فهرست مطالب sara rostami

Some consider buying and selling a filter breaker a crime, citing Article 25 of the Computer Crimes Law, but it is not included in this clause because using a filter breaker is not only for committing a crime. The purpose of this research is to criminalize filtering regarding the right to employment and business using existing platforms according to Iranian law and international documents and the hypothesis is that; How effective is the criminalization of filtering for people who use the platforms for business. In Article 28 of the Constitution; People have the right to choose a job that is not against Islam and public interest and it is the duty of the government to create the possibility of employment under equal conditions for everyone and similar to Article 23 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which states the right to work, fair and satisfactory conditions and also Article 6 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which states parties Covenants should recognize the right to operate freely for businesses and take appropriate measures And the laws and policies related to the filtering of business platforms should be in such a way that information is realized in a comprehensive way. And the religious and cultural organization of the nation will also be protected. The research method is descriptive-analytical and using library method.

The Islamic Republic of Iran has been under the most severe economic sanctions by the European Union and the United States for the past few decades. The question is, what is the policy of the European Union and the United States in imposing economic sanctions against Iran and how can these sanctions be evaluated from the perspective of international documents? The article is descriptive and analytical using the library method. The findings indicate that Iran is one of the countries that has had a great impact on the success or failure of European and American policies in the region. For this reason, they have launched an extensive effort to link Iran's nuclear activities with the atomic bomb, supporting terrorism and terrorist groups. And they magnified this issue at the level of the international system through media tools from the point of view of international documents, sanctions are a violation of the rules of the United Nations Charter, such as the principle of non-interference and the principle of the sovereignty of countries. And economic sanctions ignore the principle of free trade, human rights rules such as the right to development and the right to self-determination

Management of sustainable development is one of the important issues of development, which has not been discussed much in the shadow of the concept of sustainable development. The purpose of this article is to examine sustainable development management in countries from the perspective of international law with an analysis of economic jurisprudence.

This article is descriptive and analytical. The materials and data are also qualitative and data collection has been used.

Ethical considerations: 

In the present paper, the originality of the text, honesty and trustworthiness are respected.

The findings indicate that in economic jurisprudence, it is possible to achieve important principles and rules that indicate the management of sustainable development. The principle of not causing harm in the development process, observing the principle of maintaining balance and balance, the principle of responsibility and non-corruption in the land, and paying attention to human dignity are among the most important of these rules and principles. In international law, sustainable development management has been emphasized in various international conventions and documents, including the Rio Convention. In international development law, compliance with human rights standards, protection of social values and compliance with environmental standards in the development process are the three basic principles that govern sustainable development management. In the principle of compliance with environmental standards in the development process, there are important principles such as the principle of responsibility and compensation, the principle of caution and the principle of cooperation and information in environmental risks.

. The results showed What is important is to guarantee the implementation of the rules and principles governing sustainable development management. Without a guarantee of implementation, the rules governing the management of sustainable development in international law will remain only as recommendations.

Along with the facilitation and development of communication and interaction between countries, border crimes have also been expanded. Human trafficking is one of the most important crimes that takes place in border areas. The purpose of this article is to analyze the international responsibility of countries in dealing with border crimes with an emphasis on human trafficking.

Given that this article seeks to describe and analyze the international responsibility of countries in dealing with border crimes, in terms of its objectives it is of an applied research type, and in terms of the method of collection and the nature of the data, it is a library and qualitative study. The current research seeks to answer the following question: what are the international responsibilities of countries in dealing with human trafficking crimes at international borders?

The findings indicate that victim protection, prevention, criminalization and determination of punishments such as confiscation of property and extradition of criminals are among the most important international obligations of governments in this field. Some of the governments' obligations are related to actions such as criminalizing human trafficking in the domestic arena, and some of them imply the governments' obligations in the international arena, which is about guaranteeing the implementation of legal gaps in this field.

The obtained results show that the commitments of governments in the international arena require two important components. First of all, the realization of governments' obligations in dealing with border crimes and human trafficking requires regional and international cooperation, without which, it is not possible to deal with this type of crime. Second, the necessary efforts should be made to include human trafficking in the context of an organized and widespread crime in the statute of the International Criminal Court, and this kind of guarantee of the necessary implementation of the governments' obligations in this regard should be provided.

In the explanation and duties and responsibilities of the Islamic state, it is mainly mentioned about providing spiritual needs, and the responsibility and obligations of the Islamic state in providing the welfare of the citizens is one of the important issues that has not been discussed much. In this paper, an attempt has been made to examine the economic responsibility of the government and its obligations in providing public welfare.

This paper is descriptive and analytical and library method is used.

Ethical Considerations:

 In this paper, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness are observed.

The findings indicate that from the jurisprudential and legal point of view, the Islamic state has responsibility for production, creating work and employment, fighting economic corruption and preventing disruption of economic order, economic justice, regulating the market and preventing hoarding, and the Islamic state should take steps to ensure the well-being of the citizens in realizing the social security of the citizens, social justice, food security, education of the citizens, provision of appropriate services and the right to benefit from a healthy environment.

Considering the duties and responsibilities of the government in the field of economy and providing the welfare of citizens, it is necessary to define and formulate macro-economic and social policies in order to meet the economic needs and provide the welfare of citizens.

In international law, one of the topics that has been used to resolve disputes between actors of the international system is negotiation and constructive interactions between countries. One of the negotiation approaches among the aforementioned units is conducting border diplomacy in the form of negotiations between representatives of neighboring countries to resolve issues and problems related to border areas and stabilize peace and establish security in these areas. According to this issue, in the present study, the position of border diplomacy in international law was analyzed. In this article, by using the descriptive-analytical method and examining the valid documents and documents related to the research topic, to the question that; What is the position of border diplomacy in international law? Answered. The findings showed that negotiation is one of the most important resources provided in international law to resolve disputes between countries, and due to the existence of numerous issues and problems in border areas, it has the most efficiency and application among the units of the system. has had an international Border diplomacy in the form of negotiation is one of the most important approaches of international law to resolve border disputes and has a very important place in establishing peace and establishing security in relations between countries. Carrying out border interactions and preventing any formation of insecurity in the border areas between countries is a matter that takes place through border meetings in the form of border diplomacy on behalf of institutions related to border areas in countries. Considering this issue, the most favorable result that can be presented from the current research; Exploiting the resources of international law in the form of border diplomacy by countries with long borders and delegating authority to institutions related to border areas in order to protect and protect their borders and reduce tension and conflict between countries.

Considering the improvement of the quality of the services provided, reproductive rights and women's health in Iran are of great help to this segment of the society.  And on the other hand, this right is part of human rights and countries recognize it.  So that all individuals and couples have the right to decide on the number of children and the spacing between them and the purpose of this research is the reproductive right in the Iranian and international health system and the achievements.

The research is descriptive-analytical and prepared and organized using library documents.

Ethical Considerations: 

Honesty and trustworthiness have been observed in all stages of writing the present research, while respecting the originality of the texts.

The findings indicate that according to the services provided in the health and fertility treatment department that there are still gaps.

By raising the level of health in other levels of the society, Government action and support, we will provide the possibility of fertility for couples and it is not an unreasonable expectation if the policy makers and health care trustees of Iran are asked to remove any legal obstacles regarding the mother's use of safe abortion facilities.

The main duty of the judiciary in any legal system is to fight corruption and monitor the correct implementation of laws. Judiciary, like other powers, has a unique structure and a high management system. The purpose of the current research, which was carried out with a descriptive-analytical method and with library tools, is to investigate and analyze the styles of the management of the judiciary in Iran and Europe. The results of the present research show that there are three styles for managing the judiciary in European countries, and the most important of them is the council and decentralized management in the judiciary. The main style in Europe is to create judicial councils, keeping judges separate from political and external pressures, especially the executive branch. Judicial councils are a means to preserve and enhance judicial independence by taking the authority to appoint judges from the executive branch. But in Iran's legal system, after the implementation of constitutional reforms in 1989, the council management style was dissolved and the centralized management method replaced it. This method is more compatible with the needs of Iran's judicial system by taking into account the jurisprudential foundations of Iran's legal system and the existence of the principle of jurist’s sovereignty.

Individual and social freedoms form an important part of human rights standards. In the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, various examples of individual and social rights and freedoms have been discussed. The purpose of this article is to examine this important question: What are the sociological grounds of individual and social freedoms in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the sociological reasons for the limitations of these freedoms? The following article is descriptive and analytical and has investigated the mentioned question using the library method. The findings indicate that the developments of the constitutional revolution and the specification of individual and social freedoms in the constitutional amendment are among the sociological fields of individual and social freedoms in the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. During this period, as a result of various factors, including Iran's interaction with the outside world, important measures were taken to limit the king's power, and at the same time, the public's desire and will, including individual and social rights and freedoms, were taken into consideration.

Endowment is the topics in the modern era. Its purpose dynamic endowment in society as a lasting legacy for the future in society and it has many economic functions, such as reducing poverty.

The research method is descriptive-analytical and the data collection method is library and by referring to documents, books and articles.

Endowment is from legal acts; it requires willpower and is divided into two categories of contract and agreement and legally there is a difference: is it a contract or an agreement? About the ownership of the endowment property, some jurists know dedicator the owner, some of the same endowment belongs to the recipient of the endowment and some make God the owner of the endowment. Thus; Endowment is a contract and there is no difference between Iranian civil law and jurisprudence.Ethical considerations: have been observed in all stages of research writing, originality of texts, honesty and trustworthiness.

is endowed from Current charity, recommended matters and one of the new issues is the endowment of stocks and money that; First: We accept the endowment of tax (money) with strong arguments. Secondly: acceptance is the main condition in the endowment. It has many economic functions Such as reducing poverty in society, creating employment and a lot of capital in society. To implement it, can be done through Loan funds and mutual funds.

The Caspian Sea, as the largest lake in the world, faces environmental problems on its shores and water borders, and its solution is criminal protection of the urban environment in the form of criminalizing destructive behaviors against trees, waste, air, water and soil pollution and noise pollution, as well as threats to public health and damage to the environment based on the provisions of the Convention on the Law of the Sea. Governments have the sovereign right to exploit natural resources according to environmental policies (water border of the Caspian Sea). The question is how to compensate the damage to the environment of the Caspian Sea? And the hypothesis is that the issue of Caspian Sea border contamination is always disputed. The result is that if the damage occurs by the workers in any case, even thought the sponsor government has done appropriate measures; it is possible to suppose criminal responsibility and compensation for him.

 The world of law is designed based on logical rules and their order. These rules and regulations justify legal norms. In other words, it causes legal norms to be accepted and implemented by society. The purpose of this study is to investigate the legal aspects of marriage gifts in the light of legal formalism.

 This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles.

 The findings of the present study show that there is a certain multiplicity in relation to the nature of marriage gifts from the perspective of logical order. This multiplicity can be sought in the specific principles of these gifts, namely the aspect of benevolence and the aspect of savings and savings. On the other hand, this multiplicity is not acceptable within the framework of the classical order of the legal world.

Ethical considerations:

 In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

In connection with the multiplicity governing the nature and effects of Shabash, it should be noted that looking at the world of law from the perspective of postmodernism and the complexity of the relations of the subjects of law has caused failure and refraction in the world of law; That is, traditional classifications cannot cover the current complex relationships of legal entities.

In order to globalize and diminish the shadow of national sovereignty of states over human rights, all human beings (regardless of which state they are citizens of) are consideredmembers of the international community and, as a result, enjoy different rights. In this regard, in order to design and present a set of legal standards and norms to ensure more and better human rights, the concept of fundamental human rights in the literature of international law in particular and international human rights, has emerged.

In this analytical-descriptive study, the concept of peremptory norms in international law and its effects will be discussed first. After accurately identifying this variable, we will introduce examples of peremptory norms in the field of international human rights. In the next step, the framework of citizenship rights in the Iranian legal system and examples of these rights will be identified as another variable of this research.Ethical Considerations:In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

By accepting and ratifying the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Iranian government has incorporated the concept of fundamental human rights, which is one of the examples of the peremptory norms in international law, into its domestic legal system. In the present study, it is observed that the distinction between the concept of human rights and citizenship rights within the framework of domestic law will affect Iran's international obligations in relation to fundamental human rights.

On the one hand, the classification of international human rights norms and their division into two categories of fundamental and non-fundamental rights, and on the other hand, the lack of attention of the Iranian domestic legal system to this issue in some cases can cause international Responsibility for state in the field of International law and relations. As a result, the need to amend domestic laws and regulations in relation to fundamental human rights seems inevitable.

Education is not only one of the important examples of human rights but also an important tool for the realization of other examples of human rights. The guarantee and enforcement of this right is a prelude to the guarantee and enforcement of other instances of human rights. The right to education was initially recognized as a general and flexible principle that had no clear and binding legal obligations under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Due to the fundamental differences that existed in the legal-political systems of governments, the development and strengthening of this right was entrusted to regional and domestic legal systems.

In this study with analytical-descriptive method, first the concept of citizenship and the importance of education will be discussed. After determining the status of this variable, the objectives of the educational process and the concept of "right to education" will be considered to explain more precisely the general framework of the main issue of the present study. In the third step, the teaching of democracy, tolerance and tolerance as the main criteria for promoting democratic citizenship will be discussed. Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

Within the framework of the right to empowerment, education is a mechanism by which individuals can acquire the tools necessary for full participation in society. Education plays a very important role in empowering the vulnerable, promoting human rights and democracy, providing the necessary conditions for sustainable development, and so on. As a result, education is considered as one of the best materials and spiritual investments that a government can make for the development, progress and welfare of its citizens.

Developments in the right to education and implementation and its guarantee within the framework of the doctrine of democratic citizenship and, consequently, its relationship with the development and strengthening of the concept of rule of law and its constituent elements can in the process of educating citizens committed to democracy and creating a legal-political system. The main and most effective guarantee of its implementation will be the real pressure of public opinion and public demand, to play a key role.

Right to Health is one of the Examples of Natural Rights That Islam Emphasizes it and is one of the Main Factors in Assessing the Development of Societies and is Under the Second Generation of Human Rights. According to Paragraph b of Article 55 of the UN Charter, States Undertake to Provide Solutions to Overcome Health Problems and to Support Social Security, Health and Medical Institutions. The Main Purpose of This Study is to Investigate the Concept and Position of the Right to Health in the Legal System of Iran and the World With Emphasis on Citizenship Rights and the Covid 19.

This Research has Been Prepared by Descriptive-Analytical Method and its Data has Been Collected by Documentary-Library Tools.

The Findings Suggest that Governments are Required to Take Immediate Action (to Provide Medicine) to Ensure a Healthy Life. The Iranian Government has Also Ratified This Issue in Article 29 of the Constitution. The Iranian Government has Also Recognized the Right of Access to Medicines Under Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 12 of the Covenant on Economic and Social Rights.

Ethical Considerations: 

In Order to Organize this Research, While Observing the Authenticity of the Texts, Honesty and Fidelity Have Been Observed.

In the System of International Law, The Right to Entitlement is Part of the Goals and Commitment to it is a Political Commitment. It is Better to Consider This Right as one of the Examples of Human Rights. In our Country, Despite the Existence of Some Special Laws in This Field That Increase the Enjoyment of People, But in Practice, The Desired Result has not Been Achieved.

It is with the perpetration of a crime that the criminal should be normally exposed to suing, trial and punishment. In most of the criminal files, the actions by the police, as the executive officers of the justice department and the substructure of the formation of the criminal files, and, on the other hand, the disciplinary force, as one of the pillars of the judicial body, play a prominent role in the formation of fair trial. It is necessary for the legislative officials to exactly elaborate the duties and authorities of the police as the justice department’s executive officers, especially, in regard of the crimes against chastity that have to be taken into account with special sensitivity and delicacy for Islam rules that these crimes should not be performed at all. Based on the regulations of the criminal trial procedures and article 28 thereof, the general duty of the police as the justice department’s executive officers that work under the teachings and supervision of the judicial authority and that of the disciplinary force in the tangible crimes or in cases that there is a private plaintiff and/or when the forcible crimes against chastity and/or organized crimes are perpetrated is only limited to the preservation of the traces and proofs of the crime and prevention of the culprit’s escape and hiding and this limitation has become more intensified and more sensitive in the intangible crimes in such a way that the disciplinary force has no right to get involved in the investigation of such crimes that are perpetrated intangibly and in hidden places and such an authority has been granted to the penal courts and within the framework of the legal regulations. Based on article 44 of the law on penal trial procedures, the justice department’s executive officers announce the crime’s occurrence upon being informed thereof to the judicial authorities and they have no right to engage in such cases and such a prohibition of intervention in regard of the crimes against chastity has been due to Islam’s policy of hiding the offenses hence justifiable in the same line. The present article uses critical analysis method to study these principles and their exceptions.

Uterine fibroid is considered as the most common pelvic tumor in women during their reproductive years. Symptomatic uterine fibroids can cause abnormal uterine bleeding, anemia, pressure symptoms and fertility issues and also have a significant influence on patient’s quality of life. These are the most common indications for hysterectomy worldwide. We report a 43-year-old woman with abnormal vaginal bleeding and dysmenorrhea due to large size of uterine leiomyoma which was candidate for myomectomy. Due to her virginity she couldn’t undergo uterine surgery. She preferred to use non-surgical treatments and presented to our traditional Persian medicine outpatient clinic. In order to control menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea, dry cupping therapy was recommended to her for three times a week. After a period of two months, dysmenorrhea and vaginal bleeding were decreased noticeably. In addition, a significant reduction in tumor size was observed. This case shows dry cupping therapy can be effective and safe in decreasing fibroid-related symptoms like dysmenorrhea and excess bleeding and also the size of fibroid. It seems that this method can be integrated with current therapeutic approaches. However, further clinical studies need to establish the efficacy and safety of dry cupping therapy for the management of uterine fibroids.

Given that the patient is independent and has the will and if there is no prohibition or restriction from the religious point of view, he has the right to make any decision in his medical affairs, the question is whether the patient that is unconscious for a period of time is competence to make a decision in advance? In recent decades, the knowledge of modern medical ethics with a patient-centered approach and attention to autonomous importance, by devising strategies such as lifelong will and advocacy in medical affairs. The purpose is to determine the patientchr('39')s will before the patient becomes incapable of making a decision and provide it to physicians to determine the patientchr('39')s treatment process.

In this article, a library study is performed using descriptive-analytical methods.

This research with a jurisprudential and legal approach and after a brief study of the solutions proposed in medical ethics, by describing and analyzing the jurisprudential arguments and opinions of jurists proves that although the medical will is not valid and effective, but the patient is able to get a lawyer in medical affairs to determine when he is unconscious and making decisions.

The findings suggest that a person may, in the form of a solh Contract and by considering the jurisprudential and social status of the contract, regulate his medical and therapeutic matters and delegate the decision to another person for the time of anesthesia or when he lacks the ability to make decisions.

Although peace is one of the oldest human ideals, human history is full of conflicts. Studies have shown that rape, military conflict, colonial politics, and all forms of foreign and terrorist interference, as well as violent behavior, have further affected women. Violations of the human rights of women and children during wars and military conflicts have clearly threatened the foundations of human health and security in human society. Meanwhile, the responsibility to maintain and promote peace is one of the greatest responsibilities of women peacekeepers at the United Nations, and this global Institution is committed to increasing women's participation in peacekeeping, peacemaking and peacebuilding, especially since the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 in 2000. Women have emphasized that women's peace and security have been important goals for UN peace.  This study focuses on South Sudan, Libya and Ivory Coast, the key question is what role have UN peacekeepers played in peacekeeping operations? With a feminist approach based on the theory of peaceful feminism and through library resources and descriptive-analytical methods, this paper hypothesizes that the presence of female peacekeepers will contribute to a more effective peacekeeping operation due to their talents, characteristics, and practical benefits. That is why we are witnessing the expansion of female peacekeepers in peacekeeping operations.

Health system reform confronts hospitals with a lot of patients and their companions. This study aimed to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of patients’ companions toward hospitals rules and nurses’ rights.

This descriptive-analytic cross-sectional study was conducted through a multistage cluster random sampling of patients’ first degree relatives who had accompanied their patients in main public hospitals of Shiraz, Iran. Valid and reliable questionnaire was filled for each interviewee by a face to face interview. Data were analyzed using SPSS.

Mean age of 423 interviewees was 36.7±11.7 years with female to male ratio of 1.29. 292(67.4%) were educated until the end of high school, while 264(61.1%) had a kind of job. Knowledge, attitude and practice toward hospitals’ rules and nurses’ rights were inappropriate in 61(14.1%), 84(19.4%) and 221(51.2%) respectively. Moreover, Sum score of these variables was inappropriate in 102(23.6%). Correlation between knowledge and practice was 0.44(p<0.001). Total score of knowledge, attitude and practice had a significant association with the kind of hospital, gender, level of education, marital status, being bread-winner of family, having a job, patients’ finance providing, cohabitation with patient in the same place, admission ward of patient, last time of interviewee’s admission in hospital and amount and source of information about hospitals rules and nurses’ rights.

Inappropriate practice of patients’ companions toward hospitals rules is associated with violence against nurses, their burnout and decreasing quality of hospital services. Therefore, following health system reform in Iran and increasing trend of referrals to hospitals, efficient interventions to improve this index is recommended.

Nurses are more likely to be exposed to violence at their workplace in comparison with other employees. To determine various aspects of violence against nurses in Shiraz public hospitals. This cross-sectional study was conducted from 2017 to 2018, using a multistage random sampling method. Violence including verbal threats, verbal abuse, physical and sexual abuse as well as ethnical types, violence from patients, patients' companions and coworkers, and causes of violence were investigated using a checklist. 405 nurses with a mean age of 30.2 (SD 7.1) years and female to male ratio of 4.2 were interviewed. 363 (89.6%) nurses had experienced at least one kind of violence; 68.4% suffered from more than one type of violence. Verbal abuse (83.9%), verbal threats (27.6%), physical violence (21.4%), sexual abuse (10.8%), and ethnical harassment (6.1%) were the most common types of violence experienced by the nurses. Patients' companions, patients, and physicians were reported as the sources of violence in 70.6%, 43.1%, and 4.1% of cases, respectively. Nurses with non-official employment status and non-Farsi ethnicity, having a disease, with non-evening shift work, and those with short or long employment period were more affected. Unrealistic expectations by patients' companions and long working hours were the most common attributing factors. Violence against nurses, as a strenuous and health-threatening crisis, has become epidemic in public hospitals in our region. Effective interventions are warranted to sort out these problems.

Respect for Human Rights and Freedoms is one of the Fundamental Human Rights in all Legal Systems, Especially the Islamic legal System. Achieving Freedom of Expression, is Mentioned in Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. It Requires the Affirmation of Reasonable Principles and Justifications. Our Aim in This Study is to Examine the Right to Freedom of Expression in Islamic and International Law and to Achieve the Strengths and Weaknesses of This Right in the Above two Legal Systems.

This Article is Descriptive-Analytical and has been Compiled by Library Method.

 The Findings Show That the two Systems of Islamic law and International Law have Common Views on the Right to Freedom. The Definition of Freedom of Expression Given by Legal Scholars is that "Freedom of Expression Means Freedom to Express onechr('39')s Opinion, Whether Social, Political, Philosophical or Religious." In Addition, all Thinkers Believe That Freedom of Expression Must be Within a Specific Framework so as not to Harm the Rights of Others. In fact, Freedom of Thought and Expression is a Vital Right That has Been Studied and Analyzed From Various Religious, Philosophical, Social, Moral, Legal and International Chapters and has been Reflected and Examined in Domestic Laws, Documents and International Treaties.

According to Studies Conducted in the Implementation of Islamic and International Legal Systems Regarding the Right to Liberty, Both in Islamic Law and in International Law, the Right to Liberty is Jointly Considered as one of the Vital Human Rights and Although in Between There are Slight Differences, But in Both Systems the Right to Liberty is Respected.

Acne vulgaris is a common skin disorder. This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of Ramadan fasting on acne healing in patients admitted to the dermatology clinic, Razi Hospital, Tehran.
In this prospective cohort study, 10 fasting persons (9 women and 1 man) and 10 non-fasting persons (9 women and 1 man) with acne were studied. Their baseline acne severities were recorded and acne improvement was evaluated in both groups after Ramadan month.
Acne improvement was 71% in fasting persons and 49% in non-fasting persons. Improvement in fasting persons i.e. was 1.4 times of non-fasting ones (P=0.158). However, no significant statistical difference was detected. Also, it was determined that improvement was different according to acne grading. Improvement in acne lesions in patients with grade 2 severity was 100%, in those with grade 3 acne was 78%, and in patients with grade 4 acne was 35 % (P=0.025). But in non-fasting patients there was not a statistical difference between acne severity and improvement rate. Furthermore in patients younger than 24, improvement rate of acne was 1.6 fold more than non-fasting persons and in patients older than 24, this ratio was 1.3 (P=0.011).
This study did not show any statistically significant difference in acne improvement between who were fasting and who were not during Ramadan. Studies with larger sample size are recommended.

Urban family physician program has been launched as a pilot in Fars andMazandaran provinces of Iran since 2012. Attitudes of policy makers and people toward urban family physician program have become challenging. This study shows what people know and practice toward this program. This cross‑sectional population‑based study was conducted by a multistage randomized sampling in Shiraz, Southern Iran. Knowledge and practice of adults toward urban family physician program were queried through filing the questionnaires. Single and multiple variable analyzes of data were performed. Participation rate was 1257 of 1382 (90.9%), and the mean age of the respondents was 38.1 ± 13.2 years. Of 1257, 634 (50.4%) were men and 882 (70.2%) were married. Peoples’ total knowledge toward urban family physician program was 5 ± 2.7 of 19, showed that 1121 (89.2%) had a low level of knowledge. This was correlated positively and in order to being under coverage of this program (P < 0.001), being under coverage of one of the main insurance systems (P = 0.04) and being married (P = 0.002). The mean score of people’s practice toward the program was 2.3 ± 0.9 of total score 7, showed that 942 (74%) had poor performance, and it was correlated positively and in order to being under coverage of this program (P < 0.001) and having higher than 1000$ monthly income (P = 0.004). Correlation of people’s knowledge and practice toward the program was 24%. Current evidences show a low level of knowledge, poor practice and weak correlation of knowledge‑practice of people toward urban family physician program.

Leptin is an adipokine made by fat cells and plays a key role in proliferation, cell survival, migration and immune response. Several studies have suggested that individuals with high serum leptin concentrations would increase the risk of breast cancer. G -2548A polymorphism in the leptin gene is located in the promoter region and is associated with the change of leptin serum level. In this study, the association between G -2548A polymorphism in leptin gene and breast cancer susceptibility was investigated. This case-control study was done on 374 Iranian women. This study was performed from March 2013 to February 2013. Blood samples from 203 women with breast cancer and 171 age (±5)- matched healthy women were collected. Breast cancer patients were selected from Namazi Hospital in Shiraz city. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples. The G -2548A polymorphism of leptin gene was determined using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Data analysis was performed by SPSS version 18. Logistic regression analysis was used for association of breast cancer susceptibility and G -2548A polymorphism of leptin gene. The A allele frequency was 60% in control group and 72% in breast cancer patients. There was a significant association between A allele in -2548 position of leptin gene and breast cancer susceptibility (OR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.3-2.4, P<0.001). In the reces-sive effect of the A allele (comparison between AA vs. AG+GG), AA genotype in -2548 region of leptin promoter sequence was significantly increased the risk of breast cancer (OR=2.2, 95% CI: 1.5-3.4, P<0.001). It is concluded that A allele in the -2548 promoter region of leptin gene may act as a recessive allele and increase the breast cancer risk.