جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "توسعه درون زا" در نشریات گروه "علوم انسانی"

In studying the policies governing the development plans of the second Pahlavi period and the Islamic Republic of Iran, an attempt was made to analyze the analytical framework in order to understand the process and causes of economic development failures in the last seventy years. For this purpose, using an interdisciplinary approach, the role of civil and economic development in the effectiveness of the country's development policies was investigated.To the central government is the incomplete modeling of Western school development programs and the disregard for indigenous capacities and requirements and territorial planning.This imperfect modeling removed the people from economic management and replaced the government as a holding entity. In the period of the Islamic Republic, in order to make economic policies effective and get rid of these failures, it was tried to privatize and internalize the economy as the axis of planning and the resistance economy as the Iranian and Islamic model and the driver and axis of development. The Pahlavi era and the imposed war and sanctions have slowed the growth of economic development.Keywords: civil and economic development, economic policy, endogenous development, government-centered, resistance economy

Local resources and values have been emphasized in the recent literature on social change and development. In this study, the youth’s attitude are explored toward endogenous development in five dimensions of participation in development process, cultural values, local knowledge, local resources, and local actors.  

Methods and Data: 

The present research is qualitative by nature using a survey design. The research population included 17 to 30 year-old young people in Yazd and Ahvaz, Iran. 554 young people completed a questionnaire. Sample was selected through the multistage random sampling method. The data gathered through the questionnaire was then analysed by SPSS software. 

The results showed that the highest average among the endogenous development dimensions was for respect for cultural values and the lowest average for globalism. The variables of age, sex, education and ethnicity had a significant relationship with attitudes toward endogenous development. The results of multivariate regression test showed that the variables of globalization, age and ethnicity were the most important variables explaining the attitude towards endogenous development. 

The young respondants showed to have accepted the necessity of attention to local resources and values in the process of attatining social and economic development as well as local values and identity. The young respondants have recognized the importance of local and global dimensions of development. They think globally but act locally.  

Key Message: 

The citizens’ attitudes include their subjective and practical orientation toward endogenous development. The increasing awareness about changing world has led to youth’s tendency towards local resources and values.

Unfortunately, at present, the coronavirus crisis has caused a lot of damage to the tourism industry, while this crisis is a challenge for the tourism industry. The tourism industry must be managed, policy-made and managed in such a way that the threats of this crisis become opportunities for its development in order to provide the ground for endogenous development of Kermanshah province in the long run. The main purpose of this study is to Presenting a safe tourism model for the continuation of tourism businesses in times of crisis with emphasis on endogenous development of Kermanshah province. The study population included business owners in the field of tourism in Kermanshah province. Purposeful sampling of the type snowball was used to select the interviewees. Sampling was continued until theoretical saturation was reached. In this study, theoretical saturation was obtained by examining 38 samples from the mentioned population. Data were collected through open (unstructured) questionnaires, in-depth individual interviews, note-taking, document review, or often a combination of these methods. The results obtained from the research data in the coding process were extracted and classified in the form of concepts and based on them, "a model for safe tourism in the conditions of coronavirus crisis with emphasis on endogenous development of Kermanshah province" was presented. The results showed that principled and scientific policies can not only cause the continuation of tourism industry activities in times of crisis, but also provide the context for the development of the tourism industry and the endogenous development of the province in the Post-corona era. Subsequently, based on the research findings, recommended were made to make the research model operational.

The worn out tissues as parts of the city that are separated from the evolutionary cycle of life and become the focal point of the problems and inadequacies have many hidden capacities and capabilities that, if activated, can be used as a driving force in the urban development process. The purpose of this research is to measure the cultural-social capacities of the worn out tissues on endogenous development in Tabriz metropolitan area.

The methodology of the research in the present study is of applied and descriptive-analytical nature. Data collection is done by documentary-field (survey). The statistical population of the study consisted of inhabitants of weary texture, managers, experts and academic elites aware of urban problems in Tabriz metropolis.

Findings show that the seven socio-cultural components of the research explain the endogenous development of the worn-out tissue of Tabriz metropolis by 72%. Among the research variables, the most influential components on endogenous development are: interest in continuing to live in the tissue, feeling safe in the tissue, helping neighbors solve problems, witnessing the formation of various events in the tissue and the level of participation in city council elections. The values are 0.936, 0.936, 0.933, 0.929 and 0.921, respectively.

The greatest impact of existing socio-cultural components on economic, social, environmental and physical development of worn-out tissues is 0.792, 0.760, 0.663 and 0.553, respectively.

Endogenous urban development is one of the three policies of urban development, which is presented along with two policies of connected or continuous urban development (creating towns connected to the city and within the official city limits) and separate or intermittently urban development policy (creating new cities at a distance from the mother city). This approach has several comparative advantages over the other two policies. The purpose of this study was spatial assessment and analysis of endogenous development zones in region 3 of Isfahan metropolis.

The present study is applied-developmental in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The ANP model was used to determine the areas of internal development, and the nearest neighbor index and the Getis-Ord model were used to analyze its clusters.

According to the calculations of ANP model, very high, high, low and very low priority areas for endogenous development had 0.97, 0.91, and 430 hectares, respectively. Therefore, about 188 hectares of the texture of region 3 of Isfahan is prone to internal development. According to the nearest neighbor mean method, the distribution pattern of very high and high priority areas had a z-scoer of -20.85, which indicates a completely cluster distribution pattern of these lands. According to the Getis-Ord Gi model, the priority areas were in the northern and central part and the low priority clusters were in the southern part of the region.

The northern and central parts of Zone 3 are in a good position in terms of land use proximity indicators. In general, certain parts of Region 3 have the potential for internal development. Therefore, the implementation of intermediate development will cause the worn-out tissue of Region 3 to flourish and also to get out of isolation.

This research explores the endogenous development in cities of Chabahar and Konarak based on three dimensions of national integration, international competitiveness and regional identity through descriptive-analytical method. The findings show that in the absence of an endogenous development roadmap and continued uncertainty, a substantial portion of the region's benefits remain unused under current conditions and will be the driving force behind the continued poverty and retardation. The weakness in air, land and sea transport infrastructures has led not only to more isolation of the region, but also less success in exploitation of its geostrategic advantages, especially the export of goods overseas. Based on the findings of this study the most important challenges are impracticality of Indian investment in the region, which may further weakens the region's transit and geopolitical position in the future, lack of a clear approach to attract indigenous people to participate, which has resulted in frustration disappointment and weakness of social capital in the region.

Introduction

This research studies the reasons for the failure of the modernization project in Iran (Pahlavi era) and its comparison with the modernization process of Turkey. In fact, this research seeks to answer the question why a similar process in the two countries produced different results and outcomes; that is, the modernization project in Iran in the first Pahlavi era failed, and Turkey has made the path of modernization, with several ups and downs. This study, in a comparative historical context, attempts to present a scientific response to this historical failure. In this study, it is believed that the 1979 Islamic Revolution can be seen as a sign of the failure of the modernization project in contemporary Iran. Michel Foucault's theory has helped and guided the discussion of this research. According to Foucault, the Revolution of Iranian people’s movement in 1979 is the failure of the linear modernization based on modernity. He believes that the process of modernization and pattern development in Iran failed and Pahlavi regime failed to achieve its goals during the modernization process (Foucault, 2006: 28-25). This can be proved through citing the evidence before and after the Revolution. In other words, the Islamic Revolution defined its existence in the negation and dismissal of a regime, which based on theoretical models of imports especially the patterns of modernist development, and based on the style of the West, set its long-term strategy regardless of the indigenous and socio-cultural conditions of the society. It has sought to impose a kind of quasi-westernized and pseudo-modernist model on the economic, political, social and cultural affiliations of the country. The occurrence of the Islamic Revolution showed that the Iranian society will not endure such a process. By presenting these premises and assumptions, it can be said that the question here is why the two Iranian-Turkish societies, at the same period of time, sharing the same interests in the fields of geographical, cultural and civilization, took steps to develop and modernize, but reached different outcomes. To put it differently, why has Atatürk succeeded in promoting the development and modernization of the Turkish community, and Reza Shah and Pahlavi Dynasty did not achieve their ultimate goal? In other words, the pattern of modernization in Turkey did not faced inclusive social mobilization and all-round resistance, but in Iran, the modernization project failed in Pahlavi I and II government with the advent of the Revolution.

 The method of this study is comparative historical in nature. It is a qualitative method, the subject of which is a particular historical event (Saeed, 204: 2008). In this method, historical interpretive analysis and explicit (legal) analysis are present simultaneously (Sa'ei, 2011). In the historical interpretation analysis, the event is being studied in its own social context and analyzed with the help of the theory; but in analyzing the explanation that is causal, it is tried to analyze the case with the presence of causal conditions at the level of macro-social units. It should be noted that in this epistemological framework and the methodology of the variables is timely and cohesive and the names of countries and nations are important as variables or categories (in this study: Iran and Turkey are on a specific time). This analysis analyzes historical interpretation and explanatory analysis simultaneously and analyzes the reason and the explanatory level as a causal combination and a combination of different causal conditions. In general, this method is based on the assumption that events are complicated and it finds a methodological requirement to understand this historical method and the basic law of obligations. It should also be added that comparative historical analysis (based on historical epistemic propositions) receives interpretative sufficiency from the historical method and explanatory sufficiency from the method of the basic law.

Consequently, the result of these events is the emergence of the Islamic Revolution which, in the theory of thinkers such as Michel Foucault, can be regarded as a failure of the project of modernization (in Iran); something that did not happen in the same experience of Turkey and modernization did not face widespread social-political mobilization. Thus, the theory did not have the potentiality to illustrate this research. It is believed that modernization was achieved at the economic (modernization of industry and technology, agriculture, services and change in labor force) and cultural levels during Pahlavi I era, but it remained politically inferior. The study of the components of the types and forms of development mentioned in the theoretical part shows that development in Iran during Pahlavi era has a foreign policy and an external orientation and is not the result of an internal function of the social system. Therefore, this modernization has an imitating form which has developed unevenly. This disproportion is due to the disproportionality of cultural modernization with the traditional context of Iranian society. The cultural modernization has also activated social and cultural gaps in the society, which provided the context for the political transformations of the fifties. On the other hand, social modernization has been achieved through the concentration of power and tools and institutions of power. Modernization in Iran during first Pahlavi era has been as a project without political development including components such as political participation and competition, strong civil society, and accountability of the government. Pahlavi I reformations lacked inner logic and was from above. In fact, it was a kind of fake, inherently contradictory, discrete, and incoherent modernization. It was mentioned that this fake experience of modernity and semi-modernity was transmitted to other countries around the world and especially to Iran in an imperfect, superficial, and ideological way. Pseudo-modernization has also taken place within the framework of dependency relations and has not fundamentally changed the existing social, political, economic, and political structures in Iran. Consequently, not only it did not solve the crises and reached a modern and developed society, but also at the political level caused dissatisfaction and the occurrence of the 1979 Islamic Revolution and the failure of the modernization program. In general, it can be said that the assumptions such as the lack of endogenous social contexts, the lack of political development, which implies the failure of the modernization project as westernizing the construction of the Iranian society is confirmed in an interpretative and explanatory framework in this research and these findings are consistent with the experimental findings of this study.

In recent decades, many efforts have been made on how to plan and design mid-range projects to improve the quality of life. The word endogenous has its roots in botany. Endogenous is a plant that develops unfinished with the growth of vascular and cellular tissue among existing tissues. Endogenous development is development that is determined from within the economy and by the system that guides the production process. Endogenous development is an autonomous development, but it does not mean going back to the past or isolation, but it means relying on oneself and interacting with the outside world. Endogenous "Delphi and Q" along with the "survey method" was of the "interview and questionnaire" type. The results of the present study show that spatial privacy, stylistics of Iranian indigenous architecture, indigenous construction patterns, national and Iranian identity, spatial flexibility, security and spatial privacy, indigenous materials and technology, facade, appearance status and type of materials, internal development through Attention to the construction and expectations and tastes of people from housing, internal development through attention to materials and technology, internal development through attention to internal, indigenous and national capacities in styles and social participation in architectural design and planning processes are the most important design criteria. Housing is endogenous with a development approach.

In recent decades, many efforts have been made on how to plan and design mid-range projects to improve the quality of life. The word endogenous has its roots in botany. Endogenous is a plant that develops unfinished with the growth of vascular and cellular tissue among existing tissues. Endogenous development is development that is determined from within the economy and by the system that guides the production process. Endogenous development is an autonomous development, but it does not mean going back to the past or isolation, but it means relying on oneself and interacting with the outside world. Endogenous "Delphi and Q" along with the "survey method" was of the "interview and questionnaire" type. The results of the present study show that spatial privacy, stylistics of Iranian indigenous architecture, indigenous construction patterns, national and Iranian identity, spatial flexibility, security and spatial privacy, indigenous materials and technology, facade, appearance status and type of materials, internal development through Attention to the construction and expectations and tastes of people from housing, internal development through attention to materials and technology, internal development through attention to internal, indigenous and national capacities in styles and social participation in architectural design and planning processes are the most important design criteria. Housing is endogenous with a development approach.

After the 70th decade, a severe reactions were started against the uncontrolled growth and expansion of the cities after the 2d world war, and endogenous development strategy was offered for tackling with the problem. In this case, infill development -which is one of the smart growth subsidiaries-, is the simplest strategy for realizing endogenous development. This research has analytical-descriptive Method and is based on study of theoretical and practical literature of mentioned concepts. In this paper, first, a brief definition of endogenous development and infill development and their relations will be presented as a preface. In continue, the theoretical backgrounds shaped and developed the concept of infill development will be discussed shortly. These backgrounds are sustainable development, new urbanism and smart growth. In this part it will be tried to describe the relationship between infill development and each of these movements. In the third and main part of the paper, while reviewing the general process of infill development, the key procedural concepts (partnership, capacity assessment and fazing) will be explained and then described by some short case studies. As a conclusion, this paper offers two basic principles which are dominant over the procedure in infill development and form the different stages of infill process. These two are: “improvement” and “contextualize”.

Cities as centers of the city center to the outskirts of society, human beings are continuously evolving. In this regard, the provision of adequate housing has been accepted as the most important challenge for the population in developing countries has been increasing. Urban development dominates the landscape of the twentieth century the adverse consequences of social, economic and environmental yielded. Urban development and change is inevitable, But with proper planning and the use of indicators can be changed in order to carry endogenous development. Development within the existing urban plan of action to prevent the spread of undeveloped land on the urban and Green areas, both rural and urban areas is the development of vacant land and abandoned an appeal and sponsor to urban life. The present study was conducted to evaluate current policies of urban development for the city and whether or not the development of the city. In this study both the survey and descriptive - analytic study was used. To collect data for this study the results of the last general census of population and housing, as well as a direct reference to the center of the country's regions. Using multiple indicators to measure the development of botanical drug development is very sparse and ugly city, and the development of the not been done. In the city, due to the presence of Land within the tissue, improving the physical environment and housing development within urban development is possible but it started moving very, very slowly and is slow.

The present study aimed to assess the conformity of Mehr housing projects by Infill development pattern to answer this question: What is the relationship between Mehr housing project in the city of Mahabad with Infill development and with its spatial conditions of the city. The research method in present study in terms of nature is "descriptive – survey" and in terms of purpose "applied" and in terms of collecting data is " field." Statistical society is the whole members of Mahabad Mehr housing that were determined 361 persons as sample by Cochran formula. To data analysis was used the methods of descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (one-sample t-test). The results show that Mehr housing policies in the city of Mahabad not comply with its physical conditions. T-test results in this study showed that Infill development due to the use of the maximum of capacity available space of city, Can be considered as a suitable model and as the basis to guide Mehr housing policy in the city of Mahabad. The results of T-test about the physical factors (t-=1/48; p-value

The rapid and sprawl development city in recent decades has created many problems for cities and Causing instability in urban environments. The late twentieth century these problems caused a revision in urban planning models and introduction of new models such as the infill development. Studies show that Third World countries like Iran are faced with sprawl development model and should take the infill development approach. This research is applied with analytical - descriptive method. The purpose of this research is explaining sprawl and infill development models in country circumstances and case study is city Bojnurd. analysis with entropy Holdern and Shannon methods shows that city Bojnoord developed in accordance with sprawl development model. Capacity assessment in urban spaces shows that vacant, military and industrial land as urban dysfunctional spaces is 762 hectares and These in according with approvals of city master plan and even according with Continuation of existing conditions is capacity for accept the additional population Until 1400 year. studies confirm Both the research hypothesis.

As a combination of belongings, skills, values, beliefs, tools and methods of a social or national group, Indigenous knowledge has inherited through the experiences and confirmation of constituent generations in different fields of life. Its accurate application can lead to endogenous development that in fact is in correspondence with people’s culture and environment of that society. Present article identifies one of the most important new methodological approaches in social investigations arena and its status in recognition of indigenous knowledge and values. Grounded theory has the ability to create new theories in correspondence with that society by recognition of present reality instead of proving existed theories.
Methodologically the basis of grounded theory is production and construction of theory from present data in society. In this method inductive approach is used and researcher starts his work with observation and interviews and then brings up structures and contents or general topics. After this step, by the help of interpretive methods, theories are created and presented without previous presumptions. Hence, referring the essence of this theory, it can be used as a method with devices for recognition of values and skills and generally our society’s indigenous knowledge

The urban population of the world is increasing and this increase in population has caused challenges Such as poverty, climate change, traffic and shortage of housing for the poor in sustainable development. In 2008, more than half of the world's population lived in urban areas. The number of world urban people predicted will be more than 5 billion by 2030year.Predicted that between 2000 and 2030 the urban population will double in Asia and Africa. Estimated in Asia until 2020, more than 2/2 billion people will live in urban areas. Metropolises of the world will be to more than 500 with half in Asia. Selection location and develop urban areas for citizen welfare is essential government action to people residing.Growth urbanization in our country were high in recent decades and between 1335 to 1385 the share of urban population has increased from 31.5 percent to 68.5 percent. Now in Iran from population of 75 million people 71.5 percent population living in urban areas and urban housing has been to one of main issues in the community. The purpose of this research is to identify the development Bojnourd model. Subject of this study is selected in the location of Mehr housing of policies ninth and tenth government and their impact on the urban development models.the main questions in this study is, the main indicators considered for locating Mehr Bojnoord housing units what? And that Location of Mehr housing in Bojnoord city what impact on the urban development models? This research is descriptive-analytical Methods. Information Complete through library studies and field observations and then reviewed and analyzed. Then based on the research findings, were provided suggestions for this case study. Location, select a location is for a phenomenon or an activity on the Earth's surfaceand that is very important to the city and urban planning. Case Study in this research is Bojnourd city. Bojnourd with a population of 200 thousand inhabitants is located in Iran northeastern and North Khorasan province. According Bojnourd comprehensive plan, city area is 2854.5 hectares. Residential area is ​​785.6 hectares and 23.4 percent of the city area is barren. About 725 hectares of land in the city has been left vacant. About 380 hectares of city land is non-urban area and recyclable. Studies show that the barren land distributed in city old, middle and outer Textures. Bojnourd barren hand use have been abandoned 7.9% of the land old texture, 6.8 percent of the area median Texture and 33.4 percent of outer Texture from 725 hectare of barren land in the city located 620 hectare in the outer tissues. So nearly double the residential land use in the outer tissue is barren lands in this the tissue. Golestan town is located at a distance of 4 kmnorthto the city of Bojnourd and area that is 272 hectares. The main criteria for the location of this town is the proper slope, lack of topographic effects, intuitive landscape towards the city and low the groundwater level.So it seems the location criteria Mehr housing is not economically–socially. Bojnourd Mehr housing has increased about 10 percent city area. Mehr housing decreases density of population in city with 1.3 people of so development model has been Sprawl expanding. According to scientific studies, urban dispersed growth caused problems for the city and citizens and for solve the problems of infill development is defined as development that is Closer to a city sustainable. Our Studiesshow that the Bojnourd city model in the past decades Sprawl expanding model. Building Mehr housing in recent years at Bojnourd city continued this process. Most of the residential units have been built in Golestan Town and only a small number from this housing units built in Within the City. Studies show that 93 percent of 6205 Bojnourd Mehr housing unit Built in Golestan town to form the discontinuous texture. The main criteria selection for site is land property and natural indicators regardless of socio-economic dictators. The model sprawl city that is formed not disproportionate with sustainable city. Finally Bojnoord infill development is essential for the future development and urban managers have to put that on the agenda from today.

IntroductionMany different cities in variant periods confront to respond the increasing population and development, in order to prevent inappropriate development, and tend to draw their patterns of growth and urban development. Now that in recent decades with the emergence of new attitudes to urban development infill development has been considered as part of this paradigm that the current policies in the country regardless of this attention to this postulate, only responds the accountability immediate needs of society and therefore ignores the consequences of such decisions in future developments as well as their impacts. Hence smart growth concepts provide appropriate development and urban growth patterns providing housing programs in order to supply affordable residential units are among the major necessities. But should be noted that these concepts without regard to localization these concepts has the consequences much worse will follow. Hence precise concepts, challenges, strategies of these models for localizing them should be surveyed.MethodologyThe main objective of this article is recognition the housing policies of Maskan Mehr in Iran as the most important general policies in housing and urban development and scientific criticism of its necessity and the limits of urban development as well as presenting infill development as a smart growth model or an adaptive strategy in this urban smart growth policies. So first, paid for the need to develop horizontal city that has persisted in Maskan Mehr so that if these growth are really necessary or it can replace with another growth pattern and model and then explain the process and the framework of infill development and will ultimately feasibility infill development as alternative housing solution has been considered. This phase revealed infill development by using current infrastructure and preventing sprawl growth try to decrease cost of growth and development but there is some physical and ordinance challenge to use of this pattern of growth.First of all, the article argues about the necessity of the mentioned approach in city growth and if this growth is an adaptive policy to respond the physical, social and economic necessity, or it is just a temporary solution to housing problems. In this phase the study is based upon two models of urban growth. 1) The sprawl growth as a current model of growth in Iranian cities; and 2) The infill development that is based on smart growth and new urbanism. In a comparative assessment, it should be found that, according to the case-study, which model is suitable for urban growth. So if the approach of Maskan Mehr is based on the sprawl growth, it is suitable; otherwise it will cause a lot of economic, physical and social effect. Actually sprawl growth accurse in exterior land, but infill development means development of a vacant parcel, or an assemblage of vacant parcels, within an established area of the city, and which is bordered along at least three-quarters of the parcel’s, or combined parcels’, perimeter by developed land. Moreover, such parcels generally have different utilities and street access available adjacent to the parcel, and has other public services and facilities available near-by. Generally, these sites are vacant because they were once considered of insufficient size for development, because the existing buildings located on the site were demolished, or because there were various sites, more suitable or less costly ones for development. Then the frameworks, necessities, challenges and action plans for infill development will be considered. And finally it finds that the zones include suitable physical potentials to localization of infill development in Natanz, Iran.Results and DiscussionPrimeval result of this article shows that the infill development can manage as a guidance urban growth to reduce the costs and effects of widespread growth and extol the optimal usage of current infrastructure and facilities. In this case study, Maskan Mehr localization, necessary attentions have not been paid; and definitely it leads to increase the costs of building new infrastructures and other facilities such as roads, structure, primary facilities, commercial zones etc. But in current city boundary, there are a lot of arid lands where the residents have moved immigrated to other places and Brownfield early was farmland or forest. This site makes possible for urban management policies to use this opportunity in order to guide city growth into infill development.ConclusionOverall results of this study show that the cities can load growth into infill development strategy their current facilities and urban structure support it, by the way Maskan Mehr as the current housing policy beyond the structure and facilities is formed in current city, and double the cost to provide infrastructure and urban services will impose to urban management authorities. Hence the direct public investment flows towards infill development, while optimum use of the existing capacity, the cost of urban growth will considerably be reduced in all aspects such as environmental, economic categories, as well as the social ones.