omid mobaraki

With the emergence of numerous socio-cultural, economic, physical and environmental crises in the cities of the world in the second half of the 20th century, which was caused by the rapid growth of urbanization and the lack of proper plans and programs, the quality of the urban environment has degraded, especially in developing countries. Accordingly, in recent years, the quality of the urban environment has become one of the most fundamental issues in the field of human studies as well as the environment. Quality assessment is not only based on the objective environment, but also on the basis of people's understanding of the environment they belong to. The main goal of this research is to evaluate the quality of the urban environment in areas 2 and 3 of Maragheh city in terms of physical, functional, environmental and social indicators. The descriptive-analytical research method is in the field of applied research. To analyze the data, SPSS software and sample t-tech statistical tests, step-by-step regression and one-way variance analysis were used. The survey results show; that in all the investigated components, the quality of the urban environment of both districts was lower than the average of 3. In addition, in the examination and comparison of the average results of the environmental quality indicators in the two studied districts, it was found that District 3 of Maragheh city in terms of The environmental quality indicators have better conditions than the 2nd district of Maragheh city, and based on the multiple regression results, it was determined that the social index with a beta of 0.404 has the greatest impact and the economic index with a beta of 0.311 has the least impact on the environmental quality of districts 2 and 3. The city has Maragheh.

Housing has been one of the most important household assets throughout history. By examining the factors affecting housing prices, planning and decisions about the future of housing can be made. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effective factors (physical, access, environmental variables) on housing prices in Maragheh, The study is applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population consisted of real estate consultants in Maragheh. Data collection was done by library and field methods. From the mentioned community, according to Cochran's formula, a number of simple random methods have been selected as a sample. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and t-test, analysis of variance and multivariate regression. Findings show that all three components (physical, access, environmental) have an impact on housing prices in Maragheh. There is no significant difference in the impact of each on housing prices in Maragheh. In the physical variables of the building: the quality of the structure, in the access variables: the access to the medical centers and distance from the transport lines and access to the workplace and in the environmental variable: the components of nature and green space and social status have the greatest impact compared to other components. Among the variables affecting housing prices, the access variable had the major impact, then the environmental variable and finally the physical variable had the largest share on housing prices in Maragheh.

The aim of this research is to evaluate the dimensions and components of the ecological city in Mahabad. The type of applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical. Data collection was through library, documentary and field studies. The components of the research, adapted from reliable sources, include environmental, socio-cultural, physical and managerial issues. To analyze the data, SPSS software and sample t-tech statistical tests and step-by-step regression are used, as well as SWAT method is used to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of Mahabad city. The research results show; in the sample T-Tech test, the average of social (3.32) and environmental (3.18) components were higher than the average (3), but they did not reach the optimal level, and the average of management components was (2.05). ) and body with (2.11) were below average. Therefore, in the city of Mahabad, more attention should be paid to the administrative and physical components. Also, the regression analysis shows that socio-cultural, managerial, physical and environmental components are correlated with the intensity of 808/848, 853/848 respectively; and 856/ show their effect on the dependent variable (ecological condition of Mahabad city). The results of the SWOT model show that the best strategies are aggressive and conservative strategies.

This research aims to analyze the spatial distribution of urban public services in the metropolitan districts of Tabriz. This study is an applied research type and its method is descriptive-analytical. To analyze the data, the TOPSIS model as well as cluster analysis and SPSS and GIS software were used. The research results showed that there was no favorable spatial justice between the districts of Tabriz city in privileging public urban services. In other words, districts 2, 3, and 5 were on one level (first level), districts 6, 7, and 4 were on one level (second level) and districts 9, 8, 1, and 10 were on one level (third level). In deprived districts, nonconforming population growth with service needs, lack of green and recreational spaces, lack of suitable health-medical, commercial, and sports services, increase in population growth rate, lack of educational and cultural facilities, low employment, low-income strata and immigrants` residence, construction of unlicensed buildings and indiscriminate expansion in these districts have intensified the level of instability. Therefore, for the optimal distribution of public services between districts of Tabriz city, first of all, the approach of social justice should be placed on the agenda of the managers and decision-makers of Tabriz city so that the distribution of services and facilities between the districts of Tabriz city is balanced according to population needs.

The concept of 15-minute city (FMC) represents an urban planning and policy paradigm that seeks to focus the attention on the neighborhood as a place rather than a spatial and functional planning unit. The main premise of this concept is that urban services and amenities should be accessible within 15 minutes of walking or cycling from the residence. The principles of urban planning that enable the realization of the FMC include planning in mixed-use neighborhood units, proximity-based planning, transportation planning, citizen participation in planning and innovation, and smart planning. This innovative approach provides important findings and recommendations to the principles of urban planning of FMC, along with the issues of proximity-based planning, using the land and urban form, urban governance, and citizen participation. The aim of this study was examining the concept, characteristics and theoretical literature as well as the emerging themes for urban planning and policy making in the FMC. The FMC and its principles can help achieve sustainable development in environmental, social, and economic dimensions. The greater accessibility, reduce vehicle dependency, improve air quality, equitable planning decision, better health and well-being are the advantages FMC. However, the FMC can be criticized for its physical determination, feasibility in areas with low population density, difficulty in implementation, financing, not taking into account the different geographical features of cities, the conditions of not paying attention to the needs of different social groups, biodiversity, energy efficiency, and culture and heritage.

Today, cities are suffering from serious problems and damages in various fields, especially environmental challenges. The concentration of population in cities and the disproportion between the growth of services and urban infrastructure, especially in developing countries, urban areas in terms of environmental sustainability criteria and quality of life with all kinds of environmental damage such as air pollutants, Hearing, visual, sewage and garbage disposal problems, sanitary water supply, etc. have faced. The continuation of such damage, especially with the form and function it has in developing countries including Iran, is a crisis and a warning about environmental instability, especially in big cities. Therefore, the aim of this research is to evaluate the components of environmental security in Tabriz city. Because the environment is one of the most important parts in the planning process of urban development, therefore it is inevitable to pay attention to it in policies and planning. The type of applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical. Data collection was done by field and questionnaire, and one-sample t-test, step-by-step regression, Swara and one-way variance tests were used for data analysis. The research results show; the average value of environmental security with a sample T-Tech test: for soil quality index 2.69, water quality 2.32, air quality 1.91, urban management 2.67, infrastructure 2.42 and culture and awareness of citizens 2. The average level of environmental security of the entire city of Tabriz is 2.43 (lower than the base limit of 2.5), which shows that the city of Tabriz is in a state of ecological tension in terms of environmental security. Also, the results of one-way analysis of variance with repeated measures show a significant difference in the security of livability among the components. There is a significant difference between six indicators from the set of scores, which means that in the current situation, about 917.9% of the total variance or difference in environmental security components is related to the group difference or the difference between the six components, so that the soil quality component has the most and the air quality component has the least effect on the environmental security of Tabriz city.

Since the distant past, environmental hazards (natural and human) have been integral parts of human life. Deep knowledge of areas and territories and considering the necessary arrangements helps us in facing risks. But the most important factor that leads to a crisis when natural and human disasters occur is the physical vulnerability of buildings. Vulnerability of urban settlements, defenseless spaces, unsafe neighborhoods, cities with wrong architecture, all of them are factors that threaten urban and social security. On the urban scale, passive defense is a strategy to reduce vulnerability and increase resilience against both natural and man-made hazards. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to evaluate the vulnerability of the houses in Mahabad city from the point of view of non-active defense. The type of applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical. GIS and Expert choice software were used for data analysis. The findings of the research show that after the pairwise comparison of the research indicators with the AHP model, the building quality index with a weight of 0.137. It has the most points. and indicators of building life and unusual habitation and hazardous uses respectively 0.112, 0.11 and 0.101 is placed in the second, third, and fourth places, and at the end, the slope of the land and the width of the roads are at the 0.022 The irregular geometry of the urban fabric of Mahabad, the natural growth of the city, the existence of informal settlements and old and worn-out fabric in the central part of the city, the presence of residential plots with a smaller area in the southern and central fabric of the city, have made possible the vulnerable areas of the urban fabric and in In the event of natural and human crises, these tissues will be severely damaged and will cause a lot of financial and human losses.

One of the most effective and attractive points of any city is its entrance, The entrance of the city is a space that enables the connection of the space outside the city limits with its interior, it is a joint that announces the entry into a distinct space and is a sign that expresses the existence of the city. In fact, the entry points of cities are conduits on the ground that provides the possibility of entering the city through motor vehicles. Today, the entrance of contemporary cities, separated from the city structure and the way urban spaces are arranged, has become the dead tissue of the city and has distanced itself from its systematic structure in the old cities. The entrances, which represent and summarize the heart of the cities, are considered the most important inducing elements of the whole subject as the most authentic factor of identity and the most influential subject on the mental perception of those who enter. Mainly, the length of the main entrance axis of the city connects with the main centers of work and activity and the main communication network and plays a role in the spatial organization of all types of urban uses. This area can play a role in guiding the physical expansion of the city and finally in its physical structure as an effective variable. Therefore, the arrangement of the entrance points of the city is of special importance in urban planning. Accordingly, the main goal of this research is to evaluate the physical and functional quality of the entry points of Maragheh city.

The type of applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical. Library, documentary and field studies have been used to collect data. In order to examine the opinions of the experts, a 5-point Likert scale was used (1 means very unfavorable, 2 unfavorable, 3 average, 4 favorable and 5 very favorable) questionnaires with a total of 80 items (40 questionnaires from South-western entrance and 40 questionnaires from the south-eastern entrance of Maragheh city) were randomly completed by specialists and urban experts (professors of the department of geography and urban planning, experts of municipality, governorate and road and urban planning). Cronbach's alpha test will also be used for the reliability of the questionnaire. Sample t-test and step-by-step regression were used to analyze the data.

To check the quality of the entry points of Maragheh city, the physical quality component with the number of 13 items, the functional component with the number of 11 items, the aesthetic component with the number of 9 items and the identity representation component with the number of 10 items were used. Also, the average level of utility of the input source number 3 is considered. Based on the analysis, the highest average of the 13 physical components of the entry point of Maragheh city is related to the sub-criterion of physical separation of opposite routes (outbound and return) with an average of 2.89, and after that, the issue of two or three lane departure routes. And return at the entry points of Maragheh city with an average of 2.84 and in the next rank is easy access to the main routes of the city and important centers with an average of 2.83. Also, the lowest average obtained for the condition of sidewalks (existence of sidewalks, its width and whether they are paved) with an average of 2.25 and the width of crossing lanes (fast and slow) with an average of 2.33. The highest average was obtained among the functional items related to the component of easy access to car services (repair shop, car wash, etc.) with an average of 3.11 and after that, easy access to fuel stations with an average of 3.05, which is more than The average test standard has been placed, and the lowest average obtained is related to the component of the deployment of emergency medical teams with an average of 2.11 and the existence of tourism information centers and the quality of their services with an average of 2.34, which is at an unfavorable level. Among the items of the beauty component, the highest average obtained based on the opinions of experts is related to the criterion of the presence of vegetation at the entrances with an average of 2.73 and the beauty and lack of wear and tear of traffic signs with an average of 2.71 and the lowest average obtained For the criterion of artistic architectural signs and intimate spaces at the entrances, an average of 2.20 was obtained, and the criterion for pavement pavements was obtained with 2.24. The results obtained for the identity representation component show that among the items of the identity representation component, the highest average was obtained based on the experts' opinions regarding the suitability of the quantity and quality of vegetation with the city's climate in the entrances with an average of 2.85 and feeling Directing and inviting into the city with an average of 2.83.

The entry points of Maragheh city in all evaluated components were lower than the average, i.e. number 3. Especially, the southeast entrance was weaker than the southwest entrance. Therefore, managers and urban planners in Maragheh city should pay more attention to the entrance points of the city, especially the southeast entrance. Because the entry points of the cities should express the cultural and economic characteristics of the cities.

One of the new approaches to urban development projects is the Urban Development Strategy (CDS) approach developed in 1999 with the goal of reducing poverty, sustainable development, promoting participation and creating good urban governance.The transition from authority-based planning to participatory planning with the aim of clearly defining the future of the city for urban residents practically causes the dynamism of the urban environment. On the other hand, the current urban development plans with the characteristics of dryness, dictatorship, from top to bottom, have created the lack of participation of the majority of citizens. The Urban Development Strategy Plan is a strategic approach that is now welcomed in many countries around the world, especially in developing countries. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the indicators of urban development strategy in Chabahar. Considering that the city of Chabahar also has a special strategic position in Iran. The type of applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical. Library, documentary, direct observation, questionnaire and interview methods were used to collect information. SPSS software was used to analyze the data.Research results show; there is a significant difference between the baseline limit (3) and the calculated value (2.63). Since the calculated amount is less than the standard, we conclude that the development situation of Chabahar city in the strategic index is unfavorable and unacceptable. So that the component of good urban governance with an average of 2.34 has the lowest and the component of banking with an average of 3.5 have the highest value. The results of the SWOT model also show that the best strategy for Chabahar is an offensive strategy.

Today, due to the rapid growth of the world's population and its concentration in cities, the concept of sustainable urban development has been proposed as a basic component affecting the long-term vision of human societies, and housing and related issues are a global issue, and planners and policy makers in different countries are looking for solutions to solve the related issues. Due to the fact that housing is one of the most important urban uses, it is necessary to design the residential environment properly so that, in addition to greater productivity and security, the correct use of renewable and clean energy causes the least damage to the environment. In this regard, in this research, the components of sustainable housing in Salmas city have been investigated. The type of applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical. To analyze the data, SPSS software and sample t-tech statistical tests, step-by-step regression and one-way variance analysis were used. The results of the investigation of the components of sustainable housing in Salmas show that the physical component has the highest rank with an average of 2.95, followed by the environmental component with an average of 2.91 and the social component with an average of 2.76 and the access component with an average of 2.46, and finally, the economic component with an average of 2.03 has taken the last rank, these results show the great contribution of physical and environmental components in the sustainable housing of Salmas city and the least impact on housing the stability of this city is related to the economic component. In addition, the overall average of all components was lower than the base limit (number 3).

Urbanization is one of the most prominent features of the world today, and most of the world's population resides in cities. Most towns and settlements are located in places that are exposed to various natural hazards or man-made disasters due to the interference and advancement of human technology which is a major challenge in achieving the sustainable development of urban communities. An attitude that has been present in urban planning and crisis management in dealing with accidents has been coping attitudes and reducing vulnerability. At present, the approach to upgrade is a new perspective that emphasizes the reduction of vulnerability and a resilient view to increasing the resilience and flexibility of cities against natural and man-made disasters. The type of applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical. To do research, a questionnaire was used that was completed by 40 urban experts. The results show that the Urmia city is relatively favorable in terms of social and infrastructural exposure, but in terms of institutional-managerial, economic, and physical-environmental vibrations, it is not desirable. In general, the overall viability of Urmia city is less than optimal for experts, so that the calculated value of the overall vibration of Urmia city is 2.94 below the baseline (3). In the end, according to the stepwise regression test, among the components of the urban vibrancy of Urmia, the social index had the most effect on the urbanization of Urmia, and the infrastructure index had the least effect.

Ecological city, as one of the emerging approaches of sustainable development, is among them. In fact, the ecological city is a city that is harmonious and compatible with nature. The ultimate goal of many of them is to eliminate carbon waste, produce energy from renewable sources and create a healthy environment in the city. Based on this, the aim of this research is to evaluate the dimensions and components of the ecological city in Mahabad. The type of applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical. Data collection was through library, documentary and field studies. To analyze the data, SPSS software and sample t-tech statistical tests and step-by-step regression are used, as well as SWOT method is used to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of Mahabad city. The research results show; the status of Mahabad city in terms of socio-cultural and environmental components is higher than the average level (3), but it has not reached the optimal level. In the environmental component, climatic conditions and natural landscapes have the highest average and socio-cultural items have the highest average related to the sense of place. And all the item related to physical and management components were lower than average. Therefore, in order to achieve an ecological city in Mahabad city, it is necessary to pay more attention to these components. In addition, the results of the SWOT model show that the best strategies are to take advantage of the natural conditions of the city,

Natural disasters are known as one of the most important factors in the destruction of human settlements. One of the key concerns for urban planners is examining how natural disasters affect human settlements, particularly cities. Earthquake is one of these natural disasters that has always threatened human settlements and can cause a lot of damage and casualties in a short period. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the vulnerability of settlements in District 2 of Tabriz, Iran, against earthquakes.

This applied research was conducted based on a descriptive-analytical approach. The primary data of existing documents and maps were collected from related organizations. The analytical hierarchy process model and geographic information system software were used for data analysis.

To determine the vulnerability of the texture of District 2 of Tabriz, such indicators as the distance from the fault, slope percentage, groundwater levels, building age, building materials, building quality, building density, number of floors, plot area, and land use were employed.

According to the results, 35% of the region was in the high-risk and 25% in the very high-risk areas. In general, it can be said that most of the region (i.e. 60%) was in the area with a high risk of earthquake, and the area with very high risk was mostly in the northern parts of the region, while the southeastern parts of the region were located in low-risk areas.

In the not-so-distant past, the entrance space of the city, as the first urban space, was the first image of the city that was formed in the minds of tourists. Therefore, these spaces not only had a high spatial quality but also were one of the characteristic features of cities. Today, with the expansion of cities and the advent of vehicles, the entrances of cities have become a low-quality space for equestrian traffic and the establishment of related uses, as well as uses that are incompatible with the urban environment that have been driven out of the city. The purpose of study is to investigate the physical and functional quality of the entrances of Urmia from the perspective of tourists as a tourist and border city. For this purpose, descriptive and analytical methods based on library studies, documentation and field studies were used. And for analyze the data from SPSS software and one-sample t-test and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used. According to the tourists who participated in this study, all four variables (passages, services, beauty, representation) examined in the three inputs were evaluated as average. Another result of this study that should be taken into account in city planning is that the entrance of Piranshahr in all four variables was in a much worse situation compared to the other entrance. In terms of beauty and urban representation, the entrance of Mahabad had a better situation, but in terms of passages and service facilities, the entrance of Tabriz had a better situation

Today, urbanization has become an important and complex issue of different societies its rapid growth in various decades has driven planners who pay more attention to the economic, social, and cultural and ... issues of society therefore, improvement of urban environment quality is one of the goals of urban planning. Standard urban furniture elements are not only essential to urban life, rather, it will play a major role in citizens' satisfaction with the urban environment. This research purpose is Assessment of Urban Furniture Status and Citizens Satisfaction Measure Case Study: Valiasr Area in Tabriz. The type of applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical. Method of data collection through review of relevant literature and articles, field and comparative surveys, questionnaires and interviews with citizens, data were analyzed by SPSS software using Spearman correlation coefficient, one-sample t-test and factor analysis model. The results of this study show That compares (evaluates furniture to standards) the status of existing urban furniture the Valiasr area in Tabriz has different standards in terms of construction, design and location and in many cases standards have not been met. Also in the Citizens Survey section about the satisfaction with the furniture in the study area, Satisfaction is lower than average. The results of Spearman's correlation coefficient indicate that, there is more satisfaction with the quality of lighting than other factors and the least of it is about security and quality of transportation.

One of the most important urban uses of educational centers is that the proper planning and spatial distribution of them with functional scales, principles of proximity to other urban uses and location in the desired spatial area are among the issues that should be considered by urban planners. In this regard, this study aimed to analyze the pattern of spatial distribution of educational centers (high schools) and its organization in Sanandaj. Descriptive Research Method - Analyzed and purposefully considered as applied research. The data collection method was documentary - library and field (observation). Quantitative methods including spatial analysis, spatial statistics and spatial zoning using Arc GIS 10.3 software were used to analyze the collected data. To identify the spatial distribution pattern of high school education centers, we used Moorechr('39')s methods, standard deviation ellipse, central mean and kernel density function, and AHP-Fuzzy methods in the form of 19 indices to measure spatial adaptation and spatial zoning. The results of the global Moran autocorrelation coefficient of 0.223 showed that the spatial distribution of high schools in the city of Sanandaj follows a relatively centralized pattern and the standard deviation ellipsoid has a north-south orientation that is westward. The higher concentration of training units has been in the central and north-western areas of the city such as District Three and One. The results of the adaptation map showed that about 48% of Sanandaj high schools (equivalent to 16 cases) are in optimum range and 6 high schools equivalent to 18% of high schools in poor and inappropriate conditions. Also, the spatial map of the city showed that about 33% of the educational centers studied in the desirable and relatively desirable spatial areas and 10 cases (equivalent to about 30%) of the educational centers in the spatial medium and 12 secondary schools. The case study (36% of the total) was located in an undesirable and relatively undesirable spatial area. The results show that more favorable conditions for distribution of high school educational centers can be considered in planning and more suitable zones for their location and redistribution.

Introduction 

The tourism industry is one of the most lucrative and at the same time healthy and clean industries for the economy of any country. This prosperity industry represents the political, economic, social, security, cultural and scientific stability of the world. In other words, the tourism industry, with its unique privileges, simultaneously provides several goals in the national space of a country. While other industries just provide part of the desired goals. Medical tourism as one of the dimensions of tourism contributes to the sustainable development and dynamism of countries. This type of tourism is in the center of attention of many countries due to its low cost and high income, and many developing countries are making big plans for the development of this industry. Iran is considered as an important destination for medical tourism in the world, especially in the Islamic world, with its specialized human resources and advanced medical facilities and due to its high capacities in attracting medical tourists. Due to the importance of medical tourism and the existing potential in Tabriz city and the fact that Tabriz is one of the most important cities in terms of medical tourism, so this study was intended to analyze the effective components on the development of medical tourism in Tabriz. 

Methodology:

The research type is applied and its method is descriptive-analytical. Data collection was through books, articles, dissertations and related researches and field data and questionnaire (based on Likert scale). Also, the statistical population of the study consists of medical tourists in Tabriz in 2019. The statistical population was 132,125 people. Cochran's formula was used to determine the sample size which according to it, the sample size is 384 people. In the present study, simple random sampling method has been exerted. Questionnaire data in SPSS software were analyzed through Spearman correlation coefficient and regression test.

Result and discussion :

According to the relationship between price and development of medical tourism with respect to the R-value, which is -0.986, and this value is less than the critical value of Spearman with a degree of freedom of 383, which is 0.001, so there is an inverse and negative relationship between prices and the development of medical tourism. However, regarding the relationship between the quality of medical services and the development of medical tourism at a significant level of one domain, the significance level of Spearman test was 0.000, and this level was less than the minimum significant level of 0.05, and also calculated according to the R-value which is 0.869, and this value is greater than Spearman's critical value with a degree of freedom of 383, which is 0.001, therefore, there is a significant relationship between the quality of medical services and the development of medical tourism. Regarding the relationship between culture and the development of medical tourism, according to the R-value, which is 0.720, and this value is greater than Spearman's critical value with a degree of freedom of 383, which is 0.000, therefore, there is a significant relationship between culture and development medical tourism in Tabriz. Concerning the relationship between medical facilities and equipment and the development of medical tourism, this level was less than the minimum level of 0.05, therefore, there is a significant relationship between medical facilities and equipment and the development of medical tourism in the city of Tabriz. Finally, the relationship between information technology and the development of medical tourism is calculated according to the R-value, which is 0.834, so there is a significant relationship between information technology and the development of medical tourism.

Conclusion:

 Tourism makes up the bulk of a country's foreign exchange earnings. The growing industry ranked third in international trade in 2000, according to the World Trade Organization. It is known as the world's largest industry after oil and automobile manufacturing. One of the types of tourism is medical tourism. According to the World Health Organization in 2004, about $ 50 billion is spent annually on the treatment of patients in the region in European and American countries. Attracting a percentage of this amount can have a significant impact on the medical tourism economy of Asian countries. As the research results show, the price of medical and tourism services as well as the quality of medical and tourism services, culture and facilities, medical tourism facilities and equipment, and information and communication technology are among the effective factors on the development of medical tourism in Tabriz metropolis. Therefore, in order to develop this industry, it is necessary to make the price of medical services and tourism transparent; increase the quality of medical services and tourism; increase and promote the culture of tourism; utilization of medical and tourism facilities and equipment with high technology and international standards; and utilization of information technology in the fields of medicine and tourism to benefit from the extraordinary advantages of this industry in order to create employment and currency for the country.

Urban form is based on environmental conditions and planning decisions in the context of time.The study of urban forms,is important due to its effects on urban functions,including the quality of citizens access to services located in the city.Each of the urban forms is compact or scatter are impact in the access of citizens to services.The purpose of this research is to identify the urban form of urban neighborhoods in Maragheh and how citizens access to urban services.Research in terms of the nature of the descriptive analytical type that has been done through the documentary library study.in data analysis from Fuzzy method and GIS and SPSS software were used.The research findings show that the Maragheh urban form pattern has been developed intensively and scattered. That way,the city in the center and the old textures have compact and dense patterns and in the periphery and marginal tissues are scattered and semi-dispersed.On the other hand, the results of the correlation analysis between the dense form and the access index indicate is a significant correlation between these two variables.So that the access to neighborhoods and central areas is better than the marginal and the new ones.On the other hand,some accessibility indicators such as the ratio of communication network in central neighborhoods have a lower share than marginal neighborhoods. This factor,along with the establishment of many activities and facilities in this part of the city, has led a large amount of intra-city trips to the city's central neighborhoods,resulting in heavy congestion and traffic problems.

One of the principles of sustainable urban development is equal access of all citizens to the required services. Basically this matter comes true when different urban lands and resources, equally allocate to the spatial and social units of the city.Sincecommercial and service land uses are used by city dwellers daily, their locating and spatial distribution in cities is very important. Proper distribution of chain stores plays a significant role in reducing transpotation costs, quick supply of goods and services, suitable access to parking and other urban supplementary services. A chain store consists of several co-owned and centralized retail stores. The purpose of this study is improvement on spatial distribution of chain stores in Tabriz. To this end, first, the indicators of chain stores locating identified through available resources and documents and then through quantitative and spatial analysis methods using GIS capabilities, distribution of chain stores in urban areas of Tabriz was studied. Six criteria including population, type of communication, centrality, compatible uses, local equilibrium and radius of access have been used for a comprehensive analysis. After preparing the layers related to the above parameters using analytical tools in Arc Map software, they were integrated and the final layer was extracted. The results show that the distribution pattern of chain stores in Tabriz is random and it doesn't have a specific pattern. Also, the location criteria for the current stores have not been met in a desirable manner.

The role and importance of security today in To the extent that any society is prosperous which they see as the basis of any development. Especially in developing societies, facing a variety of crises and challenges Security plays an important role in development. But more important than security is feel safe. Feel safe just as important that security in that community actually feel safe Combination of individual, psychological and social factors. Purpose of the research is investigating women’s sense of security in the city of Ahar. The type of applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical. A questionnaire was used to collect data. The statistical population was women over 15 years old in Ahar that the sample is 381 people. Questionnaire data were analyzed by SPSS software. And tests such as two-sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multivariate regression were used. The findings of the study indicate this there was a significant relationship between all individual characteristics (level of education, marital status, and type of activity) with regard to security. Except for age attributes, which had no significant relationship with security. The relationship between sense of security and social trust and police performance has been found to be direct and meaningful. Multivariate regression model analysis revealed the variables of social trust and police performance were also the most influential variables the sense of security in Ahar city is 3.29, which is above average so the security in Ahar is relatively good.

The passive defense approach is one of the approaches in planning and organizing cities and residential complexes with the aim to reduce environmental hazards. Given the vital and sensitive position of cities, while preparing against military invasions, this approach provides special capabilities to cope with natural and human crises to a large extent.

This was an applied study conducted with a descriptive-analytical method. Data were collected reviewing the relevant texts, sources, books, and articles, as well as examining maps, interviews, and observations. The data were then analyzed using the geographic information system (GIS) software. In the next step, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis technique was employed to investigate the strengths and weaknesses as well as the opportunities and threats of Rasht City, Iran.

Rasht City accounts for a considerable part of the population, facilities, and services of Guilan Province, Iran, which will experience great damage in case of occurrence of a natural or human disaster. The SWOT analysis results revealed that the strategy obtained was of a defensive nature.

On the basis of the results obtained from the investigation of the sensitive land uses, it can be stated that the location of the land uses (particularly, sensitive and important ones) in Rasht does not follow the passive defense principles. In addition, the central areas of the city are more vulnerable due to the density of the important and sensitive uses in these areas. This implies that the city center is the most vulnerable area of Rasht in terms of the passive defense approach

One of the new approaches to urban development projects is the Urban Development Strategy (CDS) approach developed in 1999 with the goal of reducing poverty, sustainable development, promoting participation and creating good urban governance. The plan mainly emphasizes the economic growth of cities and, by identifying and using the potential and economic potential of the city, provides a basis for development in other aspects as well. In other words, sustaining environmental sustainability, sustainable social justice, and so on can be seen by creating sustainability, promoting sustainable development and providing sustainable financing. The city's development strategy is a tool in which participatory techniques are employed and its main goal is to provide sustainable urban development through social capacity building for the development of participatory perspectives and public action. Also, the urban development strategy aims to promote social justice in cities through the process of community participation and cooperation in order to improve the quality of life of all citizens.

The research type is applied and its method is descriptive-analytic. Therefore, analyzing the data of the questionnaire using SPSS software, and in order to develop a strategy for future development of the city from the SWOT analytical model and for designing the study area maps from GIS Has been used .

Therefore, the studies have been done and the results obtained by step-by-step regression show that the bankability index with beta 436 has the highest impact, competitiveness with .340 good urban governance with beta .259 And life expectancy index with beta of 255. The least effect on the development of the city of Zanjan. Using single-sample t-test (T) for citizens 2.65 and for specialists 2.70, the total is 0.713 with a significant difference.

Finally, by using the methods of weighting the indicators and evaluation criteria, ranked photo-capture method, first-class bank-capability index, second-place competitiveness index, life-satisfaction index, and fourth-rank urban management index. SWOT analysis shows that the best strategy for Zanjan is an aggressive strategy that exploits the strengths of opportunities.

Provision and development of the required facilities and amenities for the citizens and a convenient access to them in a way that all people are treated equally, is one of the tasks of urban planners. Cities, regardless of their role and duties, cannot be kept away from commercial activities one of which are local and daily markets. The city of Tabriz, as one of the major metropolises in the country, is facing a shortage of this type of service, and 4, 7 and 10 municipal regions of the city, lack this type of urban service. The purpose of this study is to organize the plan and location decision for the daily markets in these municipal regions using an applied research with descriptive-analytical approach. In order to deciding on markets’ location, all the wastelands and unused lands in municipal regions 4, 7 and 10 of Tabriz were identified. Then, taking into account the population threshold (50,000 people), barren lands with an area of 3000 square meters and more were considered. These lands were determined using GIS software. After the initial screening, selected lands were analyzed based on criteria of their size (land area), landform, accessibility, adaptability, population density, parking, centrality and wasteland. And finally, based on the population forecast of 1405 in the studdied areas, seven daily markets were offered in municipal region 4, and for each of the 7 and 10 regions four markets were proposed based on location indices.

 Nowadays, due to population growth and resource constraints, cities are more vulnerable towards the crisis. Reducing the vulnerability of urban land use, with utilizing new approaches of crisis management such as passive defense, can be useful in creating a secure environment in cities. This is of the most important goals, planners and city managers are going to implement in cities; and how to deal with natural disasters, is of the major concerns of societies. This study aimed to evaluate city vulnerability in Mahabad City, Iran, based on the passive defense approach.

 In this applied descriptive-analytical research, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model was used to analyze the data, and Geographic Information System (GIS) software was used to draw the maps. Then, to clarify the positive and negative features, or the opportunities and the threats, the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) technique was applied.

 Based on the AHP model, the highest records were given to vital factors such as networks, fuel storage, water, and electricity, while the lowest records were given to higher education centers. Moreover, based on the SWOT analysis, the most important weaknesses of Mahabad City were as the compact and dense texture of the city, the low width of the most of the passageways, and the aggregation of major activities in the city center.

 Research results show that in Mahabad City, there is no comprehensive plan to secure citizens. Urban planning by relevant institutions and administrative councils does not fit the physical and human components of the city.

The after industrial revolution social and economic changes, especially technologies in developed countries and consequently on them developing countries is impress. So that increased the number of urban population than number of rural population. And in a place of bridled and without a plan and rural migration have problems urban management. And globalization efficient management converted to passive management. The like other Iran cities, Maragheh city unplanned development due to rural migration and this have problem directory services. The purpose of the research is evaluation of citizen satisfaction from the performance of Maragheh municipality in different zones. The main research method is descriptive – analytical and fore data’s analysis used SPSS software. Research finding shows, there is no relation among demographic variables with satisfaction rate, the citizen satisfaction amount than municipality performance is weak. Among zones in satisfaction than municipality performance there is no difference, eventually with knowing and awareness comments of citizen Municipality can reduce weakness.