sajjad pourmozaffar

The aim of this study was to compare digestive enzymes activity (alkaline proteases and amylase) in four species of Cyprinidae including one herbivorous species, the Caucasian scraper (Capoeta capoeta), and three omnivorous species, common carp (Cyprinus carpio), roach (Rutilus rutilus), and Caspian kutum, (Rutilus frisii kutum). All four species were fed with similar diet. The results showed that the enzyme profile was similar in four species and amylase enzyme activity was higher compared to protease enzymes (trypsin and chymotrypsin). However, there was a significant difference in the activity of these enzymes among the studied species. The highest trypsin and chymotrypsin activities were observed in roach, while common carp had the highest amylase enzyme and digestive somatic index. Therefore, the amylase activity was independent of feeding habit, while protease activity was relatively more dependent on feeding habit. The highest amylase / protease ratio was recorded in common carp which indicates the higher capacity of this species to utilize carbohydrates, therefore cost-effective feed can be used for its commercial production.

Successful reproduction and rearing of marine ornamental fish significantly depend on capturing, digesting, and assimilating sufficient amounts of live food. The most limiting factor in producing marine ornamental fish is the requirement for appropriately sized live food as a first feed. This issue is due to the small mouth size of many high commercial-value species. Therefore, the need for prey with the right size is one of the necessities in producing marine ornamental fish. In this regard, development and progress in the usage of new live food are required to expand this industry. The most common live food used in the rearing of marine ornamental fish larvae is rotifer and Artemia. These prey are not ideal in terms of size and especially nutritional aspects. Significant improvements in rearing marine ornamental fish larvae can be achieved by providing copepods and ciliates to feed them. Currently, various species of copepods can be successfully cultivated. The participation of copepods in the nutritional scheme of larvae, as exclusive feed or as a supplement to traditional prey such as rotifer and Artemia, is beneficial due to their high nutritional quality and a wider range of available sizes for different stages of larval development. Due to their small size, ciliates are a suitable food source for feeding the larvae of ornamental marine fish with very small mouth sizes. They have the characteristics of an effective live food, such as rapid reproduction, tolerance to high-density cultures, consumption of various food items, and the possibility of enrichment.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels of supplementation of P. fortunei on the growth performance and digestive enzymatic activities of goldfish (Carassius auratus) for 8 weeks. Goldfish (with an average initial weight of 12±0.10g) were divided into four experimental treatments with three replicates (30 fish/ replicate) which contained control treatment (without paulownia extract) and three treatments were supplemented with paulownia extracts 1, 2, and 3 percent/kg diet. The results showed that the highest final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, and condition factor were observed in fish fed with 3% paulownia extract. Significant differences were observed in the activity of digestive enzymes (proteases, amylase, and lipase). The highest proteases, amylase, and lipase activities were observed in paulownia extract at 3%. The results of this study showed that goldfish fed the diet containing paulownia extract had better growth performance and activity of digestive enzymes compared to other groups. Therefore the administration of paulownia extract at 3% is recommended to use in the goldfish diet.

In this study, the biochemical parameters of Artemia franciscana fed with Isochrysis galbana and Tetraselmis suecica microalgae cultured with different carbohydrate sources were investigated. Glucose, sucrose and fructose were used as different carbon sources. Artemia was cultured under standard conditions in 24 circular polyethylene tanks (8 treatments and three replications) with a volume of 300 liters and a density of 1000 nauplii per liter of water. The breeding period was 30 days. The results showed that there was a significant difference between different treatments of cultured microalgae with different carbohydrate sources in terms of biochemical parameters (p<0.05), and between treatments of tetraslimas microalgae cultured with sucrose in terms of protein, fat, Ash and carbohydrates showed significant differences with other treatments (p<0.05). In Isochrysis microalgae, sources of sucrose and fructose caused the highest amount of protein (p<0.05). Analysis of biochemical values in Artemia fed with two groups of microalgae showed that there is a significant difference between different treatments (p<0.05); Among the treatments, Artemia fed with Tetraselmis microalgae and Isochrysis cultured with sucrose showed a better condition than other treatments. Therefore, it can be concluded that the values of biochemical parameters of Artemia fed are related in the first place to the type of algae and in the second stage to the nutritional source of algae. Therefore, the use of both studied algae species grown in different carbohydrate sources can increase the nutritional value of Artemia; But in general, the treatment of Tetraselmis containing sucrose has the highest nutritional value compared to other treatments in Artemia.

In this study, in order to evaluate the possibility of cryopreservation of C. calcitrans, 4 cryoprotectant agents (dimethyl sulfoxide, methanol, glycerol and ethylene glycol), each with different concentrations (2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25% (v/v)), were taken as experimental treatments. Then, microalgae samples were placed at -196°C for 30 days. After that, in order to determine the best treatments, re-cultivation of microalgae was carried out and growth performance, biochemical composition and fatty acid profile were measured. After thawing, regrowth of microalgae cells was observed in 15 out of 24 treatments. The highest final cell density (4.13x106 cells/ml) was observed in DMSO15. After thawing, in the treatments in which the cells were reproduced again, the viability ranged between 8.26 and 28.19 percent. Maximum viability index were recorded in DMSO15, DMSO10 and ME15, respectively. Biochemical composition analysis showed that there was a significant increase on the lipid content in the experimental treatments compared to the control group (p<0.05). No significant difference was observed on the fatty acid profile(p>0.05). The results showed that the cryopreservation of C. calcitrans can be successful only if we use DMSO (5-15%) or ME (10-15%) as a cryoprotectant, and the best results are obtained when using DMSO at the level of 15%.

The effects of formic acid on growth performance, blood indices, and digestive enzyme activities of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were examined over 60 days. The common carp (mean weight of 10±0.11g) were randomly allocated to four experimental treatments with three replications (25 pieces in each replication) including control treatment (no propionic acid) and three treatments which received formic acid (0.5, 1, 1.5 gr/ kilogram diet). The results indicated that growth parameters (final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, condition factor, and FCR) were significantly different between the control and experimental treatments. The final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, and condition factor in the propionic acid treatments had a significant increase compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The results of study showed that no significant difference in blood parameters were observed between treatments (P > 0.05). The highest lipase activity (21.73± 1.18 U/L) was observed in 1 g/kg propionic acid group (P < 0.05). Moreover, the highest protease (303.15± 4.16 U/L) and amylase activities (650.26± 10.05 U/L) were recorded in 1.5 g/kg propionic acid group (P < 0.05). According to obtained results, inclusion of propionic acid in common carp diet had a positive effect on the improvement of growth performance and digestive enzyme activities; therefore, a diet containing 1.5 g/kg propionic aid proposed to enhance growth performance and digestive enzyme activity of common carp.

Formic acid is simplest member of carboxylic acid family. The effects of formic acid on growth, blood indices, and immune parameters of goldfish fry were examined over 60 days. The goldfish fries (mean weight of 5.10±0.15g) were randomly allocated to four experimental treatments with three replications (25 pieces in each replication) including control treatment (no formic acid) and three treatments which received formic acid (10, 20, 30 gr/ kilogram diet). The results indicated that growth indices (final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, condition factor, and FCR) were significantly different between the control and experimental treatments. The final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, and status index in the formic acid treatments had a significant increase compared to the control group. In addition, adding formic acid to goldfish fry food ration improved blood factors and immunity in the fish. The results of study showed that inclusion of folic acid resulted an increase in hematocrit, hemoglobin, number of red blood cells, number of white blood cells, lysozyme, immunoglobin, and total immunoglobin compared to the control group. In general, adding folic acid to the food of goldfish fry improved growth parameters along with blood and immune parameters. According to obtained results, a diet containing 10 g/kg diet proposed to enhance growth performance and immunity of goldfish.

Complications caused by the use of chemical drugs such as antibiotics in aquaculture raise the necessity of using antimicrobial compounds that are compatible with the environment. Probiotics are live bacteria that have a significant impact on host health due to their ability to control infectious diseases. Due to the possible transmission of risks from live microbial strains to the host, the use of non-living microbial counterparts has been suggested. The non-living microbial part (paraprobiotic) like its living counterpart is used as a suitable substitute orally or by injection due to its beneficial effects on the host. Therefore, the use of paraprobiotic compounds, despite their high ability in comprehensive host microbial modulation, still needs to be evaluated more carefully. In this review study, the concept of paraprobiotics, the preparation of paraprobiotics and the evaluation of health indicators of paraprobiotics in order to modulate biological reactions are described.

The effects of citric acid on the growth and blood indices of goldfish fry (Carassius auratus) were examined in a 60-day period. The goldfish fries (with initial weight of 7.10±0.16 g) were randomly categorized into four experimental treatments with three replications (25 fish/tank). The treatments included a control three groups of 1, 2, and 3 g citric acid per each kilogram of food ration. The results indicated that the growth parameters: The final weight, weight increase, specific growth rate, and condition factor in the citric acid groups had a significant increase compared to the control group (P<0.05). In addition, blood indices in the experimental treatment indicated that the red blood cell count and hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in the citric acid treatments had a significant increase compared to the control group (P<0.05). In general, adding citric acid at 2 g/kg of the diet of goldfish fry improved the growth parameters and blood indices. 

The Biofluc system is an efficient and effective nutrient replacement method that continuously recycles and refines these substances. The system is based on microbial growth in the breeding environment, which reduces or eliminates water changes in aquaculture systems. Recent years have seen the growth of biofloc-based aquaculture systems, as these systems are able to have the greatest environmental safety and even sustainable production in aquaculture while maintaining biosecurity. Bioflocks improve water quality by adding carbon, removing harmful nitrogenous substances, improving food use, and enhancing the efficiency of growth in aquaculture systems. Aquatic animals are naturally protected from pathogens by phytobiotics, which are plant derivatives that add natural compounds to their diets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .

Standing biomass of coral fish was estimated by the Underwater Visual Census method(UVCm) and belt transect in five stations (St.) (dead corals, continuous and developed reefs, discrete and undeveloped reefs, Acropora spp. in small amounts and rocky reefs), in Larak Island from Sep.2020 to Apr.2021seasonally.The maximum and minimum of standing biomass was estimated  908.79 (Kg/Km2) and 235.85 (Kg/Km2) in the Abbas St. and Arabha St. respectively, also the maximum of coral fish standing biomass belonged to Scarus ghobban with 703.99 (Kg/Km2). The maximum of average (standard deviation) was estimated for the Jetty St.(Kg/Km2)16.36(± 4.3) (Feb.2021), and the lowest value at Ghail St. 1.4 (± 1.96) (Kg/Km2)(Sep.2020), also confidence interval of these estimations from bootstrapping simulations (n=2000) was calculated(95%). The results of one-way analysis of variance, Tukey's test, comparing the standing biomass of coral-fish (temporal and spatial analyses), was concluded differences in the most of seasons and stations (P<0.05), and the highest of standing biomass belongs to cold seasons of the year(Oct.2020, Feb.2021) and the lowest of them in the warm seasons(Sep.2020, Apr.2021) is estimated. The study of coral fishes showed although the bleaching event in the Persian Gulf has destroyed the habitat of coral fishes, but the dead corals are covered with microalgae, rocks, developed reefs and a few colonies of living corals (Acropora spp.) at depths above 10 meters have been able to play the role of their habitat. Furthermore, the type of substrate cover, the integrity of evolution reefs, being sheltered from waves and winds, and being away from sources of stress have influenced more than the size of the habitat on the coral-fish stocks of the Hengam Island.

Estimation of coral fishes biomass is needed as a basic benchmark for assessing the ecological status and fishing potential of coral reefs. Different methods are used to sampling the biomass of these communities, that direct observation is one of the preferred methods with respect to the non-destructive advantage. The purpose of investigation was to estimation standing biomass of coral fishes by Underwater Visual Census method (UVCm) in Abu-Musa Island seasonally from October 2019 to September 2020. also confidence interval was calculated of these estimations from the bootstrapping test (95%). Standing biomass of Coral fish and their confidence interval (95%) by bootstrapping simulation (n=479) were determinated 2923.6 kg., 4576.2 kg, and 1645.4 kg for the stations one, two and three respectively. The difference in the biomass standing of coral fish in three station could be related to the lack of differences in the amount of developed reefs, coral communities and significant differences in habitat availability.  Also, the standing biomass of coral fishes in the Abu-Musa Island are limited, that can be attributed to their low habitat, shortage of carrying capacity and the short life of the Persian Gulf basin, and stress that occurs in the ecosystem, especially bleaching events, that need more study in the future.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels of supplementation of Sargassum ilicifolium on the growth performance, blood parameters and digestive enzymatic activities of goldfish (Carassius auratus) for 60 days. Goldfish (with an average initial weight of 5.25±0.45g) were divided into four experimental treatments with three replicates (30 fish/replicate) inluding control treatment (without algae extract) and three treatments supplemented with Sargassum extracts 5, 10 and 15g/kg diet. The results showed that the highest final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate and condition factor were observed in fish fed with 15g/kg S. ilicifolium extract. Hemoglobin and MCH in fish fed with diets containing S. ilicifolium extracts showed significant difference compared to control group. The levels of triglyceride and cholesterol in fish fed with control diet were significantly higher than that of fed diets containing S. ilicifolium extracts (P<0.05). The highest proteases, amylase and lipase activities were recorded in Sargassum extract at 15g/kg diet. The results of this study showed that goldfish fed the diet containing 15g/kg S. ilicifolium had better growth performance and activity of digestive enzymes compared to other groups. Therefor the administration of 15g/kg of S. ilicifolium extract is recommended to use in goldfish diet.

Economic and industrial facilities in Bandar Abbas, the south of Iran, have been more developed in the past three decades, and as a result, industrial pollutants, especially heavy metals, have released to the marine ecosystem. The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the degree of toxicity of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, copper and zinc) on macrobenthic communities in North Persian Gulf, Bandar Abbas, Iran.

To evaluate the degree of toxicity of heavy metal pollutants such as lead, cadmium, copper and zinc on sediments and macrobenthic communities, sampling was carried out at 9 stations using a Van Veen Grab device along the Bandar Abbas coastline in Feb and July 2020.

The results of the factor analysis (PCA) suggested a common industrial source for zinc and copper that TOM may be the carrier of these metals. A domestic urban runoff source suggested for lead, and an industrial source different from the common source of zinc and copper suggested for cadmium. The calculated individual indices including geographic accumulation index (Igeo), pollution factor (Cfi) and ecological risk index (Eri) showed that all regions are in the significant to highly polluted range for lead, cadmium and copper and in low pollution in some areas to moderate pollution for other areas for zinc.

The results of this study demonstrated that sediments receiving heavy metals (lead, cadmium, copper and zinc) are toxic for macrobenthic communities and more control should be done by the city management in Bandar Abbas in this regard.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of macroalgae Padina australis and Gracilaria pygmaea extracts on growth performance and blood parameters of juvenile Common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Animals were randomly divided into four groups (initial weight 5 g); control group (basal diet without extracts), and three groups were fed with basal diet supplemented with 5 g/kg Padina australis, 5g/kg Gracilaria pygmaea and 2/5 g/kg Padina australis + 2/5 g/kg Gracilaria pygmaea for 8 weeks. Fish were hand fed to apparent satiation 3 times a day and for 8 weeks. Results showed that growth factors (final fish weight, specific growth rate, weight gain, condition factor and feed conversion) in fish fed with diet containing macroalgal extracts (Padina australis, Gracilaria pygmaea and Padina australis + Gracilaria pygmaea) was significantly higher than the control group. Hemoglobin level and the weight of hemoglobin in a red blood cell in fish fed with diet containing macroalgal extracts (Padina australis, Gracilaria pygmaea and Padina australis + Gracilaria pygmaea) was significantly higher than the control group. The control group had a higher level of triglycerides and cholesterol compared to the groups fed with diets containing macroalgal extracts (Padina australis, Gracilaria pygmaea and Padina australis + Gracilaria pygmaea).

This study was performed in order to the optimization mesh size of Trichiurus lepturus´s gillnet-fishing in Hormozgan province. At first linear relationships between the total length and the different parts of the body of the Ribbonfish were obtained. In order to evaluate the efficiency and determine the appropriate mesh size, the classification of fish caught by this method was compared with the length at first maturity. The percentage of fish caught in different parts of the body was investigated. By using the length at first maturity of this species and proportion coefficient the optimal mesh size was obtained. More than 57% of the fish were caught in the head (around gill) as the highest part of body fish. The length modes of the various parts of the ribbonfish, including head (gilled), body, snout(snagged) circumference and entangled, were in the total length classifications of 50-55, 65-70, 65-70 and 80-85 cm, respectively. The proportion coefficient was equal to 0.036 and the optimal internal mesh (knot to knot opposite) was calculated to be 57 mm. Considering that more than 71% of the ribbonfish caught with common gillnets have been in sizes less than the length of maturity (78.7 cm total length), eliminating these gillnets and using the optimized mesh nets that proposed this research study,  reduces immature fish in the fishing.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of Cyanothece sp. on growth indices, survival rate and feed conversion ratio of western white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) for 60 days in Chabahar fisheries research center. 240 individual with an average weight of 3.03 ±0.017 g were distributed in 12 tanks with a density of 20 shrimp per liter of storage. Treatment were 0 (control), 100 (treatment 1), 200 (treatment 2) and 300 (treatment 3) mg/kg extract of Cyanothece sp. Growth indices were examined including mean weight, total length, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, feed conversion efficiency and survival as 3 meals per day and at the end of the period. The results showed 200 mg/kg of microalgae extract had a positive and significant effect on survival parameters (P<0.05). Mean weight, length and specific growth coefficient (SGR) of shrimp fed a diet containing 200 mg / kg of extract 13.88 g, 13.03 cm and 2.56% were significantly higher than the measured values in other treatments, respectively. While due to the significant increase in feed conversion ratio (FCE) in shrimp treated with 200 mg / kg, the rate of feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly lower than other shrimps. It is concluded the use of microalgae extract can have a positive effect on growth rate, survival rate and persistence of young western white shrimp.

This present resent study investigated sperm motility parameters (sperm motility duration and sperm motility percentage), spermatocrit, density of sperm and some biological factors such as sperm seminal plasma indices (ionic and organic composition) in 8 Acipenser ruthenus and Acipenser gueldenstaedti broodstocks. Sperm mobility duration length, percentage of sperm mobility, spermatocrit, density of sperm were measured 185±10.23 s, 90.00±2.25 %, 2.60±0.19 %, 2.42 × 0.30, respectively in A. ruthenus and 210±11.12 s, 90.33±2.16 %, 2.77±0.24 %, 2.63±0.18, respectively in A. gueldenstaedti. The concentrations of Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Calcium (Ca2+) and Magnesium (Mg2+) ions were determined 88.56±7.24, 4.24±0.32, 7.52±0.29 and 2.38±0.26 Mm L-1, respectively in A. ruthenus and 90.84±6.12, 4.65±0.21, 7.31±0.34 and 2.44±0.31 Mm L-1, respectively in A. gueldenstaedti. The concentrations of serum cholesterol and glucose were calculated 48.74±5.46 and 27.90±2.57 mg ml-1, respectively in A. ruthenus and 47.53±4.22, 28.63±2.31 mg ml-1 respectively in A. gueldenstaedti. In addition, seminal plasma of A. ruthenus and A. gueldenstaedti were estimated 1.53±0.30 and 1.58±0.34 mg/dl protein, respectively. The results of this study showed that there is a significant difference between sperm motility duration in A. ruthenus and A. gueldenstaedti. No significant differences were observed between other biochemical and spermatological parameters in A. ruthenus and A. gueldenstaedti.

In the present study, the effects of dietary supplementation of garlic extract on growth performance, skin mucus immunological parameters and antibacterial activity of Carassius auratus were examined. Fish were stocked in 100 L glass tanks (6 fish per tank) in triplicate and fed diets containing different garlic extracts (0 (control), 5, 10, and 15 ml/kg] for eight weeks. At the end of feeding period, the fish skin mucus was collected for evaluating the components of non-specific immune system (including lysozyme, complement, total immunoglobulin, dissolved protein, and alkaline phosphatase). Additionally, antimicrobial activity of the skin mucus against Aeromonas hydrophila, Yersinia ruckeri, Micrococcus luteus, Streptococcus faecium, and S. iniae was assessed. After the feeding trial, the fish fed diets containing garlic extract showed no significant difference in growth parameters. Significantly higher skin mucus lysozyme, complement, alkaline phosphatase activities, and total immunoglobulin and dissolved protein concentration were observed in the fish fed garlic extract-supplemented diets (P<0.0001). The antimicrobial activity of the skin mucus increased along with the increase in the dietary garlic extract levels (P<0.0001). Moreover, garlic extract exhibited the antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacterial species. The highest level of dietary garlic extract (15 ml/kg) led to significantly higher inhibition zones against pathogenic bacterial species compared to the other garlic extract levels (P<0.0001). The optimal administration of garlic extract at 15 ml/kg enhance skin mucus immune parameters and antimicrobial activity in goldfish.

Biological control using marine bacteria is part of the integrated management to control harmful algal blooms (HABs). The aim of the present study was to investigate the frequency and diversity of bacteria in HAB-exposed regions in Hormozgan province and to evaluate their algicidal activity against Cochlodinium polykrikoides. Seasonal frequency of bacteria in 10 stations throughout the coastal regions of Hormuz Island, Bandar Abbas, and Bandar Lengeh showed maximum frequency in St 1, St 6, and St 10 in spring. We identified 10 bacterial families in sediment samples, which dominantly belonged to Vibrionaceae, Entrobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae with 29%, 14 %, and 12% frequency, respectively. While in seawater samples Entrobacteriaceae and Vibrionaceae were dominated with 23% among 6 identified families. Approximately, 13.33% of sediment-isolated bacteria and 9.09% of seawater-isolated bacteria were able to kill whole algal cells. The extracted metabolites of the active isolates exhibited significant algicidal activity with LC50 values ranging from 90.28±3.14 to 1029±45.94 µg/ml. This study presented an overview of the frequency and diversity of bacteria in the investigated areas and provided eight algicidal isolates for future studies on the biological control of HABs.

This research was carried out with the aim of molecular identification and using cytochrome oxidase gene of two species of ornamental fish native to Iran entitled Aphanius vladykovi and Aphanius ginaonis. Five samples of each fish were collected from Sarcheshmeh Park (Aloni city, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province) and Genu spring (Bandar Abbas) and after morphological identification and DNA extraction, they were sequenced. Then using BioEdit software and the NCBI database, the amount of homology of the obtained sequences was measured. The analysis of the evolution tree was performed by the closest proximity and parsimony method based on the Kimura 2-parameter model using mega software. The results showed that these species were genetically close to each other in different parts of Fars province (A. vladykovi) and Turkey, and a clade with two sister clusters next to the species belonging to the northern offerings more than Turkey includes Aphanius anatoliae, Aphanius sureyanus, Aphanius maeandricus and Aphanius iconii. The greatest genetic differences can be observed between the specimens of Aphanius vladykovi from Sarcheshmeh Park spring and Aphanius sureyanus from Turkey, which was not unexpected due to the deep geographical gap between the mentioned regions. At the same time, the species Aphanius Genu shows itself in a separate clade with a large genetic distance. Various geological factors caused Genu fish to separate itself from other studied species and to hide in Hormozgan region. As a result, the gene flow between this region and other regions has stopped, and caused the Aphanius ginaonis in Hormozgan province to remain as a unique species.

Determination of population dynamics is the important indicator for evaluating of status and management of commercial species. In this research, trend catch and demographic characteristics and demographic characteristics of Bigeye tuna (T. obesus) were estimated by collecting information from 4 catchment areas on the coast of Sistan and Baluchestan Province including Brace, Ramin, Pozem and Konarak. In this project, more than 800 fish at the research stations were biometric and the growth parameters were L∞ = 113 cm, growth factor K = 0.45 (yr-1), natural mortality M= 0.71(yr-1), mortality and mortality (yr-1), F = 0.15, total mortality (yr-1), Z = 0.86 and exploitation coefficient (yr-1), E = 0.18, and the time zero was -0.25 for the years. Relative production per recruitment, relative biomass per recruitment, exploitation rate and average annual standing stock for kawakawa species were estimated Y '/ Rp =0.02, B' / Rp = 0.70, U= 0.10, respectively. This study shows that annual harvest of Bigeye tuna fish is less than its optimal level and can be planned for further exploitation of this species, especially offshore and international waters.

In this study, the effect of garlic essential oil on growth performance, hematological and biochemical parameters of goldfish (Carassius auratus) was studied. 180 goldfish with an average weight of 3.4±0.2g in four levels 0 (T0), 0.1 (T0.1), 0.15 (T0.15) and 0.2g (T0.2) of garlic essential oil per kg of diet (triplicate) were evaluated for 8 weeks. The results showed that growth performance and feed conversion ratio in experimental treatments respectively increased and decreased significantly compared to the control group (P<0.05). Hematocrit, hemoglobin and white and red blood cells in treatments containing garlic essential oil increased significantly compared to the control group (P<0.05). Garlic essential oil causes no significant effect on the parameters of MCV, MCH and MCHC (P>0.05). Blood protein levels in treatments fed with garlic essential oil increased significantly and blood glucose levels decreased significantly compared to the control group (P<0.05). Triglyceride levels in 0.2g/kg group were lower than other treatments (P>0.05). Also, there was no significant difference in alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) enzyme activity between experimental and control groups (P>0.05). The results of the present study show that the addition of garlic essential oil can be used as a useful dietary supplement to enhance health and biochemical indicators in goldfish.

Silybum marianum is a plant with effective medicinal agents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Silybum marianum methanolic extract on liver function and growth parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio).

180 fish with an average weight of 10.40±1.12 g were treated in a randomized design in 4 groups with 3 replications (15 fish per replication). The control had treatment without alcoholic extract and the treatments of the other three groups had 2.5, 5 and 10 g of Silybum marianum extract per kg of food, respectively. Every 15 days after anesthesia, biometrics and growth indices were assessed in all fish. Liver enzyme function was measured in the blood at the end of the study (day 90).  

The highest final weight (46.20±1.34), body weight gain (36.30±1.50) and specific growth rate (1.55±0.12) in the treatment containing 10 g of alcoholic extract of Silybum marianum was observed, that had a significant difference in comparison to the control treatment (P<0.05). Also, the highest and lowest feed conversion ratios were observed in the control treatment (1.75±0.11) and in the treatment containing 10 g of extract (1.25±0.12), respectively (P<0.05). The levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes in the treatment containing 10 g of extract were lower than other treatments, but no significant difference was observed between these enzymes in different treatments (P<0.05).  

According to the findings of the present study, consumption of alcoholic extract of Silybum marianum by common carp improved growth performance as well as the liver enzymes function.

Shrimp farming is a young and dynamic business with a history of rapid change in response to technological advances. The first advances in shrimp farming technology occurred in Japan in the late 1930s. Due to the unfavorable climate and species of Japan for commercial production, the technology was transferred to other countries in Asia and the United States in the 1970s. The increasing prevalence of the disease in wild populations led to the introduction of the pathogen-free Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (SPF) produced by the US Marine Shrimp Consortium to Asia and its replacement by fast-growing, native species. Transplantation without screening, without adequate testing and testing, led to the spread of WSSV in Asia from the Americas to the point where breeders often looked healthy but were present at low levels of the disease and remained undetected. Thus, as the disease progresses, terms such as specific pathogen-free generators (SPF), specific pathogen-resistant generators (SPR), pathogen-free generators (PF), specific pathogen-tolerant generators (SPT), high-health generators (HH) and other terms It was created for the production of reliable breeders and overseas transmissions, and now the OIE annually updates the list of these diseases and terms, and the manufacturing companies are obliged to comply with it.