جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "زبان شناسی" در نشریات گروه "علوم انسانی"

There is a constant assumption that in literary texts, words are used in a meaning beyond their dictionary meaning, and for this reason, literary studies mainly deal with secondary meanings; As even in linguistics, which is based on language and not literature, the terms implicit meaning, semantic resonance, pragmatic meaning, semantic load, etc. have been created and popularized.

In this research, this assumption is not negated; Rather, it is only reminded that even in the most complex symbolic texts, the explicit and dictionary meaning of the words, even outside the context of the sentence, can reflect the mood of the poet and the writer. In this research, by borrowing the term value system from Gilbert Doran"s imagination, we have divided the value load of the words of a text into three parts, positive, neutral and negative, and we have advanced the work with two stages of testing; First, we have compared pieces of poetry and prose of 6 contemporary writers, and then we have compared three complete poems of Akhwan and Shamlou by drawing a diagram of the value trend of the text.

In this research, two terms "emotional value of the word" and "emotional process of the text" are defined. These concepts help to estimate the emotional motivation power of a text simply by examining the words independently of the text, even with the help of a computer. The method of calculating the emotional value and the emotional process is adjusted with several stages of trial and error in such a way that the results match the understanding of the audience of the poem recorded in the articles and books. In this way, the proposed method has been verified.

Words that show life and movement in any way have a positive emotional charge, and words that show stillness and stagnation are negative. Neutral words either do not have a special requirement (such as most letters: and, or, ...) or they are two-faceted and sometimes positive and sometimes negative (like blood, which is sometimes a sign of murder and sometimes a reminder of life).

Linguistics as a science  is the scientific way of studying languages. One of the branches of linguistics is called pragmatics, which focuses on the study of the meaning of utterances in context and includes the principles of Grice's maxims, politeness theory and turn-taking. In this study, the pragmatic patterns of language use in Behnam Forsi plays were examined and investigated. Based on the data collected from the research, it was found that the plays "Two Strikes on Two Equals Infinity" and "The Vase" violated the principles of conversational cooperation the most, while the play "Steps of a Ladder" had the highest adherence to these principles among other Persian plays. Furthermore, the most common violation observed in the dialogue-writing of Persian dramatic works was the violation of the principle of quantity. Repetition and verbosity in the dialogue of characters were among the most important and commonly used techniques for advancing the plot and conversation in Persian dramatic works. The present study was done on the basis of descriptive-analytical method, and reliable library sources and online databases. The analysis of the data pattern was also done within the framework of the theories of pragmatic language use.

Immanuel Levinas is considered one of the most important philosophers of the new age. The importance of his philosophy is shown in ethics. In the moral philosophy of Levinas, the central subject is left out of priority and his "other" and his "face" are given priority in such a way that the other's face indicates moral messages and the subject feels duty upon receiving these moral messages. consider himself accountable and responsible to the other. But the question is, what is the meaning of "face" in facing the other in Levinas's moral philosophy? And on what basis can its moral aspect be justified? Can it be based on ontology and epistemology, or psychology and linguistics? Levinas, when Western philosophers tried to give priority to the subject and reduce all issues to ontology and epistemology, provided a redefinition of another concept and another face. The author believes that the moral foundation of another figure can be examined based on four bases: 1- ontology 2- epistemology 3- psychology 4- linguistic so that finally the moral foundation of Levinas's thought can be discovered in his linguistic basis.

Today's cognitive linguistics does not consider metaphor an aesthetic device with a literary application, but it is a means that crystallizes human thought and depicts abstract concepts. Nahj al-Balagha, as the brother of the Quran, is full of abstract concepts that are coherent in terms of content and words, and there is discourse interaction between them. Therefore, by using the theory of conceptual metaphor, we can get a better understanding of the speaker's thoughts. The directional metaphor, as a conceptual metaphor, conceptualizes abstract concepts in the form of six directions which are rooted in the experience and culture of the native speakers on the one hand, and depict abstract concepts on the other. This research aims to investigate the semantic role of the six directions in the wisdoms of Nahj al-Balagha using the analytical-descriptive method based on the theory of conceptual metaphor. Accordingly, it makes the innovative concepts of the destination clearer by using the concepts of the source. The research seeks to answer the question, "How do directional metaphors show the abstract concepts of Nahj al-Balagha's wisdoms?" In conclusion, it indicates that the signs including migration, death, and becoming a chaste angel and the signs including desire, and journey to the afterlife are conceptualized with near and far metaphors. Also, transcendental meanings such as science with action, blind eye, and Islam are depicted with high and highest metaphors and decadent meanings such as lack of heart preparation and not leaving an inheritance have come with the metaphor of turning away.

Literature, with various possibilities, deals with creating and narrating creative stories by involving experience and senses, and most importantly, by involving the dynamic mind of the potential audience, and thus confronts writers and artists with many options in how to create art. The purpose of this research is the cognitive analysis of grounding in the discourse of the story based on the conceptual fusion networks of Fauconie and Turner. Using the qualitative content analysis method and descriptive-interpretive approach, the present study examines the methods of adaptation and the constituent elements of the mixed conceptual network of the story of my bird from Fariba and Wafi. Fusion theory presents a systematic conceptualization of behind-the-scenes cognition that includes categorization, mappings, structural projections, and dynamic mental stimuli. The existence of multiple input spaces, various vital relationships such as identity, change, time and representation are among the things that give the bird a conceptually mixed structure. The results of this study emphasize the necessity of paying attention to the mind in discourse studies and show the extension of the application of the theory of conceptual mixing to analysis. The discourse of the novel can be effective in explaining the basic methods of literary texts

A significant theory concerning metaphor is that of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, introduced in their seminal 1980 work "Metaphors We Live By." This theory asserts that through experience and perception, one concept can be represented within another; this relationship is based on correspondences between two sets that create a conceptual mapping. According to Lakoff's framework, metaphors are fundamentally about mapping. This research employs a descriptive-analytical approach to categorize conceptual metaphors associated with life themes such as city, oppression, wealth, freedom, homeland, love, nature, and death within Badr Shakir al-Sayyab's poetry. The analysis reveals that the poet effectively uses this metaphorical device to subtly articulate his underlying thoughts in a way that resonates with his audience. From his philosophical viewpoint, he envisions a content form encapsulated within both physical and mental dimensions where each element serves to complement and validate the other. The interplay between ontological metaphors and mental imagery allows him to express his thoughts through personification and objectification techniques aimed at clarifying his intended meanings via recognition. This expressive method is positioned after structural metaphors in selected passages. Al-Sayyab identifies patterns such as spirit and sun as having an upward trajectory; he suggests that the spirit ascends post-mortem while viewing the sun—symbolic of divinity—as necessitating an upward movement. Conversely, patterns with negative connotations represented by terms like bondage, blood, wine, bullet, and darkness indicate a downward trajectory that conveys adverse philosophical themes. These directional movements can shift from above to below or vice versa. In Badr Shakir al-Sayyab's poetry, philosophical themes predominantly reflect either an upward or downward orientation. Notably, "death" emerges as one of the most frequently occurring concepts among others in his work, with abstract ideas of journeying and life being associated with this notion.

The violation of norms and the avoidance of conventions significantly shape narrative structure and discourse induction. Works often rely on these deviations from norms and standards for their narrative structure and discourse. In this regard, Herbert Paul Grice's (1913-1988) theory of Cooperative Principles provides a valuable framework for examining these deviations. Grice proposes four principles—quantity, quality, relation, and manner—that speakers should adhere to in both speech and writing. However, a lack of adherence to these principles within a text does not necessarily indicate weakness or a departure from literary standards. Instead, according to Grice, it creates implicit and suggestive meanings, and uncovering and analyzing these meanings is crucial for comprehending and critiquing the discourse and indices of an effective and influential work. This article, employing a descriptive-analytical approach, applies Grice's theory to Shahad Al Rawi's novel, "The Baghdad Clock" (2016), to uncover and examine the hidden meanings and underlying layers of discourse within the work. "The Baghdad Clock," written by Shahad Al Rawi, a young Iraqi female writer, revolves around the theme of war and occupation in recent decades in Iraq. Al Rawi, driven by social and political concerns, narrates the lives of women citizens within her society. The research results indicate that the author strategically violates each of Grice's four principles throughout the novel to accurately depict the discourse of war and the nuances of character portrayal.

Writing in plain language is recommended in all communities, including the academic community, and researchers are consistently encouraged to write their research findings and papers in a simple manner. One principle of plain language is the use of simple vocabulary. In other words, researchers are encouraged to use fewer technical terms and jargon in their writing and instead opt for simple and understandable words. However, it is unclear whether plain language can lead to increased impact of research papers. This study aimed to answer this question by examining a selection of articles from the journal 'Applied Linguistics.' The primary objective of this research was to understand the role of scientific language in the number of citations and Altmetric scores of research articles in the 'Applied Linguistics' journal.

This research was conducted in two key steps: (1) content analysis of scientific articles to determine the extent of the use of technical terms and jargon, and (2) extracting data related to the impact of scientific articles, such as the number of citations and Altmetric scores, and comparing this data with the extent of the use of technical terms and jargon. Articles from the 'Applied Linguistics' journal were selected both purposefully and randomly. The software 'MAXQDA' was used to identify the number of difficult words, and the 'Dimensions' platform was used to identify the impact of these articles.

The findings showed that the highest proportion of difficult words in the examined articles was 1.76%, and the lowest was 0.15%. In other words, in the most difficult article (among the research sample), there were nearly 18 difficult words per thousand words. On the other hand, the average field-weighted citation rate for the selected articles was around 24. Statistical tests showed a negative correlation between the use of difficult words in articles and the number of citations/Altmetric scores, but this relationship was not statistically significant, and therefore the research hypotheses could not be confirmed.

This research indicated that there is no significant correlation between plain language and the impact and attention given to academic works. Therefore, it cannot be claimed that the simpler academic texts are, the more attention they receive. However, one reason for the lack of this relationship could be the citation behavior of researchers, which can be influenced by many variables. Although the relationship between plain language and the impact of scientific works is not significant, this should not discourage researchers from writing simply, as it is certain that simpler texts are easier to understand and have a wider audience than more difficult ones.

Taqlib is defined as the dominance of speech, which has been common since the pre-Islamic period in Arabic prose and poetry. Zarkeshi (death 794 AH) was the first to dedicate a section to this style, in his Albohran. Quran, which was descended in Arabic to humanity, has employed the same style. It could be said that Taqlib is one of the magics of Quran. Taqlib is discussed in rhetorics. Taqlib is a combination of two or more things. It is the preference of a specific thing over all the other. In other words, it is the formal dominance or preference of a person, thing, or group over the other. This preference may occur at all levels of language, including phonology, semantics, and syntax. But a question that can be posed by researchers and linguists is what the reason for the dominance of an item over the others in the style is? Analyzing Quran with regards to Taqlib, one is likely to encounter the word 'Ghanetin'. Naturally, it (righteous) should have been recorded as 'Ghanetat'. Within the same discourse, scholars have so far merely presented some rhetorical and semantic discussions in this regard. This paper, however, aims to provide a semantic analysis of the Taqlib style in Quranic verses. The findings show that Taqlib is a linguistic phenomenon, and it is not only a formal expression, but rather a semantic one as well, in which the form and meaning both play a part.

Ecolinguistics: Language, Ecology and the Stories We Live by, written by the British linguist and ecologist Arran Stibbe, is the second edition of the book that was first published in 2015 by Routledge and was one of the most prominent works focused on this relatively new interdisciplinary field of applied linguistics. The book, in its second edition (Stibbe, 2021), is organised in eleven chapters and, together with the appendix of the sources of data and the glossary of technical terms at the end of the book, contains a total of 260 pages. The present article will first give a brief overview of the background of the term “ecolinguistics”, and the advent of this field and the scope of its studies; that is because, as is often the case with many scientific disciplines, this cover term and its other related terms have been used in various senses since the emergence of the field. The content of the book in its second edition will then be looked at in detail.

The role of a language teacher is of utmost importance in the teaching and learning process, exerting a significant influence on education quality, student learning experiences, academic performance, personal development, and self-confidence. This research aims to identify and model the characteristics of an effective teacher for teaching Persian as a second language. Using field research and a questionnaire, the study gathered responses from 63 participants, including Persian learners and non-Iranian male and female students. The findings emphasize the paramount significance of language didactics knowledge, linguistic content knowledge, and social and emotional competencies in the effectiveness of Persian language teachers. Regarding personality traits, language learners prioritize politeness and respect towards the learner's individuality, fostering an inclusive learning environment. Actively listening to learners' opinions and building their confidence are also crucial aspects, highlighting the value of active communication. In terms of social and emotional competencies, language learners highly value the encouragement of extracurricular language learning, underscoring the need for motivation and support in terms of self-efficacy. The importance of motivational strategies and good communication competencies is also recognized, emphasizing their role in successful language teaching. In the field of didactics knowledge, language learners identify three essential competencies: providing explanations of grammar and vocabulary using real-life examples, designing clear and goal-oriented lessons, and presenting teaching content in a learner-friendly manner while adapting instructional methods. These findings underscore the importance of teaching expertise, instructional clarity, and consistency. Proficiency in reading, writing, speaking, and listening comprehension, along with familiarity with Persian language rules and vocabulary, is deemed crucial in terms of linguistic content knowledge. These competencies contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the language. In terms of technology, language learners acknowledge the significance of incorporating visual and audio tools in language learning. They also recognize the value of utilizing language teaching software, online dictionaries, translation tools, and digital resources for interactive activities such as tests and online assessments. These findings highlight the increasing role of technology in language teaching, as perceived by language learners. It is worth noting that there were no significant variations in perceptions among Persian learners, non-Iranian students, or between genders regarding the desirable traits of an efficient Persian language teacher. This research provides valuable insights for educators, informing them about the essential attributes required for enhanced educational standards and fostering a better understanding of learner perspectives.

Nahj al-balāgha is a significant Islamic source containing the words of Imam ʿAlī, which play a major role in introducing his character. This article aims to analyze two sayings in Nahj al-balagha: "Woman is a scorpion whose sting is sweet" and "Woman is evil, all in all, and the worst of it is that one cannot do without her." Employing the descriptive-analytical method, irrespective of the reliability of their chains of transmission, this article examines the versions, translations, and linguistic features of these two sayings, along with the views of commentators. By considering clear and non-ambiguous doctrines and relying on linguistic issues, it seeks to attain accurate readings of these two statements. Research findings indicate that Imam ʿAlī consistently held a special value and respect for women. However, the issuance of the above two hadiths pertains to commitments for responsibilities and against the problems in life. Inaccurate interpretations of these two hadiths stem from various factors, including a lack of precise translations, ignorance of the general status of women in Nahj al-balagha, and a lack of understanding of linguistic issues.
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In recent decades, Muslim thinkers have grappled with the crises facing the Islamic world, especially in Arab countries such as Egypt, Libya, Yemen, and Syria. The persistent conflicts and the contradiction between the rights of Muslims and non-Muslims have led to the realization among Muslim intellectuals that political and legal structures need reformation. These structures, often incompatible with modern Western legal norms and democratic ideals, have posed significant challenges to the concept of "citizenship," a cornerstone of democratic societies. In response to these challenges, neo-Mutazilites, including thinkers like Nasr Hamed Abu Zaid, Mohammed Abed al-Jabri, and Hassan Hanafi, have utilized modern methodologies such as linguistic analysis and philosophical hermeneutics to re-examine Quranic texts.This research focuses on Nasr Hamed Abu Zaid's perspective on citizenship rights, exploring how he proposed a theory of citizenship in Islamic societies by employing modern human sciences methodologies like linguistics and hermeneutics. Abu Zaid argues that citizenship rights are rooted in humanism, emphasizing that the concept of citizenship has not been fully realized in most Islamic societies due to the lack of freedom of opinion and expression. He asserts that to establish citizenship rights, fundamental components of human rights such as freedom must be acknowledged. Abu Zaid aligns his views with the first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, emphasizing the inherent freedom and equality of all human beings. In his perspective, every individual possesses the power of reason, granting them the right to participate as active citizens.Abu Zaid challenges traditional notions of identity in Islamic societies, asserting that identity is often solely related to religion, neglecting other aspects. He connects this discussion to the concept of pluralism, highlighting the need for a broader understanding of identity in the discourse of citizenship. Additionally, Abu Zaid employs hermeneutics to contextualize the Quranic texts within historical and cultural frameworks. He argues that religious texts, including the Quran, are influenced by their cultural and historical contexts, requiring linguistic analysis to interpret them in accordance with contemporary conditions.Critics have questioned Abu Zaid's approach, particularly concerning the definition of "text" and the use of modern humanities methods to interpret divine matters. Despite these criticisms, Abu Zaid's vision aligns with Western thinkers like John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, emphasizing that rulers cannot arbitrate all religious matters for citizens. He advocates for freedom of opinion as the foundational principle for achieving citizenship, believing that human rationality should guide the roadmap for the post-prophetic era. Abu Zaid's unique interpretation of Sharia focuses on creating a citizenship custom where religious morals replace mere legalities, emphasizing the symbiotic relationship between the rule of law and citizenship.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between verbal text and image through the discourse analysis method of semiotics and semantics. The theories regarding the relationship between text and image suggest that the production of meaning is the result of the interconnectedness or intrinsic relationship between the text and image. What leads to the production of meaning in the interaction of the two semiotic systems, written and visual, is their role within a discursive framework. The semantic analysis of jahl (ignorance) in the lexicon of the Jāhiliyyah period indicates that this term was primarily opposed to ḥilm (forbearance) and was rarely synonymous with ignorance. With the revelation of the Quran and the introduction of the term jahl within it, the term was not only opposed to ḥilm but also aligned with ʿilm (knowledge) and ʿaql (intellect). However, in the Quranic semantic system, the main collocate of jahl is kufr (disbelief), which is directly or indirectly opposed to Islam. When the term "semiotic-semantic" is used, it does not refer to a mere superficial connection between text and image; rather, it concerns any type of semiotic relationship with regard to meaning. It is impossible to separate written and visual texts from each other. Specialized semiotic-semantic analysis within specific fields such as literature and art is employed in text analysis, whereas general semiotics deals with broader discussions of semiotic semantics and its various methods.

The present research investigated the reports of wrestling reporters to present a specific model for translating conceptual metaphors. This study was qualitative and corpus-based. To this end, 20 reports from the World Wrestling Cup series in 2022 were randomly selected and analyzed through linguistic-based content analysis. The analysis showed that metaphors constituted more than 8% of the reports on average. Therefore, the most frequent metaphorical sentences in these reports were identified and finally, a specific context-oriented translation model for conceptual metaphors was developed for wrestling sports reports. Considering the importance of accurate translation to find the most relevant concept in the target language, and also considering that many researchers regard metaphor translation as the most challenging problem of translation, the specific context-oriented translation model for conceptual metaphors was designed and introduced for sports reports, especially wrestling.

The issue of ownership and governance in the Qur'an is used for God and man, and it may be assumed that "divine and human ownership have the same power and control". This importance made the present article deal with the semantics of the word "property" based on the relationship of cohabitation in the verses of the Qur'an in a descriptive-analytical way. The examination of all the verses of divine property and human property (48 cases) showed; A) God's property in the role of a late beginner with the roots of "SABH", "HAMD", "Barak", "Khalaq" and... and in the role of a beginner with the topics of the resurrection, the establishment of the divine government in it and the giving of punishment to believers and unbelievers with the roots "Baghat", "Aqm" and... have cohabitation relationships. b) In most cases, the human property is accompanied by the passive voice with the roots "at-y", "shiy", "naza", "shadd" and "saf" and c) according to the reviewed verses, the human property is located along with the divine property and In all cases (the ruler of a believer and the ruler of a polytheist), the surrender of property is dependent on God's will and providence.

The issue of translatability and the permissibility of translating the Holy Book of Quran is one of the Quranic issues that has been subjected to analysis by Muslim thinkers and Quranic scholars for a long time. This subject can be examined from the religious and linguistic aspects. Rashid Riḍā has mentioned fifteen reasons for proving that the translation of the Quran is not permissible. He has considered the translation of the Holy Book of Quran as something beyond human ability and also considered it forbidden by Sharia (religion); however, Āyatollāh Sayyid Abū l-Qāsim al-Khoeī believes that the laws and teachings of the Quran are universal and its guidance is general and universal and this Divine Book should be translated into all the living languages of the world in order to use its great and universal truths for those who are not familiar with the language of the Quran. He believes that the translator must adhere to three principles: 1. Adhering to the originality of the appearance (the appearance of a word’s meaning) and what is used by the word's appearance; 2. Coordination of the translated text with nature and intellect; 3. Paying attention to the aḥādīth (Arabic: احادیث, singular: ḥadīth, traditions and narrations) narrated in the interpretation (tafsīr, exegesis) of the Quran from the family of revelation.