined the sixth development plan and policies for the development of household and small rural businesses of the Agricultural Jihad Organization, Department of Labor, Welfare and Social Security, Technical and Professional Organization, and Urmia Lake Restoration Headquarters.Finally, the interviews of the officials in charge of small rural businesses with news agencies were used as second-hand information in our analyses, But the questions that were raised in the interviews are: Why do you think small non-agricultural production activities related to agriculture do not develop? What is the role of the government's interests and programs in the development of urban and rural industries in the development of these activities in the villages? How do you evaluate the performance factors of financial and government institutions in the development of these activities?

The relations between small rural production activities and similar urban production factories threaten each other's interests, and there is no common interest between them. These two activities compete with each other in acquiring the market and adding value produced in the market. Small rural production activities have a relative advantage, such as high-quality raw materials, more organic production, production quality, and reasonable price compared to the production of urban industries in gaining market and benefits.According to the logic of the consumer, this advantage in the consumer market increases the ability to gain benefits and keeps the flow of market benefits for itself; But in contrast to the advantage of Urum Ada, Pakdis, Sasan Shahd, Khoshkbar il Sur, Khoshdis and Noushin Shahd industries against these activities, it is in how they relate to the government and other determinants of small rural production activities that have changed the flow of benefits; Because the strength of small rural production activities is in their nature, but urban industries have gained their strength from relationships, which play a decisive role in the distribution of market resources and benefits, and with the rents created through relationships, the most banking facilities, government incentives, opportunities They change the market created inside and outside for their own benefit and threaten small rural businesses with mechanisms such as unhygienic, traditional, bribery of regulatory organizations and non-compliance with labor laws and rural production insurance.In the network of urban consumer relations and small rural production activities, the flow of benefits is somewhat bilateral. The interests of the consumer are the quality and price of the product; considering the bad economic conditions of the consumer and the low purchasing power of the urban consumer, products with a low price are the priority of purchase, and the quality of the products is the second priority. Rural products have been produced at a relatively low price due to the elimination of many costs such as tax, insurance, labor and energy costs, and self-sufficiency of raw materials. Therefore, the consumer market has welcomed it, and it has generated good income for producers. But since these products are not a priority in the households' basket, it does not bring many benefits to the producers. On the other hand, the production of discourses on "rural products being unsanitary" by scientific centers and government institutions such as universities and health centers changes the relationship between urban consumers and rural producers in favor of industries with similar urban production in a small market and causes further contraction of the market and the interests of the villagers.The main issue in this section is to investigate how the relationship between the government and the city and the government and the village disrupts the balance of power between the city and the village and how this imbalance of power affects small rural production businesses. Apart from the relationship between the city and the village, which has always prevailed over the village in attracting human, financial capital, goods and other things, this dominance is due to the relationship between these two places with the scientific and economic elites and the government, which affects small production activities.

The ecological crisis of Lake Urmia began in 1995, and its critical state was announced in 2014. Previous studies have demonstrated that farmers and water management in agriculture sector are the main contributors to the crisis. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of neoliberalization in water financing, commodification, and privatization programs in reducing the water level of Lake Urmia.

This research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The method of data collection is also documentary and field interviews. The documents include the laws of First Plans (1990) to the Fifth (2011) of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Fair Water Distribution Acts (1982), and the Provincial Agricultural, and Water Development Documents. The documentary analysis approach corresponds to the interpretive analysis paradigm of information analysis.

What the represented results and the discussions indicate is that when politics and economics are together (as it always is today), separation becomes a neoliberal trick to restore order and self-preservation, and it causes, “The separation of the elements of water, the exploiter, the private interest from the public interest, and from each other”. In this way, by using fake tricks in the name of development and protection, it uses the environment and water resources to gain legitimacy and capital accumulation and transfers the costs of these conspiracies to the environment and the water source.

Nevertheless, it seems that the policies of structural adjustment and implementation of programs in different governments have created different "separations" and they have imposed enormous environmental costs on water resources.

One of the important points in the discussion of urban land use planning is the consideration of the location and spatial distribution of land uses, especially land uses of emergency services, with the aim of improving the efficiency of urban centers and critical facilities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution of the major hospitals in Urmia with the passive defense approach using Analytical Network Process (ANP) in GIS. Therefore, 14 hospitals in Urmia were studied according to their service radius and geographical distribution, and considering 17 effective indicators in the form of five criteria including environmental criteria, sensitive use, physical, cultural and communication criteria. The method of this study is descriptive-analytic and its nature is theoretical-practical. The results of spatial pattern analysis and zoning of criteria show that Urmia hospitals are not well dispersed and their risks is high during the crisis. Among the hospitals in Urmia, Seyed-alshohada and Milad Hospitals are in good condition, and two are razi and Omid hospitals are in a completely inappropriate condition. The remaining hospitals are also in nearly inappropriate condition.

The Constitution must be regarded as one of the elements of a larger order, and the political system based on it, and the "text of the constitution" is just one of these elements. The relationship between political forces and their balance, as the context in which the constitution is flowing, directly affects its life and expands it. In this article, we will draw a conception in which the constitution is not just a text but it includes also a bunch of non-written rules, which play a role in the political system. We are trying to find a fundamental notion on which this distinction is based. Legality and legitimacy are our criterions for such a distinction. We are trying to identify the moments in the political life of Iran in which these two conceptual couples (legality and legitimacy) have been revealed.  For, we will identify these categories in the system of constitutional law in Iran, and show the importance of researching them. Research on the constitutional law in Iran, with lack of these rules, cannot provide a true picture of the Constitution.

The late Abolfazl Qazi, a professor of constitutional law at Tehran University, started a different path compared to his former counterparts through compiling constitution and political institution treatises. He translated two major works of Maurice Duverger known as Introduction à la politique (1964) and Sociologie de la politique (1973). Hence, Qazi's works were discrete from the works of others. In his new path, the relationship between constitutional law and political sciences were clear. He especially accentuated the complicated issue of an unwritten constitution. While being influenced by Maurice Duverger, Qazi maintained a distance in some issues. Duverger's methodology in constitutional law and combining its territories with social studies provoked criticism in French constitutional circles. Neglecting the drawbacks of Duverger's approach, Qazi put a perilous way in Iranian constitutional law, while trying to initiate the concept of an unwritten constitution in Iranian constitutional law theory. After three decades of compiling Qazi's treatise in constitutional law, his efforts need to be reviewed so that constitutional law theory would be able to renew such an issue through reviewing his viewpoints. Through criticizing and reviewing previous works, Iranian constitutional law is able to add up to constitutionalism tradition

Land use reflects the interactive features between humans and the environment and describes how humans are exploited for one or more purposes on earth. Land use is usually defined based on human use of land, with an emphasis on the functional role of land in economic activities. Land use map is one of the main factors in the study of natural resources and environmental management. Knowing the changes in land use and examining their causes and factors in a period of time can be of interest to planners and managers. The use of satellite data is a good tool for land use mapping, especially in large geographical areas, due to the provision of a wide and integrated view of an area, reproducibility, easy access, high accuracy of information obtained, and high-speed analysis. One of the most widely used methods of extracting information from satellite images is image classification, which allows users to generate different information. Google Earth Engine (GEE) is a web, cloud-based system developed by Google to store and analyze large amounts of data at the petabyte scale (including various satellite imagery, digital models, climatic and vector data). Speed in processing and access to diverse data is one of the issues and problems of land use change studies. The purpose of this paper is to classify satellite images using the support vector machine learning method in the two periods of 2000 and 2020 and to produce a land use map of these two periods in the Google Earth engine system.

In this paper, Urmia city and its surrounding areas (Urmia plain) have been evaluated. In order to prepare land use maps and study its changes, Landsat 7 ETM+ sensor for 2000 and Landsat OLI 8 for 2020 have been used. Images from June were used, when vegetation reached its maximum vegetative growth. Various methods have been developed to monitor and measure land cover and land use changes. In this paper, the efficiency of the Google Earth Engine system for collecting, managing, and processing remote sensing data has been evaluated in order to prove and introduce the speed and accuracy of this system. In order to produce the land use map, the Support Vector Machine classification method has been used. The main difference between this paper and other research is that the management and processing of images have been done in the Google Earth Engine system, which means that the researcher does not need expensive and licensed software such as ENVI and only by access to the Internet can do the processing. By developing the code for image classification using the support vector machine method, the images of 2000 and 2020 were classified. Six land use classes were identified, including barren lands, man-made lands, orchards, irrigated agriculture, rainfed agriculture, and irrigated areas. After classifying images, the results were stored in Google Drive and prepared for further analysis. The classification results were entered into ArcGIS software and the classification accuracy was evaluated using control points obtained from Google Earth images as well as data related to the land use management plan of West Azerbaijan province. In this paper, in addition to preparing a land use map in the Google Earth Engine system, it was used to forecast and model land uses for 2040 using the CA-Markov transfer estimator.

 After calling and classification of images in the Google Earth engine environment using the SVM method, land use map for 2000 and 2020 was produced. The prepared maps include man-made lands, orchards, irrigated agriculture, rainfed agriculture, and barren lands. A comparison of different land use in 2000 and 2020 shows that extensive changes have taken place in them. Some of these changes are positive and some are negative. The area of barren lands in 2020 compared to 2000 has increased by about 10 square kilometers, man-made lands, 42.62 square kilometers, orchards 67 square kilometers, and water bodies 0.39 square kilometers. In contrast, rainfed agriculture has lost 39.45 and irrigated agriculture has lost 80 square kilometers. The reason for the increase in orchards can be seen in the change of irrigated agricultural uses to orchards, as well as urban development and the creation of various human infrastructures, which is very evident in recent years. Most of the changes are related to the use of orchards with a positive trend during which many irrigated agricultural lands have become garden lands. These changes have increased the production of horticultural products in Urmia and become one of the hubs of horticultural production, especially apples. the area of man-made land has almost doubled, which usually happens in other parts of the country and is normal. Usually, with the increase in the population of cities as well as villages and the need to build new buildings and infrastructure facilities such as factories, sports fields, roads, entertainment spaces, etc., man-made uses have increased. According to the forecast for 2040 using the CA-Markov method in Idrisi software, the highest growth is related to rainfed agricultural use. It is predicted that during this period, the area of rainfed lands will reach 73.40 square kilometers. The man-made land will increase to 90.9 square kilometers. While its value in 2020 was 76.38 square kilometers. On the other hand, the area of orchards will increase from 31.61 square kilometers in 2020 to 72.15 square kilometers. Irrigated agriculture will increase to 27.38 square kilometers with an increasing trend.

 Studies show that the growth of man-made lands in Urmia city and its surroundings is not commensurate with other land uses and this has led to the growth of land use area of ​​the man-made lands compared to other uses and this issue has caused the phenomenon of expansion has become in Urmia city. On the other hand, the results show that the study of land use using the time series of satellite images is a time saver and cost, and as mentioned in the paper. different land uses for the years 2000 and 2020, prepared using the Google Earth system, and their changes were identified. Another important result of this paper is the high efficiency of the GEE system in processing large volumes of satellite images. Using this system does not require any specialized remote sensing software and the user can easily process various data using a computer browser or even a smartphone. Another important point is that in this system, there is no need to download different images, but the user can only download the processing result. This is very useful in terms of time and processing speed. The GEE system is able to process large volumes of time series data (here satellite imagery), different regions of the world with very high speed and very low time, and present the results in the form of various maps and graphs.

Long political borders, proximity to several independent political units and proximity to international centers of opportunity and tension are prominent features of the borders of West Azerbaijan Province, which are affected by the two components of development and security of such a situation and space. This study examines the relationship between the development of border regions and communities of West Azerbaijan province with security stability. The research method is descriptive and analytical. The statistical population of the study is inhabitants of border villages and towns of the province and the sampling method is stratified sampling and random sampling. Examination of the F value at 95% confidence level on managerial, infrastructure and superstructure dimensions shows that there is a significant difference within the statistical population in terms of level of development. Also, by checking the Beta coefficient, security cannot be determined solely by relying on managerial, infrastructure and superstructure dimensions. In other words, development measures do not have much impact on achieving lasting and long-term security in the community under study. Opening up more space and conditions for direct participation of border communities and neighboring countries will be more effective alongside government development measures, adding to the interests of the stakeholders concerned and these actors (government, border communities and neighboring countries) will strive to maintain the interests.

Confirming the hypothesis, tourism is a factor in rural development, especially on the outskirts of cities, which is a bit difficult and complex. In this study, it is assumed that tourism in the garden of the villa and the cafe restaurant in the form of discourse has protected the power relations in the city and the village and helped redistribute urban capital. In general, this type of tourism is not a positive function in the development of villages in the study area. In this research, discourse analysis is a suitable methodology for studying the relationship of tourism target villages of Imamzadeh, Band, Gog Tapeh and Burhanloo with Urmia metropolis. The results show that the principles of sustainable development and ideology played a role in formulating the rural tourism discourse of the garden villa and café. The results also suggest that rural tourism discourse has served the interests of the private sector by undermining the interests of the public sector. And this transition has been accomplished through mechanisms such as expropriation and problem-building. Of course, the assumptions of this research can be studied in the different political, social, economic and ideological structure of Iran as well.

The border regions of West Azerbaijan have unstable demographic conditions (quantitative and qualitative) due to weak development conditions. Changes in the demographic structure of urban and rural settlements in the border regions of the province follow the development and security conditions of these areas. The purpose of the present study is to assess the level of the superstructure, infrastructure and management of borderline growth and identify the impact of Development Indicators on Demographic Stability. The research method is descriptive and analytical. The statistical population of the study is consists of residents of all villages and border towns of the province. Sample volume was extracted from Cochran formula and classified by random sampling method. The results show that the growth of management, infrastructure and superstructure indicators significantly predict population growth and have a significant relationship with them. In other words, by increasing a standard deviation in the growth indexes, will increase the population growth rate to 118% of the standard deviation. However, there is no solid relationship between the growth of the indicators of management, infrastructure and suppression and security. Because their significance at the 95% confidence level is more than 0.05. Also, the results of spatial analysis in different cities indicate that growth indices differ in all dimensions in different border regions. The F value at 95% confidence level is 27.41 in the management growth dimension and its significant value is zero.

Industrial tourism is a very suitable and economically profitable industry that has been highly regarded today by creating cultural and social exchanges between different nations due to the lack of environmental contaminations. Natural attractions of each country have an important role in attracting tourists. Geotourism is a branch of ecotourism in which the visitor seeks to observe geomorphological attractions, ancient finds of anthropology, caves, mineral charm, and so on. Zarivar Lake in Kurdistan province is one of the most beautiful places in the province which has natural and attractive attractions along with the historical and cultural attractions of the province, which can attract attention of every tourist. In this regard, assessing the capabilities and potentials of tectonic and cultural tourism of the Zarivar Lake is the aim of this study. The method of the research is descriptive-analytical approach. Data have been obtained from documents and field research (questionnaires). For data analysis, Reynard and Pereira models have been used. Based on the Pereira model, Cutie geomorphologic region (3.71) has acquired approximately 67.5% of the standard model and index visibility (score 3.25), the value of protection (1.8 points) and the functional (4.9 points), respectively, which are 72, 61.8 and 70 percent of the standard model, respectively. Based on the Rynard model, the following criteria of scientific value of sustainability level with a score of 404/0 and long-standing geography with a score of 0.62, respectively, were evaluated with a moderate and good quality level, respectively. The following criteria were evaluated for the ecological (average), cultural (good), aesthetic (good) and economic (good) sub-criteria.

New models of development set to base on tourism development and utilization variety of place - Space; therefore, identify the capacity and capabilities of different geographical areas is in the center of development planning for fundraising and investment. In this context, the aim of this study that evaluated investigate the feasibility of investment in the tourism sector with emphasis on Western Azerbaijan province. The research method was descriptive - analytical approach to space. Data collection has been the source documents. Expert choice and GIS software for data analysis has been used. The results show that the total of tourism areas, about 12.45 of percent is a range national and international investment and 18.68 percent has with a range of national and local investment. Also, about 17.45 percent of the tourism sector has a range of appropriate local investment. The expert's also effective factors in investment, tourism resources has different importance, (Theil index equal to 55/0) and field-that are contiguous with criteria such as city infrastructure and municipal services range have than other areas.

Laser interferometry is one of the most applicable methods of calculating the surface displacement derivatives that can visualize very small displacement gradients, in µm/m level, on a relatively large area of a sample surface at once. This method can be beneficially used in industrial non-destructive tasting of materials, especially composites. However, getting an acceptable result of this inspection method, depends on the identification and properly adjusting the test parameters to a great extent. Shear size and loading amount, are the most important factors affecting crack detection ability in laser interferometry technique, which are both investigated in this paper. In this regard, several composite specimens with several cracks in different lengths have been prepared and tested with different parameters. Various tensile loading are applied to specify the allowable limit load in different shear sizes. Eventually, the effects of the crack inclination relative to the load direction are studied. The test results show that the best responses are observed with a shear size equal to the approximated defect sizes and a limited band of the loading range can be used to reveal the cracks.

The role And place of rural development in Economic, social and political processes in local, regional, national , international and the consequences of undeveloped in rural areas such as widespread poverty, rising inequalities, rapid population growth, unemployment, immigration and urban margins the cause is attention to rural development and even its priority to urban development. In this regard, the present study is to Future approach, to offer influential propellants in the development of rural areas of Iran. The research method is based on the Delphi technique. At first, by using Porter's five forces analysis for micro environment and analysis STEEP (social, technological, economic, environmental and political) for the macro environment, Events and effective propellants in the rural development were selected by experts of Delphi Group. Then, for determining the main drivers of the importance, the impact and the lack of certainty of cross-impact analysis propellants and hierarchical analysis model is used. According to the Finding results, the most important key factors regarding to degree of importance importance; respectively are partnership, investment and entrepreneurship, training skilled manpower, natural resources, income generation, the rural guide plan, ownership of resources, technology, services and tourism. According to the opinion of experts the first five factors are very important in rural development. That certainty and uncertainty of propellants is discussed to planning appropriate actions for controlling and directing them towards Iran rural development.

Reliable water supply is one of the main challenges of this century. One of the ways of water supply is inter-basin water transfer schemes which can be useful in some cases and could save the destination basin. One of the projects, discussed recently, is water transfer project from Zab River basin to Urmia Lake. This study made an attempt to utilize the opinions of one hundred relevant experts and authorities to predict the positive and negative logistical consequences of this transfer in the basin of origin and destination by the statistical analysis of Multivariate linear regression. The results of linear regression model showed that due to the weight of standardized coefficients of the examined factors (B2), negative socio-cultural consequences of (0.328), negative economic consequences of (0.249), positive economic outcome of (0.216), negative environmental consequences of (0.210), negative political and security consequences of (0.174), positive environmental impact of (0.156), positive outcome of the political-security of (0.087), and the positive outcome of socio-cultural of (0.070), are the most possible consequences of transferring water from Zab to Urmia Lake respectively. According to experts, the interesting and significant point is that water transport in terms of environmental issues cannot save Urmia Lake and may act as an antidote. The results of structural equation modeling on each of the components of the implementation plan showed that among the positive consequences; environmental factors with the effect of (. 85), and among the negative consequences; socio-cultural factors with the effect of (1.10) have the highest impact on water transport.

The aim of this study is to identify and evaluate the (prioritization) of geopolitical factors (fixed and variable), codes and genomes of Turkey in the formulation of defense policy perspective of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Therefore, it is an applied research of the descriptive depth research type. The statistical population consists of military academic lecturers and experts familiar with the matter comprising two groups of 10 interviewees and 59 questionnaire repliers selected in stratified random sampling method. In this way, the data gathering tools are interviews, researcher-made questionnaires and library studies. The qualitative data was analyzed via content analysis and the hypotheses were tested through descriptive statistics (average coefficient) and inferential statistics (paired comparison and Friedman ranking). The findings suggest the identification of 77 geopolitical factors, codes and genome of Turkey, coded to 34, influencing the formulation of defense policy perspective of the Islamic Republic of Iran. These factors include 9 fixed factors, 5 variable factors and 20 geopolitical codes and genomes which, in order of importance, are: membership of Turkey in NATO and the deployment of missile shield in Turkey, the US-Turkey relations, the political structure of power, foreign policy, the proxy role of Turkey and its relations with Israel. In addition, it was discovered that the geopolitical codes and genomes of Turkey have a significantly greater role and influence in the formulation of defense policy perspective of the Islamic Republic of Iran than the fixed and variable geopolitical factors.

Analysis of biomolecules is required in many biomedical research areas. A spectrofluorimetric method is proposed for determination of calf thymus DNA (ctDNA) based on the fluorescence enhancement of terbium-danofloxacin (Tb3+Dano) in the presence of ctDNA.
A probe with maximum excitation and emission wavelengths of 347 nm and 545 nm, respectively, was developed. The enhanced fluorescence intensity of Tb3+Dano system was proportional to the concentration of ctDNA. The effective factors and the optimum conditions for the determination of ctDNA were studied. Under the optimum conditions of [Tris buffer]= 0.01 mol L-1 (pH 7.8), [ Tb3]= 1×10-5 mol L-1 and [Dano]= 5×10-5 mol L-1, the maximum response was achieved. The developed method was evaluated in terms of accuracy, precision and limit of detection.
The linear concentration range for quantification of ctDNA was 36-3289 ng mL-1 and the detection limit (S/N=3) was 8 ng mL-1. The concentration of DNA extracted from Escherichia coli as an extracted sample was also determined using the developed probe. The concentration of DNA in extracted sample was determined using UV assay and developed method, the results were satisfactory.
The proposed method is a simple, practical and relatively interference free method to follow up the concentrations of ctDNA.

Deep drawing is one of the frequently applied methods in sheet metal forming. Optimizing the factors involved in this process is one of the most important research fields for decreasing production costs of this method. To reach optimal values of these factors، the effectiveness of each of the factors involved has to be studied by analytical، numerical، an experimental methods. Vast research has been done on the effective factors (friction، punch and die radii، blank-holder force، sheet metal substance، etc.) and the amount of effect each factor has on the deep drawing process، but there hasn''t been mentionable research done on the effectiveness of geometrical symmetry and shape of the pieces produced and other effective factors on the whole process. In this article، we have used the FEM and the process simulation method (ABAQUS commercial software) and the Taguchi technique in the design of experiments (DOE) and have finally analyzed the results based on variance (ANOVA)، to study the effectiveness of geometrical symmetry and shape of the pieces on the deep drawing process and the possible changes they impose on the other effective factors on the process (mechanical properties of sheet، punch and die radii، friction، blank-holder force).