vahid heidarnattaj

Children often spend time in educational spaces with high levels of stress, which hinders their creative flourishing and development of their talents. Therefore, in order to protect their mental health, the school environment should be considered in accordance with their conditions. Many indicators (light, ventilation, furniture, color, green space, etc.) are effective in stress level, the most important of which is the green space. The present study investigates the effect of plants in the interior environment of classroom on reducing student’s stress

this descriptive-survey research tries to collect data by creating a quasi-experimental green space in the classrooms. The statistical population in the pre-test were all students (178 people) of the Shohaday-e-Modafe-e- Haram elementary school of Shahin Shahr in fourth, fifth and sixth grade and both sexes.74 students with higher than average stress level were selected purposely for experiment to collect information, the CSSS Children's Stress Symptoms Questionnaire was used with pre-test and post-test groups, of the 2-point Likert type "Yes" and "No". SPSS software version 21.0 was used for Data analysis and ANOVA one-way analysis of variance was implemented to infer the significance of research steps.  

using plants inside the classrooms are effective on reducing stress level with a probability level of 95% which is statistically resulted as significant (P<0.05) in girls’ fourth grade (0.00), boys’ fourth grade (0.04), girls’ fifth grade (0.00), boys’ fifth grade (0.00), and girls’ sixth grade (0.001).

the averages that are resulted through questionnaires demonstrate, in a descriptive and inferential manner, the significance between different stages of the research which proves that using plants in the classroom in elementary schools is effective in reducing student's stress level.

This research aims to investigate factors that influence citizens' cognitive maps on strengthening the sense of place on the Aliqapu pedestrian walkway, which can improve the quality of the urban space. The research method is applied development and was done using the content analysis method. Library studies, field survey methods, observation, and questionnaires were used to collect information. Due to the abnormality of the data, there is a strong correlation between physical and identity-spatial components using the Spearman correlation test. Using the Friedman test, it was found that among the physical components, the diversity of activities and hierarchy has the highest score, and among the identity-spatial components, identity buildings, and Sheikh Safi's tomb have the most impact on creating a sense of spatial belonging. In the citizens' cognitive maps, the most attention was paid to the Allah Dome and the High Mosque of Aliqapu. The reason for this is the different identities, histories, and skylines. Understanding the roots of identity and history in the construction of sidewalks, creating better efficiency, and strengthening the sense of attachment to the place is very important and can strengthen people’s mind maps in this way. In addition to these identity features, recognizing the physical body and paying attention to patterns in harmony with the community's identity and culture can increase the sidewalk's efficiency. The historical elements present in this sidewalk are the most important influential elements in the sense of place and the mental image of citizens. Therefore, paying attention to the identity components of new sidewalks and using the historical and identity symbols of the city can strengthen citizens’ sense of spatial belonging and the mental image of the sidewalk.

With the growth of the population and the increase in the need for housing, the creation and design of Mehr housing began in the form of residential complexes around the cities. However, due to reasons such as inappropriate location, the residence of people with different cultures and the lack of a written program, it does not have the same quality as an Iranian house. This research has been conducted with the aim of identifying the effective factors on the creation of social interactions and functional security, as well as the mutual influence of these two on each other in Mehr housing in Borujerd city. The research method is descriptive-analytical in a survey context; which investigated the cause of lack of security and social interaction in the studied sample. The sample size of 373 people was calculated and SPSS26 software was used for data analysis, as well as the standard deviation test, Friedman's ranking and Spearman's correlation. The findings obtained from the present research confirm the correlation between security and social interaction, as well as the correlation between the criteria and components affecting security and social interaction in a corresponding manner in all cases except for public participation and social cohesion, which the relationship They have the reverse, it is confirmed. Functional factors have had the greatest effect in creating social interaction, while perceptual factors have had the greatest effect in creating security. In the studied sample, due to physical weakness and incorrect design, all components are ineffective or reduce security and social interaction.

Ritual Tourism is a fundamental concept in the field of tourism that can breathe life and meaning into a landscape. A ritualistic landscape can be defined as a fusion of continuous historical behaviors in a space that has, over time, forged a distinct identity for that location. One such ritualistic landscape is the Haft-Cheshmeh Bridge in Ardabil, which serves as the venue for the NOUSTI ceremony. In this present study, with a special focus on this site, we delved into the roots of this ritual and explored the impact of the ritualistic landscape on people’s perceptions and its utilization potential for the advancement of tourism.This research aims to introduce the “NOUSTI” ritual alongside the Haft-Cheshmeh Bridge in Ardabil and examine the roots of this ritual and the cultural landscape’s influence on the mindset of the citizens.To fulfill the goal of the study, we used library research, field observations, interviews with local residents, and discussions with informed experts in the field of NOUSTI ritual and the cultural landscape’s impact on the bridge. The research findings were analyzed and examined using MaxQDA 2020 software.The results indicate that the NOUSTI ritual at the Haft-Cheshmeh Bridge in Ardabil has its roots in mythological beliefs, the sanctity of water, and the desires of ethnic communities stemming from social and climatic characteristics. Water, as a sacred element since ancient times, has been the primary source of life and the formation of societies for the Iranian people. Various rituals are held based on the connection with nature and the mastery of the four elements: water, fire, wind, and earth. The findings of this research can lead to a deeper understanding of the relationship between culture, landscape, and the people’s mindset in creating cultural tourism and collective behavior at this location, enhancing the sense of place among citizens. Furthermore, recognizing and developing these rituals can contribute to the development of cultural tourism and the elevation of the local identity of the Haft-Cheshmeh Bridge.

Abbas-Abad Garden located in Behshahr county is a garden belonging to the Safavid era that is expanded in the suburban area representing a gorgeous bride in the heart of the forest at a height of about 400 meters above sea level. Its natural beauty with a picturesque landscape was so great that, despite being hard to reach area and the difficulty of operating construction, persuaded Shah Abbas Safavi to undergo building this garden in this area, as he kept it hidden from many people`s eyes after completion. In confirmation of this idea, it can be mentioned that there is no specification or description of the garden spaces available in the historical documents. Its vicinity to the untouched and natural forest next to the built-in garden according to the geometry of Iranian gardening and the existence of a lake in the southern part of it, similar to a precious gem, has increased the inexpressible beauty and calmness of the garden. After the reign of Shah Abbas, the garden was abandoned, and consequently, due to the dominance of natural events, the built-in garden was buried in the heart of the forestry area, as the precious lake of Abbas-Abad and the remains of Chartaghi in the middle of it were the only representatives of the garden, so that there was no request for this place except the residents of the neighboring villages. The garden was registered in the list of national monuments in 1967 despite the construction of a hydraulic dam in the area, and the presence of a building between the lake and the dam wall, with no trace of the remains of the built-in garden. The story of the garden did not end with this issue, and after the Islamic Revolution of Iran, by facilitating access to the area, new requests1 for this area gradually appeared, as each of the interested organs took possession of the property. In the 90s (70s SH) following the initiation of excavation operations around the lake, the built-in area of the garden appeared and came out of the ground, as this gorgeous bride thoroughly presented itself again, and the reputation of the garden became more and more popular. Despite of all the adversities that occurred to this magnificent area, eventually, it become possible to be registered in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2011 together with eight other Iranian gardens. Following the registration, it was expected that all kind of organizations whether public or private, from national or domestic corporations, take their actions to protect the values and aesthetic aspects of this work; however, each organization was merely thinking about its interests to benefit from it; And meanwhile, it is only the Cultural Heritage of the country that has not benefited from it. Lowering the position and value of this unique garden to a place for vulgar2 or ‘negative tourism’, exploiting it for trade purposes, benefiting specific groups from it merely for short-term profitable targets, and requesting their share will eventually turn this gorgeous bride into a crone, old woman over time, which increases the risk of removing it from the list of the world works; the level of vulgarity in this area is so high that even the domestic cultural tourists who come to this place for the fame of Abbas-Abad Garden, have no desire to get off their cars, and leave the place regretfully for the careless approach is applied to this place. From the beginning of 2015 onwards, by disclaiming the cultural heritage organization of the country from the tourist areas of the place and around the lake, known as the forest park (Park-e Jangali), unfortunately, the situation of the garden as a registered work has been depreciated along with many intrusions in the location, inattention to the rules of the World Heritage, all have given an unpleasant appearance to the cultural landscape of the area and greatly destroyed the historical monuments in the area. The final shot was fired at this place following the approval of the Behshahr Master Plan by the ‘Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture’ in August 2022, without consulting the Ministry of Cultural Heritage; as a result of this action, this sub-urban area was transferred to the jurisdiction of Behshahr city and its management was given to the municipality. The collection of unpermitted activities, unregulated authorizations, and unorganized presence of tourists coupled with harmful activities are the adverse outcomes of the two mentioned decisions. Certainly, the persistence of these activities, diminishing the power of Cultural Heritage, and the position of this world garden bring destruction to the Abbas-Abad Garden and this gorgeous bride will be lost forever. What would happen, if Shah Abbas was alive today!!

The set of effects of natural light on humans can be examined in the two forms of psychological and biological processes. Today, people spend most of their life indoor during the day. Therefore, providing the possibility of suitable daylight to enter these closed spaces is considered completely desirable to improve the biological quality and to increase their level of health, comfort, and efficiency. The main purpose of the current study is to provide design strategies and present appropriate spatial arrangement in order to benefit from day-light and improve the life quality of residents living in low-rise houses. To this aim, descriptive-analytical and survey method as well as the Light Meter tool have been used. The statistical population of the study includes the residents of six low-rise residential houses in Shahkola neighborhood of Babol who have a neighborly relationship with each other. The research finds that in spring and summer, the largest amount of natural light enters the interior of the houses. It is worthy to mention that after the deep interviews, the results showed that people felt more relaxed in spaces with sufficient natural light especially the southern light. In contrast, they felt unmotivated in spaces with poor natural light. Consequently, by using different type of design strategies such as large window expanded from floor to ceiling and wider openings on the east and west fronts, more natural light can be received in the interior spaces. Additionally, it is better to use the U-shaped system in the arrangement of spaces such as living rooms or receptions to divide equally day-light for all residents.

Research Problem:

 The natural structures within the city improve the quality of them, from ecological and aesthetic aspects to social values and additionally, they are very important for the sustainability of the city. Therefore, the riverside of Babolrood in Babolsar due to the creation of a suitable space despite the greenery, river, recreational and commercial centers and the presence of vendors, takes the attention of residents, students, pedestrians, and even travelers are drawn to perform various leisure activities. One of the most important issues in this area is the inflexibility of the space, which disrupts activities and, as a result, leads to different, overlapping, and sometimes contradictory behaviors that are happened by users. Despite the high potential, this area is more in the form of a passage where most of its users are just moving aimlessly in various forms, and if there is a stop, it is just a short sitting to relieve fatigue.

The main questions of the current study are:1- How can we utilize the behavioral patterns in environmental design?2- Which characteristic of architectural design should be considered in the riverside of Babolrood so that the existing space meets the user’s behavioral patterns?

The research method of the current study is divided into three stages. In the first stage, the exploratory observation was used to obtain preliminary information; then, in the second stage, the behavioral study was performed in the are for 48 days (4 days in each month for one year) on Saturdays, Mondays, Thursdays, and Fridays. In the third stage, simultaneously with the observations using interviews, to reach a direct relationship with the audience. Notwithstanding the data collection, process was performed without intermediaries; the information was analyzed through qualitative content analysis.In order to achieve to this stage, firstly the behavior's frequency that is less than the one percent of the total cases, which means 400 observation cases, was not considered. In another word, the behaviors with the minimum numbers of 400 considered as repetitive behavior, and behaviors with less repetition than 400 are neglected. The next step belonged to behavioral plans. Due to reach clear behavioral plans, all behaviors for both genders (except children) were marked on happening location. The schematic behavioral patterns extracted which demonstrate the most compressed area in which repetitive behaviors happened.

The results of this study show that the available spaces are not used as predicted, behaviors do not occur in the predicted spaces, small activities, and dens of them at one point play a major and decisive role in deviation. Pedestrians deviate and will not use the routes if they do not have sufficient security and social monitoring. Finally, the information extracted from the data, including component, item, purpose, characteristics of behaviors, and spatial requirements, represented as a conclusion.

Cultivation of rice is the main agricultural activity in the northern provinces of Iran, including Mazandaran and Gilan, and the livelihood of most of the residents of these two provinces is tied to this crop. Not so long ago, all rice cultivation activities were done manually and due to the low working speed and the one-time opportunity to plant, it had created certain culturally related activities; including singing local songs while working and the tradition of kayir. In some occasions, even by passers took a few minutes to help the owner of the land. These customs would create a good opportunity for agritourism. Agritourism, a combination of the two words Agri and Tourism, includes the agricultural activities that invite tourists. Agritourism makes it possible for tourists to get to know the native culture and customs of that land, in addition to experiencing the desired activity. Besides creating objective landscapes such as diversity in size, shape and color, rice cultivation is a retelling of the common culture of the land in a time frame of less than six months, and watching any landscape through the said time frame creates a subjective landscape and an accurate understanding of time in people. Shalizar provides a good opportunity for tourists to see customs and traditions, and to experience all kinds of scenery along with doing all kinds of activities. The subjective landscape of the paddy field includes all the customs and traditions related to the activities of the rice farmers during the stages of land preparation, planting, sowing and harvesting, which happen in a time interval of less than six months. In addition, seeing each of the sights would have given the viewer a precise understanding of time because each activity represented a specific point of time in this six-month period:Land preparation with a view of vast fields full of water in late March and early April;The green landscape of the planted land before the clustering from the end of April to the middle of July;The landscape of green spikes from mid-July to mid-August;A golden landscape with hanging spikes until the middle of September (Paiezeh-maah);And the landscape of the remaining stalks after harvesting the crop after September.But what is happening today, with the increase of the speed of carrying out different steps, using precocious varieties of rice and benefiting from new machinery, has caused a high percentage of farmers to switch to second cultivation and the cycle of activities related to paddy fields happens twice. The mechanization of activities, the presence of less manpower and the acceleration of time have caused the disappearance of the culture and customs related to rice farming, and have also distorted the subjective landscape in understanding time. For example, golden spikes of rice are seen in some fields next to newly planted fields, confounding the traditional understanding of time. Another damage caused by the replanting of rice is the burning of the stalk residue, which causes environmental pollution in the time frame between the two crops and destroys the attraction of tourism in the space. Fortunately, in some areas where it is difficult for agricultural machinery to enter due to various reasons, including the slope of the land, the same old habits are still going on, and it is hoped that by reviving the ancient culture of paddy fields, agritourism in those areas can be boosted.

The urban environment can simultaneously form the users’ behaviors and also can be adaptable by users’ behaviors, therefore creating spaces based on the desires as well as needs of users seems necessary in order to create a lively and dynamic urban space due to achieving to the maximum of residents’ satisfaction. Accordingly, this study has tried to investigate the preferences of users of an urban space and based on gained data from users’ experiences, makes an effort to achieve to a desirable space that is parallel with the demands and needs of users. The field study of this research is included two main stages: the first stage is conducted by an observational study. In the second stage, an interview was conducted with users in the form of a semi-structured questionnaire consisting of a combination of survey, scoring, prioritization, and explanatory questions. The final number of questionnaires was 324. In addition, an attempt was made to collect all the information extracted from the questionnaires in the form of simple and legible tables as the main interview data. The analysis are conducted by utilizing the qualitative content analysis also in some cases, the categorization of items and data was used. As a result, the most important items that cause user dissatisfaction were classified into three components: interference, disturbance, and noise (noise pollution), and finally, these items and components are a subset of Categories that affect users' environmental preferences include privacy, safety, security, noise pollution, spatial hierarchy, and pedestrianism, and suggestions have been presented to improve them. Also, using the Uman-Whitney test, it was found that the lighting system of the area was not appropriate at night, while users were satisfied with the amount of urban furniture. Adequacy of rest spaces is also one of the demands of users in the area.

One of the significant issues in the study of Persian gardens is the variations made in the shape patterns and physical structure depending on different conditions of the natural context, as seen in several gardens in northern Iran. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between physical changes in Abbas Abad garden and the landscape of its natural context to gain a deeper understanding of this garden and Persian gardens. To this end, the present study develops a specific “multiple analysis” framework to analyze the case study. First, Abbas Abad Garden is described by reviewing historical documents, and its reference design in the Safavid period was recovered in a three-dimensional model. Then, its physical and spatial structures are analyzed and the role of the landscape of the natural context in the physical changes in Abbas Abad garden is discussed. The research findings indicated that the garden orientation is a scenic orientation based on the characteristics of its natural context. In the studied garden, a powerful central axis, as a common geometric characteristic of Persian gardens, extends to the main mansion, passes through it, and can be traced to Chahartaqi in the middle of the lake. Moreover, in Abbas Abad Garden, the organization of the main mansion has been changed based on the landscape requirements and displaced from the middle of the highest platform to its northernmost point to visually overlook the lake and the Chahartaqi in its middle. The spatial structure of the main mansion includes an observation semi-open space, and the residential elements around the garden to preserve the continuity of the view of nature. This research also indicates that in the design of Abbas Abad garden, the landscape is an organizing factor in the location, geometric structure, and arrangement of the architectural elements of the garden, and in suitable areas, the landscape of the natural context, that can be perceived from the main observation deck, determines the observation deck direction, the spatial structure of the main mansion, the organization of the architectural elements, and the overall structure of the garden.

The current study is applied to assess structural elements of landscape mosaic of Chehelsetoon garden to identify whether ecological design criteria have influenced on Chehelsetoon garden design or not.
Material and

Descriptive- analytical has been used in three steps. Firstly, design criteria of Persian gardens have been studied. Secondly, design features of Chehelsetoon garden have been analyzed and compared with Persian garden criteria. Then adaption degree of design features of Chehelsetoon with Persian garden criteria has been determined.

The results of the current research indicate that rectangular shapes are the main pattern of the landscape of studied area. In addition, continuous mass and rectangular shapes are recognized as the pattern of surrounding green spaces of the Chehelsetoon garden. It should be noted that green space of the main axis of garden is continuous strip patterns.
Discussion and

Using water in contrast with high humidity of the environment, land morphology intervention, incompatibility with vernacular landscape and using Persian garden pattern and planting non-native trees and flowers (evergreen trees) in the main axis of garden show that designer concentrate on developing Persian garden patters instead of ecological design criteria.

The purpose of the research is to identify strategies for green adaptive reuse of the shared-heritage of Iran and Germany which were built during WWI and WWII in Mazandaran, and to identify the role of green adaptive reuse in the sustainable development of local communities. The research is to identify the effective components in green contemporization of Mazandaran industrial heritage buildings, and the impact of each criterion on the sustainable development of local communities.

The AHP method is adopted to evaluate the opinions of the experts by combination of questionnaire and the Delphi method. By examining the industrial heritage of Mazandaran and comparing its position with similar cases, the effective components of the green contemporization process were prioritized.

The industrial heritage of Mazandaran including the Babol cotton factory with 26.6%, the GhaemShahr textile factory with 21%, the Naseri-way with 20.6%, the Chalous-Metal-Bridge with 16.8% and Lar-Stone-Bridge with 15.5% will be effective in development of the local communities of Mazandaran by means of development of tourism.

The development of industrial heritage with the priority of sustainable social development leads to the development of local communities. The conclusion emphasizes on the priority of tourism development by creating access security, possibility of sale, public and private arena, optimal use of the ruined area, creating a multi-purpose use and organizing commercial units, as well as cultural development with protection of works, integrated development, holding cultural activities will play an effective role in the development of local communities in Mazandaran.

The aim of this study is to determine the effective criteria for promoting mental health in the elderly using the biophilic approach. In achieving it, descriptive-analytical methods have been used in a survey context. To collect information, a standard questionnaire was developed based on biophilic criteria. The sample size was calculated according to Cochran's formula (5% error rate) and experts' recommendations. Questionnaires were distributed as a random sampling method among the elderly in the nursing home with moderate to high mental health. Answering the questions, according to the level of ability of the elderly, is done in the form of questions and answers between the researcher and the elderly or by the elderly themselves. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. Findings indicate a significant relationship between biophilic patterns and mental health of the elderly. Visual connection with nature (except for one sub-criterion), proximity to water, non-visual connection with nature, connection with natural systems, thermal and air diversity, landscape or landscape, dynamism and splendor, connection with natural materials, effective criteria and Irregular and rhythmic sensory stimuli, risk-taking, complexity and simplicity, biomorphic patterns and forms, mysterious environment and shelter, are ineffective criteria for the mental health of the elderly.The results indicate that seeing flowers and plants (average: 4.73 out of 5) has the greatest effect and the brightness of polished plates due to light radiation (average: 2.19 out of 5) has the least effect on promoting mental health in the elderly. Findings indicate a significant relationship between biophilic patterns and mental health of the elderly. Visual connection with nature (except for one sub-criterion), proximity to water, non-visual connection with nature, connection with natural systems, thermal and air diversity, landscape or landscape, dynamism and splendor, connection with natural materials, effective criteria and Irregular and rhythmic sensory stimuli, risk-taking, complexity and simplicity, biomorphic patterns and forms, mysterious environment and shelter, are ineffective criteria for the mental health of the elderly.The results indicate that seeing flowers and plants (average: 4.73 out of 5) has the greatest effect and the brightness of polished plates due to light radiation (average: 2.19 out of 5) has the least effect on promoting mental health in the elderly.

Despite the uniqueness of the Persian garden, there are variations in it. Such changes have been created according to different conditions of the natural surroundings of the garden. One of the problems one encounters when studies the Persian garden is the change in the shape and location of the main building in some gardens in northern Iran, which, although they have a similar structure to the gardens of the Central Plateau, differ from that general image. This article examines the gardens of northern Iran to answer the question of how the perceived landscape of the surrounding environment from the lookout, affects the architectural system and the spatial structure of the main building of the gardens of northern Iran? The research hypothesis is that in addition to the geometric structure of the garden and the topographic features of the land, the landscape around the garden also plays a role in determining the location of architectural elements and the spatial structure of the main mansions of gardens in northern Iran. The present study aims to identify the gardens of northern Iran, through a combination of historical methods and interdisciplinary studies by investigating written documents, historical texts, travelogues and visual documents such as historical photographs, current maps, aerial photographs, the latest findings of archaeological excavations and field observations. After examining and categorizing 15 gardens in northern Iran and studying and analyzing changes in the locating rationale and spatial structure of the main building in four of them which have more complete documents, it was concluded that along with functional and semantic systems, natural features of the surrounding landscape of gardens are the organizing elements of the physical systems of the gardens of northern Iran, and the Persian garden, in the prone surrounding, is oriented to maximize the maximum capacities of the natural landscapes around the garden. In other words, in such contexts, the natural landscape that can be understood from the lookout, along with the artificial landscape of the garden, determines the direction of the view and the architectural system, and the spatial structure of the main building.

The Persian garden is the product of imposing Persian thoughts on nature and natural elements, including water and plants. From among the various elements, water plays such a significant role that the gardens are unimaginable without it. More specifically, water is a fundamental element organizing the gardens’ very green spaces. As one of the most beautiful gardens along the southern shores of the Caspian Sea, Abbas Abaad Garden, an entertaining site for King Abbas the Great, is located at the wooded slopes, 9 Km to Behshahr. Being built in woodlands, the water abundance and two-sided view created by the slopes are among unique characteristics of the garden. The present paper aims to present the role of landscape and water in planning the garden. It investigates the probable reasons for the construction of the garden on arduous wooded slopes as well as the roles played by water and the other elements in Abbas Abad. Using the historical field method and bibliographical approach, the author concludes that the two-sided view, landscape (Dam lake and the Caspian Sea), and water abundance created a unique form of garden in its natural environment.

Achieving educational goals requires an appropriate place to create relevant behaviors, so the effective role of the learning environment in Improving students' learning and development, cannot be ignored. One of the environmental capabilities that can be effective in students' education in a class is the layout pattern in the classroom. As previous study stated, the layout pattern is divided into two general categories comprising traditional and participatory pattern. The former shows the pattern where people sit in a row whereas in the latter people work in groups of more than two people. In this regard, the layout can be circular, semi-circular, or optional. In this study in order to clarify the influence of the architectural studios layout on students' cognitive function, two above-mentioned patterns in different type including traditional, participatory (multi-personal groups), participatory (circular class-based) and participatory (table-based) were tested. It is worthy of note that the experimental experiments were carried out to record the student behaviors in the context of different furniture layouts in architectural studios. Therefore, much of this study is qualitative in nature and behavioral observation technique was used. Date analysis was done by using content analysis method. The statistical population of this research included 100 undergraduate and postgraduate students of architecture studying at University of Mazandaran during 2018-2019. In this regard, data achieved from deep observation studios are analyzed qualitatively to achieve the appropriate pattern of furniture layout for architectural studios of University of Mazandaran. The results of deep observation showed that traditional model increased attention to self-employment, individuality, and student-teacher dependency. Moreover, this pattern can reduce the level of enjoyment, which plays an important role in increasing learning capacity. In contrast, participatory (multi-personal groups) layout enhanced the interaction between students. In this regard, the information exchanged results in increasing collaboration in designed activities similar to participatory (table-based) layout. The obtained results from participatory (circular class-based) demonstrated that the mobility, attention and academic performance decreased. In conclusion, it is noted that the use of group layout had a greater impact on improving academic function while the using of a table setting had a greater impact on cognitive function. According to the achieved conclusions and alongside the purpose of the study, the final pattern is expressed as a composition of current patterns. It is suggested that the pattern includes: - personal spaces next to the plural ones with using flexible arrangement so that the confidentiality of the students is covered necessarily and a groups-based space can be shaped to promote interaction between them. _Making semi-open chambers for each group to make personalization for the groups in addition to sitting space with special shelves in the situation, groups can make changes in appearance as well as color of them to promote the belonging sense, pleasure of and cooperation in the classroom. _Increasing in interactive space of students with applying table-based arrangement around teacher's table to increase interaction between students and teacher as well as information exchange. _ Creating shelves for students, a small library for each class, a display space, a semi-open space beside the green space for each class.

Different factors affect the formation of rural house spaces that are generally associated with environmental factors such as climate and geographical characteristics along with human factors such as cultural and social factors. One of the most important of them is the cultural-social factors that makes it possible to reach a spatial understanding and the concepts which are presented in the architecture of their houses. 
Identification of the hidden patterns or the genotype present in the building's structure equals the identification of social relations that are implemented in the spaces. Builders of the rural houses have tried to incline living spaces to become humanized by creating a close relationship between environment, culture and architectural form. Koopar rural houses in Kelardasht district is a fitting example of a living space with material and spiritual welfare in a mountainous region. However, the disregard of these houses has increased to such an extent that all their cultural-social values, interior significance and spatial correlations are eliminated amid today's architecture. This essay tries to gain access to the interior information that hides in the architectural space of rural houses and has caused their development using a practical look into the past. Therefore, in the present article it is tried to have the way social and cultural attitudes had influenced shape of the houses explained. Accordingly, the research questions would be: 
What impact does cultural and social attitude have on the way we investigate the spatial relations of the rural houses?    
How are the spatial relations in the rural houses of Mazandaran?
In order to do this research, the required information has been analyzed and examined using descriptive-analytical, logical reasoning and case study methods. In order to do so, history of the research and the definitions related to the topic are presented in section one by adopting a qualitative approach, library studies and reviewing the previous researches. In section two, the practical part, the theoretical information of this study in Northern Iran's rural houses, the west of Mazandaran province, one of the villages of this area named Koopar that ages more than others in mountainous region of Kelardasht, had been visited and the chosen samples of this village were analyzed applying field observations, mapping and photographing and finally we had conducted an interview with some of the current residents or those who had lived there long in the past holding sufficient information. In order to make the results of the studies which were done on the analyzed samples applicable to other mountainous villages of the region, this village and three different type of houses were selected, those which abounded the whole area and were older than other existing houses. Eventually, the theoretical findings of this study are analyzed by using logical reasoning method, the results of which are presented as tables that contain spatial elements, spatial organization, and spatial analysis.

Gardens are an integral part of Iranian life and they significantly contribute to the structure and entity of Persian architecture. Since the Sumerians, the Persian garden was configured in a form that surrounded the palaces and fire temples. For Iranians, both water and tree were praiseworthy and the trees were arranged to be planted along wide water streams. Revering the water and the tree gives meaning to Persian garden. Not only is Persian garden a safe and peaceful place, but also it is a place for philosophical thinking and discussions. Persian garden is a sacred space, and therefore it is used to honor and revere a space. Tomb garden is a special type of Persian garden that is built in order to surround a tomb, or a monument in Persian style. There are different types of such gardens in Iran and many other countries that have Persian culture. Sheikh Ahmed-e Jam tomb is located in the city of Torbat-e Jam, in an 800-year old garden. Recognizing the trees and paths around this tomb indicates the existence of Persian garden plan in this place.

The gardens of the South coast of the Caspian Sea are prominent instances of Persian gardens which, unlike the Persian desert gardens, are not at variance with their surroundings. According to Eskandar Beig, Shah Abbas’ secretary, garden construction in Mazandaran is like paradise construction in the heaven. Despite several gardens in the area, little research has been conducted in this regard because few historic gardens remained; the only sources that refer to these gardens are the few descriptions and pictures in the European travelers’ histories and travelogues. Despite climatic variations, most of the Safavid gardens in this area were built based on the spatial geometric pattern of the Persian garden and the only difference between the gardens in this area and those in the central and the southern areas is in their use of the natural elements. Therefore, studying these gardens as a special kind of Persian Garden is necessary. This research is conducted in a descriptive-analytical method and investigates historical documents and images. Moreover, case study is conducted through field investigation in order to recognize the features of Bahrol-eram garden and the role of natural elements in this garden in comparison to other Persian gardens.
This paper seeks to understand the role of the landscape elements such as water in the formation of Bahrol-eram. The hypothesis states that the widespread presence of water in this area and the full interaction of the garden with its context have create a kind of garden called the island-garden. According to the historical evidence, historians and travelers’ quotes, the garden situation, and also based on the images, Bahrol-eram is an island-garden which was constructed in the area because of its appropriate climate and abundant water. The widespread presence of water surroundingthe whole garden which is embedded in the central island makes it a specific instance of the Persian gardens which can be referred to as island-gardens. Despite the lack of climatic justification (increased humidity), the Persians’ respect for water and its value for them have caused the garden to be a royal residence and resort. The existence of this garden reflects the natural diversity of Iranian garden, maintaining its basic principles.

In studying the architectural evolutions, it is necessary to scrutinize the climatic, shape and historic typologies. Reviewing these studies clarifies the researchers’ view in using the typology as a type methodology in designing different architectural properties such as the plan, mass, form, and space. For instance, Olgy reviewed and categorized architecture in terms of architectural formation due to climatic features and Durand and Krier focused on the geometric aspects of the plans. Therefore, this paper tries to offer a typology of facades as a significant aspect of architectural design since the absence of defining a proper process in façade design has led to the development of an unpleasant cityscape and inconsistent individualistic façade design all over the city.
Therefore, this paper queries the geometric and typological features in the facades of valuable buildings (traditional buildings) during different periods. In this regard, this research is conducted assuming that the correct identification and recognition of façade typology and its re-establishment in the contemporary works can hinder insipidity and chaos in cityscape while preserving the historical-cultural authenticity of the facades. Thereafter, the research is continued by drawing the basic shapes (square, triangle, and circle) according to Durand’s and Krier’s - by whom these shapes were introduced as the basic shapes in the typology of shapes – viewpoints as well as applying changes to the axes, vertices, and sides of these shapes in the opinion of Durand’s and Krier’s transformation principles in shapes in order to find the transformation trajectory in these shapes. Hence, the building facades around Imam Khomeini Square - which is a significant urban, social, political, cultural, and historical place- in Tehran city are scrutinized by library research (books and articles) and in analytical –comparative research method by studying the facades (pictures and illustrations) using 9 statistical populations from Qajar, Pahlavi I, Pahlavi II and the contemporary era (two slides from each of the four sides of the square on average). Eventually, it was concluded that the most of the geometric patterns used in the facades of the surrounding monuments during Qajar period were formed by combination or application of simple shapes such as circles and squares based on the center of the circle or in the process of repetition in terms of geometry, ornaments, and apertures. These terms during Pahlavi I period have appeared in form of triangular shapes and acute sections in a variety of combinations with a circle and a square. As for the Pahlavi II period, the influence of the principles of Western architecture led into the use of simplicity and maximum prevention in decorations in various constructions of different functions. As a result, the geometric patterns used in this period were mostly squares and the products from the square rotation in angles.

Many factors are listed concerning the cause of genesis Persian garden and its specific geometry. Some considered the cause of Persian garden (Chahar Bagh) means quartet garden, thru this garden forms based on religious beliefs, before Islam and after it. Some of authors considered the cause of quartet forms before Islamic gardens, goes back to Iranian’s beliefs to divide the world into four parts and also some believes the reason of specific geometry in these gardens, originating from the four streams of paradise mentioned in Qur’an.
Opposite issue in this article is illustrating at the Iran and Islamic Beliefs, based on form, according to number four and its usage in the garden geometry and division, hence plans to put doubt this theory via research on the above idea, before Islam and after it. Many descriptions stated on Persian garden, allegory of paradise and an attempt to achieve the utopian paradise, between the effects of four streams of Paradise are more prominent shown in form and geometry of the garden. This paper emphasizes to the impact of conceptual paradise in design the Persian garden, and plans to pay with criticism of dummy effect at paradise and its geometry. Hypothesis with ref to Iranian’s historical and religious documents and content analysis rejected ancient Iranian’s beliefs regarding world is divided into four parts and also put doubt the effect of garden quartet geometry from paradise streams after Islam.

Garden and gardening convey wide range of meanings in Iranian culture so that the Iranian world is full of the manifestation of gardens and nature. Persian garden can be deemed as the most admirable outcome of aesthetic and naturalistic principles of Iranian culture، which can be traced in variety of Iranian arts such as pottery، tile work، carpet، music، poetry، literature and Persian miniature. Among these، the art of miniature is one of the main arenas for multiple imaging of Persian Garden. Miniature has been the subject of several surveys. There are many research works on fine art in which the miniature works have been examined in different fields such as aesthetic، technical، historical ones from the art of painting viewpoint. What differentiates the present study is that it approaches the art of miniature and Persian garden from the Iranian landscape architectural standpoint. Given the paucity of similar works in this field، studies like this may have considerable potential in proposing novel theories pertinent with miniature works that picture Persian garden. This also helps improving our knowledge of Persian garden in different historical periods. Miniature works constitute a notable portion of historical documents and visual sources. Knowing that the subject of the works is based on the observations of the artist، these works cannot be isolated from the realities of their environment at the time of creation. However، there are other factors to take into account including natural limitation of painting work، prevailing style at the time، and the artist’s attitudes. Thus، to achieve better results through the survey of the relationship between Persian garden and miniature، some of the pertinent miniature works were needed to be examined along with library research. In majority of miniature of indoor design of houses، castles، and mansions، the main object in the work is the building and notable persons. These works are easily notable and differentiable from the miniature of outdoor spaces and those that picture a garden in particular. A common element in majority of miniature of outdoor spaces is the Nazargah، which plays the main and an outstanding role. The present study assumes that picturing the general design of the garden and the key geometric features of the structure were not the intention of the artist، so copying the actual design of the garden was the last intention of the artist. In fact، by picturing pavilion and Ivan– as the main elements in Persian garden، the artist has tried to employ external and internal landscapes of the garden to create a different and with more details picture of Persian garden. The purpose of this article is to identify the main manifestation of Persian garden in the miniatures with pertinent subject. To achieve this، some of miniature works from different historical periods have been examined (to avoid one-dimensional approach of a specific period). Trivial changes in the concept and design of Persian garden cause no problem in surveying the miniature works from different periods as the concept and image of Persian garden have survived the ups and downs of ages. The question raised by this study is “what is the most outstanding and noticeable elements of Persian garden in the miniatures of garden?” To answer this، the environment، nature، and garden in the miniatures were first assumed as the bases of the study. Afterward، by analyzing 10 miniatures and comparing the results with library resources and documents (descriptive-analytical method) different manifestation of Persian gardens in the miniatures were divided into three; 1- Pavilion garden، 2- Bagh Chador/ tent garden، and 3- pavilion (as the viewpoint of the garden to external landscape). Gardens design has been always featured with palaces، pavilion and Ivan so that the design، shape، and location of pools، water display، and Sofe at the entrance were based on these main elements. Furthermore، these elements are the key elements in the miniature works of Persian gardens. The design of pavilion has been always a mixture of open spaces with several balconies at different directions to permit use of the open space. The pool or water display and other natural elements were the main elements viewed from the pavilion. Although the geometric symmetry of the garden are absent in the miniature، still the presence of the main element (i. e. pavilion، which have the best view in the garden) argues that the aim of the artist was to picture Persian garden; this is an answer to the question of the study. In this regard، among the all elements of Persian garden such as water، plants، human، etc.، the most featured elements are the structures designed to enjoy the view such as pavilion، Ivan، Sofe، tent، and so on (in general term “Nazargah”). This supports the hypothesis of the study which states “Nazargah as the main pictured elements in the miniature of Persian garden.”

Historically، Persian garden benefited from the earliest landscape and environment arrangements designed for humans as a cultural، historic and geographic interaction of human and nature. Persia is considered as the geographic origin of this remarkable type of art. Persian garden has developed different types of function and form throughout history; and maintained a basis in Persian culture. Persian garden has been the sample of gardening in many other lands throughout history; the specific types of the Persian gardens were developed in these lands which took place as subgroup of Persian garden. Owing to multiple differences in cultural and architectural history of other countries; specific features of the Persian garden was more prominent and more developed in those areas. India is one of the territories that Persian garden is considered as a sample for many of Hindi gardens. In this paper، historical method and case studies are studied as a transfer process of original pattern of Persian garden to India. This paper shows that gardens built up by Babur link Persian and Hindi gardens; BABUR garden in Kabul is the case study of this paper whose characteristics is compared with Persian garden.

Here existed Tehran and its gardens; there were many gardens in Tehran at the period of Ghajar dynasty which was designed by original pattern of Persian garden. North highland of old Tehran was full of Persian gardens built by noblesse of Ghajar; but those gardens destroyed due to city growth and development. One of these gardens is the Mostoufi garden in region 3 of the Great Tehran (Vank village of old Tehran). At the present time,this garden is named Vanak with an appropriate planting used as public green space. Mostoufi garden of Tehran was one of the largest gardens of the Ghajar dynasty in which the old buttonwood trees are only worthiness of garden.Due to garden demolition and performance and lack of suitable pattern of Persian garden in Tehran, authorities have decided to reproduce Vanak garden by presenting features of Persian garden and perform the original property of Iranian gardens at transnational scales. This paper recounts the history of Mostoufi garden, problems of design and construction; and influence of Persian garden property in various part of Vanak garden.

One of the reasons man has created gardens is to rebuild heaven on earth. So far, a lot has been written about how Iranian gardens are meant to exemplify heaven and represent an attempt to realize the dream of life in paradise on earth. The idea of four heavenly streams has had a great influence on the structure and geometric design of Iranian gardens. This article adopts a critical approach toward the idea that the structure of gardens has been influenced by man’s beliefs about heaven with an emphasis on the influence of heaven as a concept rather than a form. Iranians built gardens based on a geometric four-part design. The general idea is that this design was based on the pre-Islamic belief in a four-part world and remained intact in the Islamic era as a result of the Islamic belief in four heavenly streams mentioned in the Qur’an. This article does not intend to analyze or rule out the idea that the structure of Iranian gardens was influenced by heaven as a concept rather it argues against the influence of heaven as any exact form. The idea of a world divided into four parts is based either on legend or on the Torah which considers the Garden of Aden as man’s first dwelling place. However, there is no written document to prove that Iranians believed in a four-part world in the pre-Islamic era. In fact, Zoroastrian religious teachings reveal completely different ideas.