seyed hadi arabi

The aim of this article is to identify the jurisprudential, legal, and executive barriers and challenges to the securitization of banks' loan assets, providing some solutions for expanding the use of this tool through a descriptive-analytical method. The findings indicate that despite the serious need for banks to increase their lending capacity, challenges such as high costs of issuing securities, pricing of receivables without regard to market conditions (financial repression), and higher returns in other parallel markets compared to the yields of these securities, the lengthy process of reviewing securitization, the complex structure of the securitization process, the halt in the use of this tool due to the 2008 financial crisis, high credit risk of borrowers, and poor quality of bank assets, as well as the existence of multiple jurisprudential views on the sale of debt to non-debtors, and the legal and regulatory gaps in establishing corporate governance in banks, all contribute to reducing investors' motivation to purchase these securities on one hand and decreasing banks' willingness to securitize their receivables on the other. The consequences of neglecting this issue will manifest in the reduced financial capacity of banks, leading to a decline in their capital adequacy ratio.

The Central Bank, as the organ in charge of monetary policies, implements those policies that achieve the selected final goals. In order to achieve these goals, central banks usually use a mechanism. In the first step, the operational tool is selected, and, in the second step, this tool has an effect on a variable called the intermediate goal. Then, through its changes, the final goals are achieved. Depending on the economic conditions and environmental characteristics, the selected tools of the central bank can have different degrees of effectiveness in achieving the macroeconomic goals. Since the monetary policy used in Iran's economy is based on the prohibition of usury and the non-use of interest rates, the question to arise is how the restriction of zero interest rate (prohibition of usury) is applied in the Islamic economic system. Although we know that the theory of zero interest rate, which is discussed in conventional economics, has structural (theoretical and practical) differences with the concept of prohibition of usury, it can  have implications for the Islamic economy and our country. In this regard, the issue of compensation for currency depreciation has always been the focus of Islamic economic researchers. For example, compensation for the depreciation of money up to the inflation is accepted according to the fatwa of the Supreme Leader of Islamic Republic of Iran. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the economic effects of the zero real interest rate policy on the variables of Iran’s macroeconomics and analyze its consequences. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of zero real interest rate monetary policy on macroeconomic variables.

In this research, a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) including the banking system has been designed, in which the central bank determines the policy interest rate in the market by using the open market operation tools and implements its monetary policy. In the conventional structure of DSGE models, it is necessary to determine the parts of the model at first. In this study, the described parts are household, banking system, producer of final goods and services, government and the central bank as the determiner of interest rates. The study also uses the seasonal data of the period 2009-2021 with the Bayesian method.

The findings of this research show that, based on the defined monetary policy rule, the interest rate reacts to changes in the inflation rate and production. According to the findings, the reaction of macroeconomic variables to the shock of one percentage increase in the nominal interest rate is as expected. With the increase in the interest rate, household consumption decreases. Based on the optimal path of the investment expenses, the investment costs and, consequently, the amount of the capital decrease. As the marginal cost items decrease, the total production level decreases too. Therefore, based on zero real interest rate, the direction and path of change of important macroeconomic variables in the policy is in line with expectations. The effects of the zero real interest rate policy show themselves better when compared to those of the non-zero real interest rate policy. The rule based on zero real interest rate is less able to control economic fluctuations because, in the case where the monetary policy maker actively reacts to economic fluctuations (non-zero real interest rate policy), its response to the inflation rate is not point-for-point. So, it can control economic fluctuations by changing the real interest rate.In the case where the interest rate reacts exactly point-for-point to the inflation rate, because the real interest rate does not change, there is no noticeable change in the path of macroeconomic variables; therefore, in the face of economic shocks, stable equilibrium will not be established. In fact, the zero real interest rate, meaning the equality of the nominal interest rate and the inflation rate, violates Taylor's principle in monetary policy. According to Taylor's principle, the policy based on the interest rate rule can lead to a sufficient response to the variables, thus reestablishing the balance if the sensitivity of the interest rate to the inflation rate is greater than point-for-point. If this sensitivity is equal to one, it cannot bring the stable equilibrium conditions for the economy.

Conclusions and policy implications: 

As it was said, in the current situation of the country, the implemented interest rate indicates the passive state of the monetary policy. In other words, it shows that it cannot bring a stable balance in response to economic shocks. In the current research, it has been tried to simulate the effects of implementing the policy of zero real interest rate and analyze its effects on macroeconomic variables, considering the theories about compensation for currency depreciation and the recent fatwa of the Supreme Leader of Islamic Republic of Iran, as well as some theories based on the zero real interest rate in the conventional economy. The results of this simulation show that the mentioned policy cannot guarantee the establishment of equilibrium in the economy after the occurrence of a shock. This is because, like the current monetary policy of the central bank, this policy violates Taylor's principle. Therefore, in line with the mentioned fatwa on compensating the depreciation of the currency up to the inflation rate and in order to correct this policy rule, some variables can be considered to achieve a stable balance. These variables are such as the population growth rate, economic uncertainties, political subsidies, etc., which can be the subject of future research.

The transition from branch-based banking to technology-based banking improves performance, reduces costs, and makes banks more agile. But the opportunities created for banks are not without challenges. The current research seeks to identify and prioritize the challenges faced by banks in the transition from branch-based banking to technology-based banking. Due to its benefits for the banking sector, the current research has an applied orientation and its methodology is quantitative. In this research, two quantitative methods, fuzzy Delphi and Marcos, were used for data analysis. Research challenges were extracted through literature review and interviews with experts. In the following, these challenges were screened by distribution of expert questionnaire and fuzzy Delphi method. Finally, the priority level of the screened challenges was determined by distributing priority questionnaires and the Marcos method. The content coefficient of the research factors was acceptable, which means the validity of the research questionnaires. The theoretical community of the research was the managers and senior experts of Refah Bank and university professors, and the sampling method was done as a judgment based on the experts' expertise. The sample size in this study was equal to 15 people. At first, 26 challenges were extracted through literature review and interviews with experts. These challenges were screened by the fuzzy Delphi method and nine challenges had a fuzzy number higher than 0.7. Screened challenges were prioritized by Marcos method. The prioritization results showed that the challenges of cooperation with financial startups and FinTechs, the occurrence of unknown risks and problems during the implementation of new technologies, the decision-making style in the organization, and the regulation of new technologies were the highest priorities, respectively. Finally, the research proposals were developed based on the priority challenges with the focus group interview method. Some of these suggestions were: using RegTechs to identify and analyze the risk of cooperation with fintechs, using risk analysis and foresight committees to identify and predict future risks, strengthening the data-driven decision-making style by using technologies such as business intelligence and big data and paying attention to fair and comprehensive regulation considering the interests of all stakeholders involved.

Social benefits are one of the important topics of distributive justice discussed in the field of social justice. For instance، criteria of distribution and entitled groups as three issues of distributive justice are always discussed and investigated socially and legally. The importance of the answers to the mentioned issues will be decisive in the way people benefit from wealth، positions and the presentation of justice indicators. Considering the importance of public goods issues in public law، the main problem of the current research is to identify، explain and answer the mentioned issues from the perspective of the constitution. In this paper، using content analysis method، the titles of social gifts and related issues were analyzed and researched. The results show that according to the constitution، many titles are included under the title of social benefits. These benefits should be distributed in target communities based on criteria such as equality of opportunity، equality of opportunity، legal equality and general equality. Considering these gifts and revisiting its examples will create a suitable platform for a better understanding of the constitution and a more correct establishment of other policies and instruments in related fields.

Universities and higher education institutions have moved towards diversifying their sources of income due to the reduction of government budgets, economic pressures, the intensity of competition and the decrease in demand for postgraduate education and international financial crises. For this reason, the current research sought to identify the drivers and future scenarios of the revenue sources of universities in Iran. The current research is applied in terms of orientation and its philosophical foundations were pragmatism. Due to the use of qualitative and quantitative techniques, the research methodology had a mixed nature. In this research, the three methods of fuzzy Delphi, Marcos and root definitions are used for data analysis. The tools of data collection in this research are questionnaires and interviews. The theoretical population of the research was managers and income generation consultants of Iran's public universities, and sampling was done in a judgmental manner based on the Knowledge of experts. The sample size in this research is equal to 10 people, which is an ideal number for expert-oriented and judgmental techniques. At first, through literature review and interviews with experts, 25 drivers were extracted. In the following, these drivers were screened by distribution of expert questionnaire and fuzzy Delphi method. Nine drivers with a defuzzy number higher than 0.7 were selected for final prioritization. The screened drivers were evaluated using the Marcos method and considering the three indicators of experts' expertise, importance and certainty. The two drivers of foreign sanctions and restrictions and the nature of the relationship between universities and industries and businesses in the society had the most uncertainty and importance and were chosen for scenario planning. Based on these two drivers, four scenarios were developed with the titles dynamic university, dependent university, resilient university and isolated university. A dynamic university represents the most favorable situation and an isolated university represents the worst situation. At the end, research suggestions were presented based on negative dialectic and Schopenhauerian approaches, considering the worst scenario, that is, the isolated university scenario, and the two final drivers.

New technologies, especially data-based approaches, have greatly influenced the banking sector in recent years. The role of these technologies in the financial and banking industry will be more significant in the future. The present research was conducted with the aim of identifying and analyzing the drivers affecting the future of technology-based banking. The current research has a quantitative methodology and in terms of data collection, it is a survey study. The theoretical population of the research is banking technology experts and sampling was done based on the experts' expertise. The sample size was equal to 10 people. For the field analysis of the drivers, two expert and priority questionnaires were used. Questionnaires were evaluated and analyzed with two methods, fuzzy Delphi and Copras. 25 drivers were extracted through literature review and interviews with experts. The extracted drivers were evaluated by distributing screening questionnaires and fuzzy Delphi method. 10 drivers had a defuzzy number higher than 0.7 and were selected for the final ranking. The remaining drivers were evaluated with three indicators of experts' expertise, severity of importance and degree of certainty. Based on the scores of the Copras method, the priority drivers were: financial technology acceptance models in the banking industry, the degree of compatibility of data-based technologies with banking structures and systems, the level of expertise and skill of employees in data-based technologies and the type of attitude of banks towards FinTechs. Practical research proposals were presented based on the most important drivers.

Various components affect the financial health of banks. This article seeks to identify and analyze the factors affecting the financial health of banks. The current research is applied in terms of orientation and quantitative in terms of methodology. In this research, quantitative techniques have been used for data analysis. Fuzzy Delphi was used to screen the components and Fuzzy Dimetal was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the components. The theoretical community was experts in the field of banking and sampling was done in a judgmental way. To collect data, background review, fuzzy screen questionnaires and effectiveness assessment were used.Fourteen components have been extracted from the background review and theoretical foundations. These components were screened with fuzzy Delphi and four components had a fuzzy number less than 0.7 and were removed. Ten components were analyzed from the point of view of effectiveness and effectiveness with fuzzy Dimetal technique. The components of rules and regulations, transparency, prohibition of usury and fairness of all relationships have the greatest net effect. One of the necessary tools to realize effective supervision in the banking network is to create transparency, disclose information and provide proper access to the latest data and information. In this case, experts specializing in bank analysis can monitor the banks' activities. In the banking industry, which is an industry based on trust, it is necessary to provide extensive supervision in order to maintain this trust, establish stability and prevent crises and bankruptcy. The health of banks mainly depends on compliance with the standards of capital adequacy, asset quality and profitability, which are greatly influenced by information transparency and regulations.

Universities and higher education institutions have moved towards diversifying their sources of income due to declining government budgets, economic pressures, intense competition, declining demand for graduate education, and international financial crises. Therefore, the present study seeks to identify the most important drivers of the future of universities' revenue sources.

The present study is applied in terms of orientation and its methodology is quantitative multiple. The theoretical population of the research is the planning and programming managers of the major universities in the country and experts in the field of education financing. The sampling method was judgmental according to the skill of experts in the field of higher education financing. The sample size in this study was 10 people. Research drivers were obtained through a literature review and interviews with experts. Then, two questionnaires of expert evaluation and effectiveness evaluation were used to screen and analyze the effectiveness of the drivers. These questionnaires were analyzed by two techniques of fuzzy Delphi and fuzzy Dematel.

25 drivers were obtained through a literature review and interviews with experts. Among the factors of the study, 10 drivers had a defuzzy value greater than 0.6 and were selected for final analysis. The effectiveness of the remaining drivers was evaluated with fuzzy Dematel. According to the net effect index, the drivers of sanctions and external restrictions, the economic conditions of the society, the nature of the relationship between universities and industries and businesses in the society, and the policies of the Ministry of Science regarding student admission had the most impact.

The practical suggestions of the research were presented according to the most effective drivers. In this regard, suggestions such as the resilience of universities, attention of universities to the production of wealth in society, directing graduate theses and research towards problem-oriented and attracting students based on the needs of industry and market, land use planning, and local requirements were presented.

The purpose of this research is to identify and prioritize factors affecting childbearing in the country. The current research is applied in terms of orientation and quantitative in nature from the point of view of methodology. In this research, two quantitative methods, fuzzy Delphi and Marcos, have been used for data analysis. The theoretical population of the research is childbearing experts and the sampling method is judgmental. The sample size in this study was 12 people and 10 people responded. In order to collect research data, interview tools and questionnaires of expert assessment and priority assessment have been used. This research has been done in several stages. In the first step, factors affecting childbearing were extracted using literature review and interviews with experts. In the second step, 43 extracted factors were screened by distributing expert questionnaires and fuzzy Delphi method. 10 factors had a defuzzy number higher than 0.7 and were selected for final prioritization. According to Marcos's output, the factors of pursuing gender equality policy in all fields, modern lifestyle, degree of compatibility and cohesion, housing situation and employment of young women were the highest priority respectively. Research proposals were developed based on priority factors and interviews with focus groups. Some of the suggestions include revising the existing laws of the country and educational institutions in order to increase childbearing, promoting the Islamic-Iranian lifestyle and supporting cultural productions in schools and universities, as well as allocating land and cheap housing to young and childbearing families.

In the years after the Islamic Revolution of Iran, for various reasons, Iran's economy has always been under the economic sanctions of the United States, the United Nations, or the European :union:, sometimes by the United States alone, and in some periods by all three. In the present research, the impact of positive and negative shocks on the sanctions index through two paths of impact on the budget deficit and also the impact on the exchange rate and inflation on liquidity in the period of 1979-2020 has been investigated using the Threshold Structural Vector Autoregressive model (TSVAR). According to the research results, the threshold of sanctions growth through the path of exchange rate and inflation was 5.162 % and through the government budget deficit channel was 3.057%, which shows that the threshold of sanction growth in the exchange rate channel and inflation is greater. Also, the difference in the country's liquidity response to oil revenues is related to the sanctions threshold. Based on this, and to reduce the effects of exogenous oil shocks on liquidity, the stabilizing role of the National Development Fund should be considered along with the management of inflationary expectations.

The purpose of this article is to list the legal, jurisprudential and executive obstacles and challenges of securitization of bank facility assets, and by using the normative and descriptive-analytical methods, some solutions will be proposed to extend the use of this tool. The findings show that despite the serious need of banks to increase their ability to provide facilities, there are some challenges such as the high cost of issuing securities, the pricing of claims regardless of market conditions (financial repression) and the higher profits of other parallel markets compared to the earnings of these securities, prolonged examination process and complex structure of securitization, the suspension of the use of this tool due to the 2008 financial crisis, the high credit risk of borrowers and the low quality of bank assets, the existence of six jurisprudential theories about sale and the lack of consensus among jurists in this context, legal and regulatory gap in the establishment of corporate governance in banks, and the non-applicability of the tax laws of partnership bonds to securities resulting from bank claims, which all lead to a decrease in investors’ motivation to buy these bonds on the one hand and a decrease in the willingness of banks to securitize claims, on the other. The consequences of not paying attention to this matter will appear in the reduction of banks' financing power, which will in turn decrease their capital adequacy ratio.

This research seeks to identify and analyze the drivers affecting the future of the income sources of social security organization. The theoretical population was the managers of the social security organization and experts in this field. The sampling was done judgmentally, and the sample size amounts to 15 people. Data collection tools were interviews and questionnaires. As for the findings, 35 sub-drivers were classified as economic, socio-cultural, structural, financial and investment, policy, marketing, environmental and legal drivers. These drivers were screened by distributing expert questionnaires and using Binominal's test. 13 drivers have significance coefficient of less than five percent and were selected for final prioritization. These drivers were evaluated by the Copras method and account for three criteria of experts' expertise, certainty, and importance. The driver of using the capacity of FinTechs and their innovations for financing and investment had the highest priority. Accordingly, the concluding suggestions were: using digital financial technologies and artificial intelligence to increase investment efficiency, using new financing methods such as crowd-funding, avoiding divesting loss-making companies to the organization, and strengthening good and efficient governance in the holdings of the organization.

One of the most important challenges for policies concerning economic freedom is its inequalities effects. Mnay researches have examined the various channels and mechanisms in order to find the components of economic freedom which influences the distribution of income. Previous  studies on the relation between economic freedom and income inequality have produced varied results. The paper examines this relationship for two groups of countries based on high (18 country) and low (16 country) degrees of economic freedom. Using panel date during 2004-2018 with quintile regression, results showed that in both groups with different levels of economic freedom, increasing economic freedom at low and middle levels of income inequality, had improved income inequality, but increasing economic freedom in high levels of income inequality did not show any meaningful effect on income inequality. The implication of this research findings for Iran economy showed that when Gini index is lower than 41.4%, increasing economic freedom improves income inequality, while it is meaningless when Gini index is between 41.4 – 48.4%.

One of the most important issues of human life is environmental protection. On the other hand, One of the most influential and an important factor in maintaining the environmental is environmental literacy. Among the variables affecting people’s environmental literacy is their knowledge and attitude towards the environment. Therefore, awareness of individuals’ knowledge and attitude is essential for better implementation of plans and programs to improve the environmental circumstances. The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of environmental literacy in the city of Mohajeran.

This is a cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical study. The required data were collected from the completion of 362 questionnaires has been collected by interviews in 2020 in the city of Mohajeran. A researcher made questionnaire was prepared consisted of three sections of individual information, knowledge and attitude questions. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data.

Ethical Considerations:

 Ethical aspects including preserving the authenticity of texts, honesty, trustworthiness, confidentiality of information and obtaining informed consent have been observed.

The mean and standard deviation of knowledge is 1.17±0.907 (responses in range -10 to 10) at a higher level of average and the mean and standard deviation of attitude is 0.485±1.25 (responses in range -6 to 10) at a relatively positive. There was a positive and significant correlation between awareness and attitude toward the environment. There was a significant difference between knowledge scores based on education and history of underlying disease. Awareness of people with higher education is more than people with low education. Awareness of people with a history of illness is more than people who have no history of illness. There was a significant difference between the scores of attitude based on education and age and history of disease. The attitude of people with high education is more positive than people with low education. People with underlying disease have a positive attitude to the environmental and people with high age have a positive attitude toward people with low ages.

Based on the results of the research, although the scores of knowledge and attitude of citizens of Mohajeran were high and positive than the environment, but, it is necessary to develop a comprehensive program in order to provide human development, in order to promote literacy and environmental culture. It is hoped the results to help the relevant authorities and policymakers in planning.

The property rights play an important role in organizing the economic system; to the extent that some consider economics to be the science of studying the property rights Property rights determine how individuals benefit or suffer in economic interactions and the framework for resolving conflicts of interest. In the course of the evolution of this concept, the meaning of ownership has changed from an absolute right - that is in the possession of the owner - to the concept of a package of rights. Accordingly, in the ownership of an asset, there is a set of rights and the right owner. Each right is related to a set of rules that determine how that right is applied for the right holder and other obligors. This perception of ownership provides an analytical system for organizing all kinds of assets, charities and gifts, which its application in the analysis of private goods and common resources has precedent. Using an analytical application method, this paper uses this approach in the case of money and specifically in the case of money creation. To organize the issue of money creation, the result of this approach provides a matrix of rights and rules that any monetary school, including in Islamic economics, should be able to complete the blocks of this matrix.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of banking system risks on bank performance and macroeconomic variables. For this purpose, credit, liquidity, market and operational risks were used as the most important risks of the banking system. In order to analyze the results, the dynamic stochastic general equilibrium method was used in terms of the structure of the banking system in the period 1991-2020 based on the frequency of quarterly data. In the statistical analysis section, the effect of shock from each of the mentioned risks on banking and macroeconomic variables was compared and evaluated. The results showed that most macroeconomic and banking variables showed the most reaction to market and credit risk and had the least reaction to operational and liquidity risks.

Endogenous or exogenous money and interest rates are important issues in economic schools and its determination in the Islamic economic system is a key point for other economic issues. In some countries, regulatory and non-market setting of interest rates is one of the problems that leads to financial repression. In an Islamic economy, the profit rate is endogenous and non-market determination is contrary to jurisprudence and Sharia law. However, profit rate liberalization requires conditions that are not currently available in the Iranian banking system. This article tries to show that the expansion of Privilege Sukuk to different sectors, which are used in a limited way in the Iranian banking system, and the formation of a market for it can create the ground for the discovery and application of equilibrium profit rate in the banking system. Describing and jurisprudential examination of Privilege Sukuk shows that these sukuk are an efficient as well as legitimate Islamic financial instrument.As a result, in addition to establishing an endogenous equilibrium profit rate, the expansion of Privilege Sukuk leads to the elimination or reduction of bank corruption, limitation of bankchr('39')s power on profit rates, facilitates the supervision and control of the central bank and to response automatically to economic conditions.

Collateral constraints cause an asymmetry in the relationship between the assets of firms and households and economic activities and are a central mechanism to explain the economic volatility. When housing wealth is high, collateral constraints are slack, and the sensitivity of borrowing and spending to changes in house prices is small. Conversely, when housing wealth is low, collateral constraints are tight, and borrowing and spending move with house prices in a more pronounced manner. Collateral constraint leads to a kind of friction in the financial markets and affects the behavior of households and firms as well as the performance of the banking system. The type of mortgage collateral can be one of the limitations of financing for firms in the economy. The Basel II agreement emphasizes the importance of the type and the amount of collateral for lower performing firms. Contrary to the Basel I agreement, which treats firms equally in this regard, the Basel II agreement stipulates that, if a bank engages in a riskier activity, it must invest more of its capital in order to maintain the bank's stability. Increasing the risk of the borrower customer increases the amount of overdue receivables of the bank and increases the amount of storage in the bank's capital. In this case, when the amount of non-current facilities in the bank increases, the only source that the bank can use to return its resources is the relevant documents. Therefore, the bank prefers to enforce some collateral. The purpose of this article is to investigate the role of collateral constraints in the banking system and their impacts on the performance of the banking system. Regarding collateral constraints, the trend of research in the literature following Kiyotaki and Moore (1997) has stressed the importance of the link between the value of borrowers’ collateral and their access to funds in amplifying the economy’s response to shocks. The core of our analysis is a standard monetary DSGE model augmented to include a housing collateral constraint along the line set by Kiyotaki and Moore (ibid), Iacoviello (2005), and Liu et al., (2013).   We discuss the collateral constraint effect on banking system and macroeconomic variables in two steps. First, we construct a general equilibrium model and estimate it with Bayesian likelihood methods. The estimated model implies that collateral constraints become slack during economic volatility. In this study, a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model is used for the period of 1990-2020. Different central banks consider different combinations of pricing-based policies, collateral and quantitative restrictions to manage their credit supply. In general, the conditions that justify the use of these options are mainly based on the preferences of central banks regarding credit and systemic risk, liquidity management technologies and the cost of credit documents. In order to model the collateral credit limit, two scenarios have been considered. In the first one, it is assumed that the banking system does not show any reaction to the performance of the credit-receiving enterprise. But, in the second scenario, the corporate profit function is included in order to show the impact of the bank participation in the loans granted by the banking system and the real participation in economic activities. The theoretical and empirical results of this research show that changes in the prices of assets can produce asymmetries that are economically and statistically significant. We now consider whether these asymmetries are also important for gauging the effects of policies aimed at the credit market. The results obtained from the credit shock in the model and the comparison of the model scenarios have shown that, if the bank considers itself as a real partner in the credit activity, it is far from the situation in which to act only as a financial intermediary. Also, if the firm is unable to repay its debt, it will be more profitable and its effects on macroeconomic variables such as production, investment and reduction of bank operating costs will be better. In this paper, we provide a theoretical framework for the analysis of banking system performances in the presence of financial frictions and in the form of collateral constraints and a monopolistically competitive banking sector. In our economy, consumers are divided into households and firms who serve respectively as savers and borrowers. The resulting credit flows are intermediated by banks, which have some monopolistic power in the loans market and set optimal lending rates accordingly. The results obtained from the credit shock in the model and the comparison of the model scenarios have shown, if the firm is unable to repay the debt, it will be more profitable and its effects on macroeconomic variables such as production, investment and reduction of banking operating costs will be better. According to the results, it is suggested that the country's banks refrain from applying formal contracts in the form of banking contracts only due to short-term returns; instead, they should implement banking contracts in a real way and participate in the bank's activities in the long run. They will, thus, have a relatively higher profitability.

Consideration of regional systems as a way of managing national security barriers along with peaceful economic relations are achieved in the regionalization process. One of these agreements is the Eurasian Economic Union. The present study inspects the potential impact of the trade agreement between Iran and the Eurasian Economic Union on export sectors of industry and agriculture using the gravity model over 2001-2018.The results demonstrate the positive effect of the mean variables of GDP and FDI on exports from Iran to Eurasia in industry and agriculture and indicate the negative effect of the variables on product deriving from multiplication of population, tariff rate and real exchange rate with exports. The elimination of trade tariffs between Iran and Eurasia can benefit various sectors of Iran's economy, and this benefit is further enhanced when the industry sector tariff is removed.Economic policymakers should consider the economic implications of this agreement for success. If the agricultural sector is faced with import restrictions, it will most likely have negative effects and this option could be deemed as an inappropriate policy in agreement with the Eurasia. The creation of a joint financial mechanism for internal exchanges between Iran and the Eurasia, the formation of a database of Member States' traders for Iranian economic activists, the issuance of business visas among Member States and the establishment of a Eurasian Joint Chamber could enhance Iran's trade with Eurasia in the sector and it can be beneficial to exporting industry and agriculture.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the effects of pricing resulting from interference in the price mechanism and obliging the market to apply floor and ceiling prices or the use of pricing criteria by regulators. Research (normative and descriptive-analytical) will provide solutions to improve the current situation. The purpose of this article is to investigate the effects of pricing resulting from interference in the price mechanism and obliging the market to apply floor and ceiling prices or the use of pricing criteria by regulators. Research (normative and descriptive-analytical) will provide solutions to improve the current situation.The findings of this study indicate that despite the existence of 15 governmental and quasi-governmental regulatory institutions and organizations in the field of pricing, challenges including adopting a single pricing procedure for all goods and with any structure, having a price suppression approach, pricing There are different interpretations of the rules, etc., which lead to inconsistencies in the way the relevant institutions intervene along the value chain of different commodity groups. The consequences of this decision will occur in severe price fluctuations, which will cause instability in the economy.

Over the last three decades, membership in regional trade arrangements has become one of the most important tools of trade diplomacy. Regional agreements bring a lot of benefits for the member countries through reducing barriers and restrictions. Considering the signing of the Interim PTA Agreement between Iran and Eurasia and its effects, this study aimed to investigate the economic effects of implementing this agreement using the CGE method by SAM 2011. Four possible scenarios were analyzed which included 50%  or  100% tariffs reduction for industry and agriculture sectors and %50 tariffs concession for one of them. The results showed that an average of 50% tariff concession in the agricultural and industrial sectors led to the growth of both sectors and increased the total consumption and welfare in Iran. In the case of 100% tariff concession, the growth of agriculture and industry will be much higher and higher welfare and total consumption will be observed. Policymakers are advised to pursue FTA between Iran and EAEU for achieving the best results. The creation of a joint financial mechanism and a database of Member States' traders, the issuance of business visas, and the establishment of a Eurasian Chamber of Commerce Joint Council are recommended.
JEL Classification: F15, C68, E20.

Due to being various notes and different exceptions. in trade laws, business sector or particulal groups have alwaye tried to use the relative renred of these laws. Giving entensive tax breaks without justified reasons led to inefficient trading system and Cunses the enforcement system to be weak. So, the organizing tax exemprions is very necesity. this Study, using the analytical method and doucmentary studies, tried to estimate the effect of removing these costumary exemptions on revenue of state. Granting extensive tax breaks without justified reasons leads to inefficiency trading system and weak enforcement system is essential in this respect, organizing the above exemptions. It must however be noted that the order imposed by the legislator and the main objective of supporting and helping a particular sector has been strengthened and stopping it without undergraduate studies may be an impact on the sector, By analiytical method and using documentory studies this article tries to estimate itseffects on goverments revenue and answer the question ,whether the granting of exemptions and allowances customs duties in line with the scope and diversity of the country or materials necessary for regulatory decisions must be taken seriously?

One of the new topics in development ecoMorality, Islamic morality, economic growth models, social capitalnomics literature is the study of the relationship between morality and economic growth. In this paper we examine the relationship between morality, especially revelation morality and growth models by using a descriptive-analytic method and mathematical tools. There are questions in this regard such as whether there is a link between morality and the model of economic growth. How and by which variables do these relationships occur? And finally, what are the implications of morality for the growth model? According to the research findings, ethical norms, especially revelation moral norms have a strong relationship with economic growth. Incorporating ethics into the model affects economic growth in two ways: a. revelation ethical norms increase the productivity of production inputs and strengthen Islamic social capital; b. revelation ethical norms can affect consumer behavior and lead to savings, increased willingness to save and accumulate capital and, of course, prevent waste of resources. Accordingly, the divine moral increases both the level of growth and the growth rate.

Equipping and allocating resources to economic activities is done through the financial market where the bank credit market is part of that market. The high reserves of banks and the refurbished or overdue facilities indicate that the banking system does not use credit risk management tools well and that there is no proper model for managing credit risk in the banking network. The present study analyzed Islamic credit risk management tools using AHP method by analyzing the opinions of 32 Islamic banking experts including banking managers and university professors selected based on snowball technique. Using Expert choice software has prioritized. The results of the hierarchical analysis based on two measures of coverage and efficiency show that they are in the first to fifth rank as collateral and guarantee instruments, validation, commitment, credit derivatives and loan loss reserve respectively. From the subdivisions of Guarantee and Collateral, cash collateral is ranked first and employee collateral is ranked second. From the sub-categories of validation, capacity comes first and certifications come second. Of the financial and non-financial penalties, financial penalties are first and foremost, saving is first among the subdivisions of loan loss than collateral-dependent storage.</span></font></span>

This research aims to study lease contract among set of Islamic contracts by explaining the importance and necessity of detailed study about Islamic contracts and contractual approach to Islamic economics. In this regard by considering asymmetric information as the most important challenge facing lease contract, we will study lease contract using contract theory and incentives economics. For this purpose, using a library method we study the various aspects of asymmetry of information in the lease contract considering Islamic economics and we construct a mathematical model to solve the problem. Finally we reach theoretical model that can design optimal contracts for lease of house (by replacing parameters) in a way that adverse selection problem will be solved. Then we use hypothetical parameters to solve the constructed model using LINGO software, for testing the model.