seyyed reza attarzadeh hosseini

Fatty liver disease is the most common cause of chronic liver diseases in the world, which can cause cardiovascular diseases, so this research aims to scrutiny a period of intense intermittent sports activity and growth hormone perfuse on cardiac mitochondrial PGC1α and some indicators of oxidative stress in mice with liver damage.

The present research was conducted from September 2022 to March 2023 in the specialized physical training laboratory of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The statistical population was twenty one adult male Syrian mice with an average weight of twenty three grams. The sports activity protocol was adopted for fifty-six days using the special video recorder for rodents. The intense interval training program was carried out in the form of ten one-minute repetitions and two-minute active rest, so that the total daily training time for each person was thirty minutes.The vaccination protocol includes the daily vaccination of somatropin injected intraperitoneally.

The PGC1α levels were significantly higher in both the HIIT (P=0.02) and H- GH (P=0.03) groups collationed to the witness team. Moreover, the levels of SOD were considerably increased, in both the HIIT (P=0.05) and H-GH (P=0.005) team s compared to the witness team. Moreover, the levels of MDA were considerably decreased, in both the HIIT (P=0.007) and H-GH (P=0.04) teams compared to the witness team. The decrease in insulin resistance was significant only in the HIIT (P=0.05) team compared to the witness team and slightly increased in the H-GH (P=0.36) team but was not considered. The difference between HIIT and H-GH team (P=0.03) was also significant.The proportion of ALT/AST in both HIIT (P=0.02) and H-GH (P=0.03) teams had a significant decrease compared to the witness team. LDL/HDL proportion evidenced considered decrement at just in the HIIT team (P=0.01).

Intense intermittent sports activity was able to produce a more optimal response compared to GH peptide in improving NAFLD-related indices. Injection of this hormone single may have adverse outcomes on some indexes of this abnormality.

In futsal, fast and explosive movements play an important role in the optimal exercise implementation. Thus, improving the evaluation of anaerobic performance techniques in futsal players is very notable. The aim of the present study was to investigate the correlation between RAST test and Wingate test for evaluation of anaerobic performance indicators in Female Futsal players. A total of 25 women with an average age of 21.72 years and with mean body mass index 21.83kg/m2 and mean percentage of body fat 25.66 percent were selected. For evaluation of the anaerobic performance the RAST test and Wingate test on cycloergometer was used. Then, maximal power, minimal power, average power, fatigue index and heart rate after the end of two tests were calculated. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between the RAST and Wingate test's indices. Results in a significant level (p<0.05) were tested. According to this study, the average correlation coefficient between maximal power, minimal power and average power of Wingate test and RAST test was observed. There was no significant difference in the fatigue index between two tests. In fact, the RAST test can help sports club coaches to measure anaerobic power in amateur level to select players with optimal anaerobic power in futsal.

Introduction and The dominant energy system in basketball is the anaerobic system, and basketball players are trying to use supplements increasing their anaerobic capacity and power. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to compare the effect of sodium bicarbonate and Dimethylglycine on biochemical blood parameters and anaerobic functions in youth elite basketball players. This study was a semi-experimental study with a repeated measures design. Fifteen youth elite basketball players with 15–17 years old and 72.02±2.56 Kg were divided into three groups: placebo, Sodium bicarbonate, and Dimethylglycine groups. During the study period, a 500 mL solution which contained 300 mg sodium bicarbonate was given to the sodium bicarbonate group. In addition, Dimethylglycine group received 400 mg Dimethylglycine, and third group received 500 mL placebo solution. Blood samples were collected before and following the study’s administrations as well as following Wingate test performance (30 seconds). Results of this study were demonstrated that following the sodium bicarbonate as well as Dimethylglycine supplements, blood lactate was increased but this finding statistically was not significant (P>0.05). However, following sodium bicarbonate administration the amount of extracellular bicarbonate buffers was significantly increased (P<0.05).Discussion and Taken our findings together, administration of sodium bicarbonate in youth athletes could increase blood-buffering capacity during the high-intensity interval exercises. Moreover, supplementation of sodium bicarbonate may improve anaerobic capacity due to the buffering capacity ameliorations.

Fatty liver disease and overcoming it is a health concern. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a period of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and somatotropin injection on hepatocyte apoptosis markers and atherogenic index in mice with fatty liver disease.

In this basic experimental study, 21 male mice were randomly divided into three groups (n=7): control (C), exercise (HIIT), Exercise + somatotropin (H-GH). The HITT was performed for eight weeks/ five sessions a week. The speed was 25 meters per minute at the beginning which increased to 70 meters per minute at the end of week eight. The somatropin dosage was 1 mg/kg. Markers, including CK-18, paraoxonase, insulin resistance, ALT/AST ratio, and LDL/HDL were measured. Statistical analysis was carried out using One-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test.

CK18 values significantly decreased only in the HIIT group (P=0.01). Paraoxonase levels in both HIIT (P=0.00) and H-GH (P=0.01) groups significantly increased compared to the control group. Between groups changes of HOMA-IR index significantly reduced in the HIIT group (P=0.05) and slightly increased in the H-GH group but was not significant (P=0.36). The ratio of ALT/AST in both HIIT (P=0.02) and H-GH (P=0.03) groups significantly reduced. LDL/HDL ratio showed significant decrease only in the HIIT group (P=0.01).

High-intensity interval training produced a more effective response in improving the markers of none alcoholic fatty liver disease than GH. Injection of growth hormone alone can have negative consequences on some indicators of the disease.

Evidence has shown that C-reactive protein (CRP) is not only an inflammatory biomarker but also an important risk factor associated with aging-related diseases including cardiovascular, metabolic, and kidney disorders. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the comparison of serum high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) and lipid profile levels in active and sedentary elderly people during the first peak of Covid-19 pandemic.

Seventy seven elderly men and women (mean age 61.43±6.07 years) based on body mass index (BMI) were divided into three groups including the healthy (BMI as 18.5-24.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI as 25-29.9 kg/m2), and obese (BMI as more than 30 kg/m2) groups. Serum lipid profile and hs-CRP, and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were measured in the study groups. Data analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), chi-square (χ2) and regression coefficient at the significant level of p≤0.05.

The average levels of hs-CRP in obese older were significantly higher than normal weight (p=0.01). Also, serum hs-CRP and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were significantly higher in elderly people with low physical activity level than same people with moderate physical activity level (p=0.0001 and p=0.006; respectively). A negative and significant correlation was also observed between the level of physical activity with WHR (p=0.01) and BMI (p=0.006).

Obese older adults who are inactive and with least physical activity in the condition of Covid-19 pandemic due to high hs-CRP and LDL-C, are more at risk of inflammation and weakened immune system.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide that account for 82% of all deaths in developing countries. miRNA-93 (miR-93), ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), and serum leptin levels may be involved in the process of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of combined exercise on miR-93, reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and serum leptin levels in patients following coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG).

A total of 20 middle-aged men (aged 50 to 60 years) were randomly assigned into two groups after CABG: experimental (n=10) and control (n=10). Combined exercise (aerobic + resistance) was done three times a week (55-60 min per session/8 weeks). mir-93, ABCA1 and serum leptin levels were measured before and after the intervention. Paired t-test was used to evaluate within group changes and analysis of covariance was used to study the differences between the groups.

Combined training led to a significant decrease in mir-93 (P=0.000) and a significant increase in the expression of ABCA1 (P=0.001) in experimental group compared with the control group. Serum leptin levels decreased significantly in experimental group (P=0.000) but they were not significantly different between the two groups (P=0.094).

It seems that combined exercise by increasing ABCA1and decreasing mir-93 and leptin levels can help in prevention and control of CAD as well as speeding up the healing process in CABG patients.

The most common cause of polyneuropathy is diabetes. Very few studies have investigated the effects of combined training on diabetes and diabetic-peripheral neuropathy complications. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of four months aerobicresistance training on glycosylated haemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglyceride and insulin resistance in postmenopausal women with diabetic-peripheral neuropathy .

For this purpose, 21 patients with diabetic neuropathy, were divided into two groups of control (n =10) and experimental (n =11). The experimental group performed resistance - aerobic training three sessions per week for four months. Subjects’ fasting serum samples were obtained before the start of the study and after the first, second, third and fourth months of training. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and repeated measures ANOVA .

Total cholesterol, triglyceride, insulin resistance and glycosylated hemoglobin levels, as well as weight and fat percentage in the experimental group did not change significantly (P> 0.05) .

Stabilized glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic-neuropathy patients and no increase in total cholesterol, insulin resistance and triglyceride levels within four months is clinically important and indicate that regular resistance - aerobic training can delay progression and complications of the disease.

Irisin myokine whose secretion is induced by exercise is associated with an increase in thermogenesis. However, the effect of aerobic exercise with different intensities on the production and release of irisin in overweight individuals is controversial. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training with different intensities on PGC-1α, FNDC5, UCP1, and irisin in obese male Wistar rats.

In this experimental study, 24 adult obese male Wistar rats (weight: 250-300 g; body mass index [BMI] >30 g/cm2) divided into three groups, including aerobic training with 28 m/min (moderate intensity [MI]), aerobic training with 34 m/min (high intensity [HI]), and control. All training groups exercised for eight weeks walking on a treadmill (five 60-min sessions per week). The paired sample t test and one-way ANOVA were used to determine the intra- and inter-group differences. Furthermore, Tukey’s post hoc test was used.

The levels of PGC-1α in muscle tissue in aerobic training groups with MI and HI increased (P=0.001 and F=11.81) compared to control group. The levels of irisin (P=0.006 and F=6.10) and UCP1 (P=0.04) were significantly increased in MI group. On the other hand, FNDC5 increased significantly in both MI and HI groups (P=0.001 and F=12.49). While irisin and UCP1 levels increased in HI group compared to the control group, the change was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The levels of irisin, UCP1, and FNDC5 increased more significantly in MI group than in HI group (P<0.05).

Both types of aerobic training (MI and HI) had a beneficial effect on changes in irisin, UCP1, FNDC5, and PGC-1α levels. Accordingly, moderate exercise possibly changes the phenotype of white to brown adipose tissue leading to an increase in thermogenesis, body weight loss, and sensitivity to insulin.

Fatty liver is on the rise in the world, so the aim of this study was to investigate The effect of eight weeks of endurance training, injection of growth hormone lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on CK18 and liver enzymes of NAFLD on mice induced mice induced by high-fat diet.

In This experimental study, 28 male mice were, divided into four groups(n=7): control (C), Exercise (E), Exercise + Fragment (EA), Fragment without training (A) group. The Medium intensity endurance training program was performed for eight weeks and 5 sessions per week. The Fragment injection protocol was considered to be 250 picograms per kilogram of body weight per day. Samples were evaluated 48 hours after the last training session . Statistical analysis of the data using the software SPSS version 26, using OneWay ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests at the significant level (P<0/05) was carried out.

CK18 showed a significant decrease compared to the control group only in group E(P=0.00). HOMA-IR index had a significant decrease in E (P=0.00) and EA (P=0.03) groups, but no significant changes in A group. Changes in AST were not significant in any of the groups. ALT levels in all three groups of E (P=0.00), A(P=0.00) and EA(P=0.00) were significantly lower than the control group.

Despite not having a negative effect on AOD9604, endurance training alone showed a better response to this peptide. It seems that fragmentation along with exercise can be effective in improving fatty liver syndrome.

Progranulin (PGRN) has been recently introduced as a new indicator of chronic inflammatory response in type 2 diabetes. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of combined training on serum levels of progranulin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and insulin resistance in overweight and obese women with type 2 diabetes.

A total of 36 women were divided into three groups: control, combined exercise 1 (combined aerobic-resistance training), and combined exercise 2 (combined resistance-aerobic exercise training, including aerobic exercises with an intensity of 80% to 95% of maximum heart rate and resistance training with an intensity of 60% to 85% of one-repetition maximum). Anthropometric indices, muscle strength, aerobic capacity, variations of PGRN, HbA1c, and insulin resistance were also measured before and after training. To analyze the data, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used, and the level of statistical significance was set at <0.05.

The main and interaction effects of training on PGRN, HbA1c, insulin resistance, muscle strength, and aerobic capacity were significant over time (P=0.001). Despite improvements in PGRN, HbA1c, insulin resistance, lower-body muscle strength, and aerobic capacity in the training groups, no significant difference was observed between the combined training groups and the control group (P<0.05). However, the upper-body muscle strength significantly increased in both combined training groups, compared to the control group (P=0.001).

The use of combined exercise training in different orders for 12 weeks did not have any significant effects on the PGRN, HbAc1, insulin resistance, and functional factors.

Klotho protein is a substance effective in increasing life expectancy. Moreover, it prevents muscle atrophy, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the present aimed to assess changes in the expression of klotho protein and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) genes in the muscles of aged Wistar rats after eight weeks of resistance training.

The present experimental study was connected on 16 Wistar male rats, aged 20 months, which were assigned to two groups of resistance training group and control. Resistance training was performed three sessions a week over eight weeks. After dissecting the rats, the soleus and flexor hallucis longus muscles of the rats were extracted to measure the expression of klotho protein and (IGF-1) genes using the real-time polymerase chain reaction technique.

After the resistance training program, Klotho protein in the fast-twitch muscle tissue of the trained rats did not show a significant difference, compared to that in the control group. Furthermore, IGF-1 in the fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscles of the training group did not display a marked difference, compared to that in the control group.

As evidenced by the obtained results, the values of klotho protein and IGF-1 did not improve after a period of resistance training. It can be argued that resistance training should be conducted in longer periods and with different intensities, which should be scrutinized in future research.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) is the main regulator in energy metabolism. Training stimulates many processes like mitochondrial biogenesis, glucose metabolism, and fatty acids metabolism. It also increases the capacity of fat oxidation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of eight-week aerobic training of different intensities on PGC-1α, interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), and atherogenic index in obese male Wistar rats. Twenty-four obese male rats induced by a high-fat diet (weight: 250 to 300 gr, BMI >30g/cm2) were divided into three groups: aerobic training of moderate intensity (MI), aerobic training of high intensity (HI), and the control group (C). The MI and HI training groups carried out exercise training by eight weeks of walking on a treadmill for five sessions/week, 60 min per session, and at a speed of 28 m/min and 34 m/min, respectively. The levels of PGC-1a in the MI and HI groups significantly increased compared to the C group (p < 0.05). Moreover, there was no significant differences between IRF4 levels of MI and HI groups (p > 0.05). The serum HDL-C levels increased only in the MI group compared to the C group (p  < 0.05). The LDL-C, TG, TC, and atherogenic index levels reduced more significantly in MI and HI groups than in the C group (p  < 0.05). The results show that eight-week aerobic training of two moderate and high intensities may be the signaling pathways to the activation of the PGC-1a protein (i.e., a key regulator of energy metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis) in skeletal muscle.

 Irisin is considered as a candidate to treat obesity and metabolic diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was a systematic review and meta-analysis to define the effective modes of exercise on irisin concentration in adults.

 Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Science Direct, and references lists of articles were searched until April 25, 2020. To study the impact of exercise duration (short-term and long-term) on the pre-test and post-test concentration of irisin, 21 studies with 384 subjects were evaluated.

 In the present study, a significant increase was found in irisin level in long-term resistance training (LTRT) intervention groups (MD:-0.61 ng/ml, 95% CI [-1.12, 0.09], P=0.02). However, no significant changes were reported in the groups of long- term aerobic training, short-term aerobic training, and short + long term aerobic training.

 The analysis showed that only LTRT among the types of exercise can elevate irisin concentration. Therefore, LTRT seems to have more beneficial influences, compared to other modes of exercise in inclusive irisin responses.

Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization (DNS) approach evaluates and activates the spinal stabilizers to optimize the performance of posture and respiratory system. This study investigated the effects of DNS breathing exercises on upper and lower chest wall mobility (UCM and LCM), trunk extensor endurance, and thoracic kyphosis in a group of sedentary students with poor posture.

In this randomized, controlled 6-week trial, 52 participants were randomly divided into two groups: a DNS breathing exercise group (n=26) and a control group (n=26). First, a pre-test of the UCM, LCM, trunk muscle endurance and thoracic kyphosis was done on each participant in random order. DNS breathing exercise protocol (six times a week for six weeks) was implemented and after its completion, all post-test parameters were taken. Descriptive statistical and the paired-sample t test were used to analyze the obtained data.

Significant improvements were observed in the post-test compared with pre-test in DNS breathing exercise group in UCM (6.2±1.6 vs 4.4±0.9 cm, P<0.001), LCM (7.7±1.7 vs 5.5±1.0 cm, P<0.001), trunk muscle endurance (110.1±33.5 vs 88.7±34.1 s, P<0.001), and thoracic kyphosis (146.9±5.5 vs 142.7±4.0 degree, P<0.001). In contrast, the change in these parameters in the control group was not statistically significant.

DNS breathing exercise with a focus on the integrated spinal stabilizing system and breathing techniques is an effective protocol to significantly improve UCM and LCM, trunk muscle endurance, and thoracic kyphosis. It is suggested that DNS breathing exercises be introduced to improve chest mobility and posture and provide physiological stabilization for the overall health and performance of student

 The lack of physical activity and obesity causes mild chronic inflammation that is associated with increased plasma levels of inflammatory markers. Evidence suggests that physical activity can reduce inflammatory markers.

 The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of eight weeks of aerobic training with two intensities on levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and insulin resistance in obese Wistar rats.

 Twenty-four Wistar male rats (fourteen weeks old and weighing 250 - 300 g, body mass index > 30 g/cm2) were used. After two weeks of familiarity with the laboratory environment, the animals were randomly divided into three groups: (1) high-intensity aerobic exercise (n = 8); (2) moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (n = 8), and control (n = 8). The rats in moderate and high-intensity aerobic exercise groups were performed an increasing training for eight weeks and five days a week and one session per day for 60 minutes running at different speeds on a rodent motor-driven treadmill. Data were analyzed by paired sample t-test and repeated measures (ANOVA) for the inter-group and intra-group comparison of the variance changes.

 Significant differences were found in serum TNF-α levels (P = 0.027 and F = 3.42), IL-6 levels (P = 0.043 and F = 2.99), and insulin resistance index (P = 0.008 and F = 4.69) between the moderate, high-intensity aerobic exercises, and control groups. The levels of TNF-α concentration was significantly different between moderate-intensity and control group (P = 0.01) and between the high-intensity and control groups (P = 0.01). The insulin resistance index in MI (P = 0.01) and HI (P = 0.01) groups significantly decreased compared to the control group.

 The results of the present study show that both types of moderate-intensity and high-intensity aerobic exercise lead to the reduction of TNF-α, interleukin-6, and insulin resistance index compared to the control group. Further studies are needed to shed light on the effects of different types of exercise on such indices, especially the use of long-term training sessions.

Objective:

Obesity has been linked to cardiovascular risk factors characterized by endothelial dysfunction and arterial wall thickening. Regular exercise training is recognized as a powerful tool to improve endothelial function and cardiovascular risk profile, but it is unknown which of high‑intensity interval training or moderate‑intensity continuous training is the best exercise.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 33 inactive and overweight women aged 40–50 years old and body mass index >27 kg/m2 were randomized to high‑intensity interval training, moderate‑intensity continuous training, or control. The exercise intervention consisted of 12 weeks of training and three supervised sessions per week. The moderate‑intensity group was trained continuously for 47 min at 60–70% of maximal heart rate. High‑intensity interval training consisted of four interval bouts of 4 min at 85%–95% of maximal heart rate with 3 min breaks at 50%–60% of maximal heart rate between the intervals. For all analyses, statistical significance was assigned at P < 0.05.

Results:

According to our findings, while carotid intima‑media thickness decreased in both training groups, this reduction was not statistically significant. In the high‑intensity training group, the right ankle‑brachial index increased significantly (P = 0.007).

Conclusion:

Twelve weeks of exercise training, especially in high‑intensity interval training, have led to improving lipid profiles and endothelial function, it can be said that regular and prolonged exercise can probably be a preventivefactor in cardiovascular disease in overweight women.

Visfatin and resistin are adipokines involved in metabolic regulation and physiological processes.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of eight weeks of aerobic training with different intensities on serum levels of resistin and visfatin in obese male rats.

24 adult obese rats (weight: 250 to 300 gr, BMI > 30 g/cm2) divided into three groups: aerobic training with 28 m/min (moderate intensity), aerobic training with 34 m/min (high intensity) and, control group. All training groups did exercise training for 8 weeks (5 sessions/per-week for 60 minutes per session). 48 hours after the training period, the level of serum visfatin and resistin levels was measured.

Unlike the levels of resistin concentration (P = 0.001) in different groups, there was no significant difference between visfatin levels in all three groups. Resistin concentration was not significantly changed in the moderate-intensity group compared to the control group, (185.10 ± 12.85 vs. 202.76 ± 17.39) (P = 0.05). There was a significant difference between the high intensity and control groups (P = 0.001). There was no significant difference in visfatin concentration in MI and HI groups compared to the control group (P > 0.05).

There is a significant difference in the levels of resistin concentration in different groups. There was no significant difference between visfatin levels in all three groups. Therefore, it seems that aerobic training with high intensity has a better effect on the prevention of obesity and cardiovascular disease.

Vascular stiffness, wall thickness, wave reflections, central hemodynamics, and endothelial function are the best indicators of arterial health. Numerous studies have evaluated the effect of exercise on the structure and function of the arteries in people with arteriosclerosis disorders. However, a limited number of studies have been carried out on healthy obese individuals.

This study aimed to compare the impacts of aerobic exercise and resistance training on arterial stiffness, endothelial function, and carotid Intima‐Media Thickness (cIMT) in sedentary obese females.

In this study, 27 sedentary obese females (30 - 40 years old) with the mean body mass index of 30.47 kg/m2 were randomly assigned to two groups of aerobic exercise (n = 14) and resistance training (n = 13). The first group was subjected to 24 sessions of aerobic exercise in form of riding a stationary bike at the intensity of 50 - 70% of the maximum heart rate reserve for 35 - 50 min. In the second group, the participants performed progressive resistance training for 24 sessions with 60 - 85% intensity of one repetition maximum for 8 - 12 repetitions. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), vascular stiffness, endothelial function, and cIMT were measured by color Doppler ultrasound in the 1st, 12th, and 24th sessions.

The results revealed a significant increase in VO2max of the two groups. However, the changes in weight, body mass index, endothelial function, cIMT, and Pulse Pressure (PP) were not statistically significant.

The eight-week (aerobic or resistance) training program could not exert positive effects on the structural properties of the arterial wall and reduce vascular stiffness in obese sedentary females. In addition, it seemed that diverse exercise methods had distinct effects on shear stress patterns and hemodynamics. Yet, further research is required to determine the most efficient exercise guidelines to maximize the effectiveness of exercise in the arterial wall thickness.

Diabetic neuropathy is one of the most common and severe complications of diabetes. Very few studies have investigated the effects of resistance-aerobic training on diabetic-peripheral neuropathy. This study was performed with aim to investigate the effect of combined exercise (Resistance - Aerobic ) on neurotrophic changes, neuropathic pain, aerobic endurance and lower body strength in postmenopausal women with diabetic peripheral neuropathy

This practical and semi experimental study was performed on 21 patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy in Sabzevar in 2017. The subjects were assigned into experimental and control groups. The experimental group performed resistance-aerobic exercises for four months. In fast condition, serum level of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor were taken before the start of the study and after the first, second, third and fourth months after the study. The neuropathic pain was measured with visual analog scale. Six-minute walking test (Rickly Jones) and sitting and standing test were used to estimate aerobic endurance and lower trunk performance, respectively. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 16) and Repeated Measure variance analysis and one-way ANOVA. P

Serum neurotrophin levels were not significantly increased in the experimental group compared to the control group (P> 0.05). Pain index significantly decreased compared to the control group (P< 0.05). Aerobic endurance and lower trunk functional strength significantly increased compared to the control group (P< 0.05).

two months of combined exercise (Resistance - Aerobic ) reduces pain index and strengthens aerobic endurance and lower trunk functional strength. Probably, to increase serum neurotrophin levels, the training period should be longer than four months.

It seems that regular exercise can have inhibitory effects on the progression of breast cancer. This study, therefore, aimed to investigate the influences of interval aerobic training on mesenchymal biomarker gene expression, muscle cachexia, and tumor volume changes in mice with breast cancer. Thirty-two female Balb/c mice were allocated to four groups: Exercise Tumor Exercise, Rest Tumor Rest (Control), Rest Tumor Exercise, and Exercise Tumor Rest. Interval aerobic training was done 6 weeks before and 4 weeks after tumor induction. Weight test and inverted screen test were carried out as muscle function tests. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and HSD post hoc. The results showed a significant decrease in gene expressions of Twist, Vimentin, and TGF-β in Exercise Tumor Exercise group in comparison with the Control group (P<0.05). Remarkable reduction of the rate of tumor volume was also observed in two training groups (Rest Tumor Exercise, Exercise Tumor Exercise) compared with the control group. According to function tests’ results, muscle functions were diminished due to cancer, but interval aerobic training can keep muscles in a normally-functioning state in cancer (P<0.05). Considering final results, a period of interval aerobic training can be used not only as a prevention method, but also help cancer treatment and impede cachexia by tumor volume reduction, decrease mesenchymal biomarker gene expression, and increase muscle strength functions.

 Adiponectin is mainly produced by adipose tissue and there is an inverse relationship between circulating adiponectin levels and metabolic syndrome, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of eight weeks aerobic training with moderate and high intensities on serum levels of adiponectin and insulin resistance index in obese male rats.

In this experimental study, 24 adult obese male Wistar rats (weight: 250 to 300 gr, BMI >30g/cm2) divided into three groups: aerobic training with 28 m/min (MI=moderate intensity), aerobic training with 34 m/min (HI=high intensity) and, (C=control) group. All training groups carried out exercise training for 8 weeks (5 sessions per-week for 60 min per session). Data were analysis with one way ANOVA to determine the intra and difference between groups and for post hoc test was Tukey test.

The levels of adiponectin in MI group (p=0.04) and HI (p=0.04) rather than C group increased. Moreover, there is no differences between eight weeks aerobic training with MI and HI groups on adiponectin levels (p=1.00). The levels of FBS and insulin in MI and HI groups rather than C group reduced; in the other hand this change were not significant (p>0.05). The levels of insulin resistance index in MI group (p=0.01) and HI (p=0.01) rather than C group reduced significantly.

It seems that both of the aerobic training has a better effected on prevention of obesity and cardiovascular disease.

Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization (DNS) approach is developed based on neurodevelopmental kinesiology and reflex-mediated core stabilization concepts. But the outcomes of this approach remain unclear. So changes in some spirometry indices in response to DNS breathing exercises in sedentary students with poor posture will be explored.

In this single-group pretest-posttest study design, we involved 26 male volunteer sedentary students with poor posture. First, a pretest of the spirometry indices (Maximum Voluntary Ventilation (MVV), Forced Expiratory Volume in first second (FEV1), Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), and FEV1/FVC ratio) were done each participant in random order. DNS breathing exercise protocol (six times a week, for six weeks) were trained and after completion of training, the post-test of the same parameters was performed. Descriptive statistical and the paired-sample test were used to analyze.

The findings of data analysis indicated that the effect of DNS breathing exercise on respiratory function and significant improvements were observed in post-test compared with pre-test in the following parameters: MVV (178.0±21.5 vs 141.0±30.4 l/min, P<0.001), FEV1 (4.7±0.5 vs 4.0±0.5 L, P<0.001), FVC (5.0±0.7 vs 4.4±0.6 L, P<0.001), and FEV1/FVC (0.95±0.05 vs 0.92±0.07 L, P<0.001).

It can be concluded that DNS breathing exercise is an effective protocol to significantly improve respiratory function. Moreover, it can be deduced that DNS breathing exercise with a focus on the Integrated Spinal Stabilizing System (ISSS) and breathing techniques can serve as an effective instructive approach to prevent risks of malalignment.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of twelve weeks of combined exercise with two patterns (aerobic-resistance and resistance-aerobic) on GLP-1 and insulin resistance in women with type 2 diabetes. In this practical and semi-experimental study, 42 women with type 2 diabetes were divided into three groups: aerobic-resistance group (n=15), resistance-aerobic group (n=15) and control group (n=15). Then, they were practiced three sessions a week for 12 weeks. The exercise protocol for both groups was the same and the only difference was in the sequence of exercises. The aerobic exercise protocol was 10×1 minutes active with one minute active rest between the sets with using a treadmill. Resistance exercises included movements such as leg press, bench press, seated leg extension, lat pulldown, and lying leg curl, seated shoulder press, which included the main muscles of the lower trunk and upper trunk and was done by the machine. Blood samples were prepared in the pre-test and 48 hours after the last exercise session in the post-test. The data were analyzed through SPSS version.16 (Inc., Chicago, IL); the results of analysis of variance and dependent t-Student were analyzed at the significance level (P<0.05). The values of GLP-1 increased and insulin resistance significantly decreased in the training groups compared to the control group (P≤0.05), however, there was no statistically significant difference between the aerobic-resistance and resistance-aerobic training group (P>0.05).
Conclusion The results of this research show that combined exercises with increased levels of GLP-1 play an important role in the improving the status of insulin resistance in women with type 2 diabetes. However, more research is needed about different patterns of combined exercises.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aerobic training before and after the induction of Alzheimer’s disease on ABCA1 and APOE mRNA expression and the level of soluble Aβ1-42 in the hippocampus of male Wistar rats. Ninety six eight-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: Training (n=48) and Rest (n=48). After four weeks, each group was randomly divided into two subgroups: intra-hippocampal injection of Aβ1-42 (n=24) and DMSO (n=24). Then, each group was again randomly divided into two groups: Training (n=12) and Rest (n=12). After four weeks, each group was again randomly divided into two groups: Behavioral test (n=7) and sacrificed (n=5). The one-way ANOVA showed a significant increase in the mRNA expression of ABCA1 (P<0.05), a significant decrease in the level of soluble Aβ1-42, and no significant difference in the expression of APOE mRNA (P>0.05) in the hippocampus as a result of training. The analysis of the Morris water maze data showed that intra-hippocampal injection of Aβ1-42 impaired spatial learning and memory and exercise improved spatial learning (P<0.05) and memory (P<0.05). Therefore, aerobic training by a significant increase in the mRNA expression of ABCA1, which is the main factors of lipid metabolism in the brain and which is involved in the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease, can be consistent with improving cognitive function as an effective way of preventing and improving the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease.

The importance of changing the color of white adiposities into brown is due to the fact that it can have anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects by adjusting energy balance (by converting storage form into energy consumption). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of physical activity on adipose tissue and skeletal muscles.

In this review, were searched online databases including Google Scholar, SID and PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus using the following keywords: “Training”, “Exercise”, “Physical activity”, “Mayokin”, “Adipose tissue”, “Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α)”,“ Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5)”, “Irisin” and ” Uncoupling proteins 1 (UCP-1)”. All articles including research studies, review articles, descriptive and analytical studies, and cross-sectional research, published during 1998-2017, were reviewed.

Based on our literature review, physical exercise can be effective as an adipose tissue activated agent in the prevention and treatment of obesity. In this regard, irisin seems to be influenced by a variety of sports activities and is a significant factor in the conversion of white to brown adipose tissues and can play a role in weight loss and increase the body thermogenesis.

According to these studies, the expression of irisin and FNDC5 converts white adipose into brown adipose and increases the energy consumption. Regular exercise training on preventing obesity, diabetes and its complications, and improving health have already been proven; but the point is that these beneficial effects are due to the cellular-molecular mechanism is still under discussion.