جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "نهادگرایی جدید" در نشریات گروه "علوم انسانی"

Examining the historical evidence and clues shows that despite the various economic behaviors and transactions in the pre-Islamic Arab society; the mentioned society did not have the necessary economic health and had provided the grounds for two strata - rich and poor. This had pushed the society away from the economic balance. On the other hand, the approach of Sira Nabawiyya to provide a correct model of economy required to present, define and effort to replace economic teachings based on Islamic principles instead of principles and behaviors derived from Jahiliyyah thought. The present research tries to use the method of thematic analysis and also by using the existing definitions in the new institutionalism approach in economics to achieve the shape and general logic of the prophet's actions in the direction of changing and aligning the attitude and behavior of people and finally, institutionalizing the economic teachings of Islam, and answer the question that how did the Prophet (PBUH) change the attitude and behavior based on the Jahiliyyah system regarding economic issues to the Islamic attitude and behavior? The conducted research shows that the Prophet (PBUH) after proposing and replacing the most important foundations of Islamic thought, such as monotheism and resurrection, which acted as strong drivers and inhibitors according to the conditions, instead of the foundations of common thought in the Arab society of that day, such as polytheism, idolatry and denial of resurrection; by planning the economic teachings of Islam in the form of official institutions such as the ownership institution and the harmless institution, as well as informal institutions such as the contract institution, as well as using executive capacities such as using the capacity of the mosque institution and monitoring the executive system, tried to change, coordinate and align attitudes and The behavior of the people with the economic attitude and behavior of Islam. This, in the form of an institutional structure, can play an effective role in establishing the basic actions and functions of the Islamic economy in the Islamic society.

Factors such as expectations, lack of financial flexibility, uncertainties in the macroeconomic environment and other economic and non-economic indicators are influential in creating business cycles, none of which alone creates business cycles. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between economic, financial, political and international risks with the economic business cycles of Iran during the period 2001-2009. To achieve this goal, the long-run trend will be separated from the cyclical GDP trend using the Hadrick-Prescott filter, and the data will be analyzed using the Structural Vector Distribution (SVAR) model. According to the results, the average of one business cycle in the Iranian economy is equal to 10 seasons, which are equal to 5.45 and 5 seasons for the recession and boom period, respectively. Economic risk of -0.354 percentage has immediate effects on the business cycles of the Iranian economy, which for financial risk, international risk and political risk, the figures show -0.315, -0.0031 and 0.0048 percentage, respectively. According to the Granger causality test, the two variables of economic risk and financial risk are the cause of business cycles in the Iranian economy, while political and international risks are not the cause of business cycles. Economic risks in the first period with an impact of about 6% have the most explanatory effect in creating business cycles of GDP, after which financial risk has the greatest impact on business cycles, on the other hand, political risks among the studied risks have the least impact on cycles.

One of the essential problems in institutional policies in developing countries is the existence of abstractive institutions such as incompetent rents, the culture of kinship and the lack of transparency of administrative processes. This article focuses on the concept of clientelism as institution within the framework of the new institutionalism theory, seeking to disclose the indicators and significance of this institution in the Pahlavi II government. Clientelism assumed as an abstractive institution which leads to the development of the cycle of vicious. The main hypothesis (idea) of this article is that the clientelism is the main reason for losing social trust of sovereignty and the reduction of social capital in the second Pahlavi state, finally, the main reason of its collapse. In the other words, social distrust as a result of the institution of Clientelism bring the second Pahlavi into a social catastrophe, its outcome was the collapse of the political system. Social trap means choice of advantageous policies by social networks and political system, which evidently to be profitable initially, but ultimately leads to social harm and harm. But ultimately it leads to social collapse and political fall down; the Islamic Revolution (1979) was the result of these extensions.

The corona virus will affect various aspects of human life in 2020. Politically, two important pillars of neoliberalism, globalization and privatization, have been challenged. So, the main question is, what effect did Corona have on neoliberalism? The privatization mainly intended to reduce public expenditures and also limit the role of central governments in internal and international economy in order to facilitate the move of goods and service throughout the world to strengthen the role and activity of international companies. Also, privatization gives priority to profitability and gaining income, instead of social morality and protectionist policies of public sector. On the other hand, privatization looks for maximizing profits and incomes when arrived in vital aspects of public life such as health, treatment, education, transportation, water supply and electricity. the privatization weakened these sectors especially health and treatment that paved the road to spread pandemic and the merchandised souls trying to increase profit who are prevented neoliberal countries to take effective steps in order to fight and control pandemic. The re-emphasis on health security in the critique of neoliberal policies and the importance of theoretical perspectives on post-Washington consensus and institutionalism as a theoretical model of research and research hypothesis were evaluated descriptively-analytically. This situation maybe suggests considerable revision in neoliberalism, return to welfare state and also more centralized governing.

Understanding and analyzing the relationship between government and parliament in the Islamic Republic of Iran has been the focus of politicians, journalists, and researchers in recent years. Since facts do not speak for themselves and need to be interpreted and organized, the article seeks to provide a theoretical basis for this purpose. The starting point of the discussion is the theory of historical institutionalism and the refinement of its position among various theories in the field of political science. The question, then, is what opportunities or insights does historical institutionalism provide for researchers in this field, and what tools for analyzing them? After extracting the methodic possibilities in the theory of historical institutionalism for analyzing the relationship between government and parliament, in the second part, the article tries to provide a guide map for collecting and analyzing data on the relationship between government and parliament in the years after reviewing the constitution.

The present study seeks to answer the following question: 'why Turkey and Iran have been failed to use the critical junctures of recent decades as a starting point for national development and shaping regional development?' To answer the research question, new institutionalism was used as a theoretical approach to understand regional development. Acemoglu and Robinson's theory of Critical Junctures was also used to explain the reasons for the failure or success of countries in achieving development. In terms of research method, the present study is a case-oriented historical comparative study. The unit of analysis of this research is the country and global, international, regional and national events and conditions are selected and analyzed in relation to it. According to the study, Iran and Turkey have experienced two critical junctures since the 1990s, one as a result of internal processes and national elections and the other as a transnational event such as the military occupation of Iraq or the Arab Spring. It seems that Iran and Turkey have chosen the path of national development in the first critical juncture, but in the second critical juncture, both countries have entered into internal and regional tensions and conflicts and the process of national development have been encountered with several obstacles. In addition, the two countries have not been able to move institutionally and sustainably toward economic convergence over the past two decades. This inability has prevented the emergence of a developed region in the Middle East. The Middle East identity -based conflicts, exacerbated by foreign interventions and confrontational politics, have shifted the region's environment to militarization and security, making the space conducive to economic growth and prosperity leaving the region in poor economic growth and prosperity.

The purpose of the present article was to provide a social capital model through a novel institutional approach to improve the performance of Afghanistan Logistics system. This applied study adopted an exploratory mixed-methods approach. In the qualitative phase, the data was collected through interviews with National Logistics Organization officials and Afghanistan university professors, and it was analyzed using thematic analysis to provide the conceptual model of the study. In the quantitative phase, the qualitative phase findings were used to design a questionnaire. After ensuring the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, it was used to collect the quantitative data. The statistical population of the quantitative phase was comprised of Afghanistan National Logistics Organization officials, out of which 302 people were selected for survey according to Krejcie and Morgan table. The analysis of the quantitative data was done through structural equation modeling and PLS software. According to the results, the comprehensive social capital model through the new institutional approach in Afghanistan logistics system entails 2 themes, 6 categories, and 28 concepts.

Most of the programs in Iran which were defined and carried out in the name of “modernization” had nothing to do with the cultural and “indigenous” elements of the country, so, they exacerbated some “crisis” in the field of environment and water. Therefore, it seems that it is necessary to rethink the concepts of “modernization” and “development”; relying on the concept of “tradition” and looking for the “emancipatory social science”, we should try to transform a paradigm which is eliminating and fighting against the concept of “nature”, as Hanna Arendt argued. I believe that the admired documentary entitled “Matricide”, directed by KomeilSohani, which has been showed in Iran and some other countries, with a historical approach, has the capacity to develop such an “emancipatory social science”. This movie has criticized a “technical” approach retrieved from “partial modernization”, and showed that how far previous decisions made by the Iranian politicians, in the same approach, has endanger current Iranian’s life. It seems that the theoretical and methodological approach of the movie is similar to what is bring followed in the field of “new institutionalism”. In this field of study both “historical” and “indigenous” forms of life are considered prominently. Subsequently, by using the approach, we can rethink the foundations of the “modernization” school, which has effected not only on Iran, but on the rest of the world, with its “negative externalities”. Hence, in this article, with emphasis on this approach and that documentary, the researcher criticized the peculiarities of current knowledge in facing the loop of “environmental crisis” and “water crisis” in Iran; then, I emphasis on the “new institutionalism” as an alternative emancipatory paradigm, towards an understanding of the problems of the nature in Iran.

This article tries to answer the question of why and how Iran in the second Pahlavi era, despite the huge wealth it gained from oil revenues, underdeveloped in the political arena, based on the new institutionalist perspective. Findings indicate that the institutional characteristics of Iran in the second Pahlavi era, such as dependence on foreigners, dictatorship and unpopularity, monopoly and repression of popular organizations are among the main reasons for Iran's underdevelopment. , The lack of a mindset of corruption, the freedom of the media and the activism of civil society, and on the other hand, are at odds with institutionalist assumptions such as transparency, analyzability, rationality and practicality. The results of this study show that the Pahlavi government's access to oil rents and the separation of the government from the nation and the Shah's arbitrary actions in creating the country's civil institutions kept him away from the path of political development. The present article is a descriptive-analytical method using library resources and Internet resources

The analysis of the quality of the business environment and tourism entrepreneurship is one of the most important preconditions for improving the tourism business environment. In this regard, the new institutional economy, which focuses on the institutional environment, interprets the relations of tourist actors, which undeniable influence of government, laws and governance structure is undeniable. In this research, an explanation of the factors influencing the institutional environment of the tourism sector has been attempted with the concept of institutionalism and a qualitative approach (thematic analysis). Therefore, through in-depth interviews with 24 economic and tourism experts, institutional factors affecting the business environment and tourism entrepreneurship were identified and explained. The results of the research identified three main themes: the legal system, government policies and science and technology with their sub-themes, It was identified that the business environment of tourism is affected by them and the management and organization...

The position and roles of states in the economy and their type of presence has been an important issue for development scholars. The question of the present research is exploring the features of the state in the implementation of the Third Development Plan from the perspective of institutionalism. According to Peter Evans, self-reliance of state )meritocratic bureaucracy(, and community-based self-reliance are the key indicators of the developmental states. The Custodian, Demiurge, Midwifery and Husbandry roles are Evans’ rules for defining the state intervention in industrial development. The main hypothesis is that the state in the Third Development Plan drew some horizons in indicators such as “Efficient Bureaucracy, Relative Autonomy and Community-based Self-reliance” for solving its structural problems, but in this effort faced with some challenges. The Plan also emphasized the expansion of some industries, which Evans described as the mother of industries that have the “overflow” power toward other industries. The method of this article is documentary research. Our goal is to emphasize on the importance of the state's position in the development of Iran and the identification of the state roles in order to determine the strength and weakness of one of the development plans from the perspective of political economy.

Transaction cost, the cost that is not considered in the production function of the business, is actually the success or failure of the market. Examining various international reports (such as the Doing business, competitiveness, and global entrepreneurship monitoring) as well as the evidence and current status of Iran tourism indicate high transaction costs and inadequate business environment. Accordingly, the institutionalism explanation of the factors affecting the market transaction costs and tourism businesses is the main object of this study. Based on this, using the qualitative approach (theme analysis) and the profound interview with tourism market experts, the factors affecting the Iran tourism market transaction costs based on the model of new institutionalism have been identified and analyzed. The results of this survey indicate that the six themes identified in the study include the costs of information and knowledge, technology, business start-up, macroeconomic environment, capital and the cost of contracts, are the main elements of transaction costs of tourism in Iran and its impact has led to internalization, the lack of growth in the size of businesses and the reduction of partnerships among the players in the tourism industry.

The fall of the Pahlavi has been investigated from different angles and in the context of various theories. From among the approaches in this context is the relationship between the process of development in this period and the fall of this regime. This article seeks to that role in the modernization process with a different approach to examine the collapse of the Pahlavi dynasty. The reason for this difference is the use of new institutional approach. So, the question in this article is as follows: How can The fall of the Pahlavi dynasty from the perspective of institutional theory, be explained? In response to this question, this hypothesis is put to the test: The absence of a national program and the continuation of tyranny (the repression of civil society) was the main reason for the fall of the Pahlavi regime. The aforementioned hypothesis will be discussed in three important milestones of Pahlavi II namely, the establishment of planning organization, land reform in Iran and the oil high-cost and developmental approaches.

This article aims at presenting a descriptive study of the future of Iran’s economy. The most significant feature of the article is that it taps into the new institutional theoretical framework and compares it to a scenario-based model. On this basis، technology is the key concept that explains the reality of development، and the efficiency of ownership law structure is the cause of success of a national economy in the realm of technology. This article attempts to present a picture of Iran’s future economy within the new institutional theoretical framework، through the necessities associated with changes in the structure of ownership law along the path of institution changes. The scenario-based model assumes that any changes in the structure of the ownership law aiming at enhancing technology require that the national economy be able to pay the costs of institution changes، costs that result from an ascending efficacy of institution matrix. In other words، the winners of the institution matrix must be able to pay such costs. In this way، the efficiency of judicial system and political and economic control of the military is the yardstick of the movement. It appears that trends in Iran’s economy are in such a way that the costs of changes in the structure of ownership law aiming at enhancing technology are increasing.

“Institutions matter”. This is what we now see repeatedly in economic texts. But, some economists mentioned this truth more than a century ago. By asserting that mainstream economics has ignored institutions, these economists established a new paradigm, named institutional economics, which was, according to their manifesto, “the only way to the right sort of theory.” The crucial point, however, was that this new paradigm was introducing a critical element as the main unit of analysis that could well destroy all aspects of conventional economics. Now, more than one hundred years after the beginning of institutional economics, the science of economics has witnessed many valuable endeavors to imbed institutions in economic analysis. Although valuable, but these efforts has made the concept of institutions more complicated. Indeed, as mentioned by J. R. Commons, from the early stages of the evolution of institutionalism, this concept was tangled. However, after the emergence of New Institutional Economics, we can see more difficulties. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the meaning and concept of institutions and its relation with individuals. Another issue that this paper is going to shed some light on it, is the role of institutions in economic occasions. Finally, the paper will concentrate on one important and neglected question, which was the main source of Veblen’s attack on orthodoxy, that is, why did mainstream economics ignore institutions?