جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "گاز طبیعی" در نشریات گروه "علوم انسانی"

Energy security is one of the substantial objectives of the countries’ policy-making and regulatory regimes. Therefore, gas storage has been paid attention to as a tool for developing security and responding to customers’ need in the case of demand surge in the different countries. Moreover, due to strategic reasons and to decrease the impacts of the political situation of the gas-producing countries, utilizing storage mechanisms has been noticeably welcomed by the gas-importing countries. Nevertheless, specific laws and regulations of gas storage which contain its exclusive requirements have yet to be enacted and set out.The storage arrangements could be developed under different mechanisms including contracts. In Iran, Build, Operate, and Transfer (BOT) contracts are being used as the storage project granting instruments with retaining the governmental ownership; however, the licensing system containing transfer of ownership to the private sector along with the legal basis for the third party access is a prominent arrangement for such projects in England. Despite flaws and deficiencies in the relevant Iranian contractual arrangements, the more incentivized investment could be achieved with focusing on the storage activities and operation status, utilizing the produced hydrocarbons (gas) and the legal options and tools based on which the transfer of the ownership to investors is possible including title to storage installations.

As a branch of postmodern geopolitics, geoenergics has a special place in the economic growth and development of countries today and in the early decades of the 21st century. in the last three decades after the end of the Cold War, despite the geoeconomics and geoenergics privileged position, our country has not reached a position commensurate with the capacities and potentials of its geographical economy. . The main problem of the research is, how is the role and importance of natural gas in global energy trade and Iran's geoenergics, in the period of energy transition and until the end of the first half of the 21st century at the regional and global levels? The research method is based on the purpose of the applied type and based on the nature of the descriptive and analytical type. The results and findings of the research show that due to the advantages, increasing demand and consumption of natural gas in the transition period on the one hand, and the geographical location and unique geoenergics capacities of Iran for the production and export of natural gas on the other hand, the development of production and export infrastructure Natural gas can compensate for the decrease in Iran's oil exports and revenues during the period of transition from fossil fuels to renewable energies.

Over the past three decades, relations between China and Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan have developed based on strategic and bilateral cooperation, with China playing a pivotal role in the region as Kazakhstan's primary economic partner. This research investigates the potential scenarios for the transportation of natural gas from Central Asian and Caspian Sea countries to China using cooperative game theory. The study begins by addressing the problem statement, theoretical framework, literature review, and research methodology. In the second phase, the economic evaluation of existing infrastructure and the most likely scenarios for the next 30 years are conducted. In the final phase, the bargaining power of each country is calculated using the Shapley value in various scenarios. The findings indicate that Kazakhstan, due to its geographical location, holds the highest bargaining power among Central Asian countries. Additionally, production capacity and gas exports are identified as the second most important factors in determining bargaining power. The research shows that an alliance is not feasible without the presence of a key country, and both geographical location and natural resources are identified as sources of national power in the geopolitics of energy. The model further reveals that if Iran's production capacity increases and its pipeline infrastructure connects to Turkmenistan, Iran could play a significant role in supplying natural gas to China. This study also demonstrates that the simultaneous implementation of all projects benefits Kazakhstan, while the best scenario for Iran involves cooperation with Azerbaijan. This research addresses critical questions regarding the distribution of bargaining power among countries and the economic and political impacts of various scenarios in the oil and gas trade between Central Asia and China.

Production, supply and price of energy play a decisive role in economic activities. In particular, natural gas produces less greenhouse gases than fossil fuels, and this has caused the importance of natural gas in the global energy market. On the other hand, crude oil is also used as an important material for electricity production, and both sources are priced in dollars. Therefore, in the current research, we will investigate the effect of yield spillover and market fluctuations of crude oil, natural gas, and exchange rate on the index of joint-stock companies of electricity production in Iran. Investigating the effect of these variables is done with the aim of investigating the interaction of different markets with each other and can explain the dynamic fluctuating transitions between efficiency and volatility in the capital and energy markets. In this research, with weekly data and using the method of Dibold and Yilmaz (2012) to measure the overflow in a generalized vector autoregression framework. The results show the effect of the yield spillover in the existing markets from confirming the volatility spillover between the markets, which shows that most of the spillover is internal. Also, the total volatility spillover values are higher than the total yield spillover, which means that the total volatility spillover reacts more strongly to extreme events. The results of the research confirm the significant relationship between the circles of energy resource prices, exchange rates and stock prices of electricity production companies in Iran.

The purpose of this research, Modelling gas demand of household customers in order to reduce consumption intensity in east Azerbaijan providence with system dynamics modelling.The statistical population of this research is the household consumers of Province. In this research, 79 variables were identified using meta-synthesis methodology, and then using Shannon's entropy, the position and effect of each variable was determined. After analyzing and combining the variables, finally 10 subsystems were identified in the form of 49 variables. Causal diagrams were drawn for the identified subsystems.Then the parameters were estimated and the model was formulated. The key variables affecting the natural gas demand of the population, price, price elasticity, temperature, technical and technological factors, per capita income, social factors, consumption history and advertisements were identified and based on the available information to estimate the functions and preferences and research facilities of the selected variables for stock-Flow model drawing was used. Validity of the model was measured by two methods of retesting behavior and limit states. Based on the model, five were planned: 1) continuation of the status quo, 2) implementation of price policies, 3) creation of a culture for optimal gas consumption, 4) optimization in engine houses of the province, 5) simultaneous application of all consumption reduction policies. The results of the modeling showed that by applying all consumption reduction policies, the demand can be kept at the current level. Based on the scenarios, strategic measures were proposed to reduce and control consumption at three short, medium and long term levels.

Current statistics indicate the inequality of natural gas supply and demand. The question is which adopted policy will provide efficient productivity of natural gas? Scholars' findings indicate that applying macro policies related to gas optimization and establishing a sector regulatory institution in the gas market will greatly contribute to the optimal efficiency of natural gas. Referring to the Establishment of Optimal Energy Market and Environment Regulation, energy saving certificate is issued. These certificates are securities entailing the right to own a certain amount of saved energy that are traded in the market. At the same time, under the control of the sector regulator in gas market, the existing imbalance between supply and demand is resolved and efficient productivity of natural gas is achieved. Among other direct effects of the establishment of this institution are dealing with monopoly in the market, identifying examples of anti-competitive practices and approval of directives regulating the market price and goods amount. Therefore it is required to control the market through gas sector regulator. This Article seeks to present a policy for the industry to provide efficient productivity in natural gas. In order to achieve efficient productivity and establishing this regulator in Iran's gas market and in addition to the existing regulations, the regulator institution, its qualifications and article of association in gas sector are studied.

The purpose of this research is to measure the effectiveness of East Azarbaijan gas company's advertisements on consumption reduction and to quantitatively estimate the effect of advertisements on consumption reduction. Gas household costumer of East Azarbaijan province were selected as the statistical population. The statistical population was clustered according to consumption levels and 2169 costumer participated in the research by completing the questionnaire. Research data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and analysis of variance. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed using content validity and convergent validity. Its reliability was also confirmed through four methods of Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability, average explained variance and maximum explained variance. In order to measure the effect of advertisements on gas consumption, the variables of air and comfort/welfare temperature were used as mediating variables. By performing regression on the daily data of air temperature and gas consumption of the province, the relationship between two variables was determined as a mathematical equation, and then the amount of consumption reduction was estimated assuming compliance with the consumption pattern and reducing the temperature of residential houses. From the results of the survey, the effectiveness of advertising was calculated to be 63%. The results of the modeling show that for every 1% increase in the effectiveness of advertisements, the amount of gas consumption in the province decreases by 0.59%. Assuming the full effectiveness of advertisements in the area of optimal gas consumption, the amount of consumption reduction in the province is The average was estimated at 23%.

Today, energy is considered as one of the most important geopolitical variables in the international system. Energy as the cornerstone of the survival and development of societies in the 21st century with the ever-increasing growth of the world's population, South Asian countries are facing an energy shortage due to the rapidly increasing demand for fossil fuels. Due to the economic and political effects caused by such a shortage, improving the supply of fossil energy is one of the important priorities of regional governments. In this article, the main goal is to examine the role of natural gas export on the development of Iran's regional relations in South Asia. Therefore, the main question raised is what is the role of natural gas export in the development of Iran's regional relations with South Asia? Therefore, with the qualitative method and the nature of the descriptive-analytical method and with the use of library collection tools, as well as with the method of interviewing 15 experts related to the subject, which was done in an estimated and available method with theoretical saturation, the results have been obtained. The results of the research findings show that Iran has not been able to establish strong regional relations with this region due to its favorable geo-economic position, having natural gas resources and the need of South Asian countries for these resources.

The global methanol market size was USD 27.95 Billion in 2020 and is projected to grow from USD 28.74 billion in 2021 to USD 39.18 billion in 2028 at a CAGR of 4.5% during the 2021-2028 period. The methanol-to-olefins (MTO) reaction is one of the most important reactions in C1 chemistry, which provides a chance for producing basic petrochemicals from nonoil resources such as coal and natural gas. As olefin-based petrochemicals and relevant downstream processes have been well developed for many years, MTO is believed to be a linkage between coal or natural gas chemical industry and modern petrochemical industry. Many institutions and companies have put great effort to the research of MTO reaction since it was first proposed by Mobil Corporation in 1977. Getting ethylene and propylene from methanol by the MTO process represents a major progress in chemical technology in recent years. This paper deals with the conceptual design of an energy efficient and cost-effective MTO process. Hence, we try to introduce the basic value chain management of Methanol to Olefin Process and hope to give the researcher a holistic approach to develop this research by mathematical modeling, system thinking approaches and so on. The economic evaluation results revealed that the conversion of methanol to olefins is more attractive for investment than the sale of crude methanol. The development of methanol to olefins units is more economical than constructing a new gas to ethylene, polyethylene and propylene unit because of the lower investment costs.

The declining trend of natural gas consumption in the fuel of Tehran's urban gas-powered bus fleet in the last few years, despite the government's large investment in substituting natural gas for diesel fuel in city buses in order to reduce air pollution, especially in large cities, along with the resulting economic savings, has entered into a crisis, putting green transportation in jeopardy. The purpose of this research is to investigate the background and identify the factors contributing to such conditions and provide operational solutions. This study is descriptive and mixed, based on qualitative and quantitative data. In terms of the goal, it is practical and in terms of data collection, it is a survey study. The statistical community of experts consisted of university professors, managers and senior experts with more than 10 years of experience, holding masters degree and above, who were selected as sample members using the purposeful sampling method, based on the principle of theoretical adequacy. The data collection instruments in in the qualitative and quantitative parts of the study included Delphi interview method and system dynamics approach, respectively. Finally, the allocation of a part of the profit made from the subsidy difference of replacing diesel with natural gas in the form of proposed scenarios for purchasing new buses, supplying equipment, and supporting services related to gas-powered buses and CNG fueling stations are presented as the best sustainable solutions for the consumption of natural gas in the fuel used for the city bus fleet.

the main question in this research is about ways to export Iranian natural gas. during recent four decades, the market for natural gas has gown steadily. I R Iran has second largest resources of natural gas and so, is potentially a major player in this market. but without choosing a wise way to export, all efforts will end in void.after reviewing of related documents and scholar researches, we extracted the current ways to export natural gas and then ranked them with help of Analytic Hierarchical Process (AHP). results show that with regard to infrastructures, investments, institutions and international relationships, turning natural gas into petrochemical commodities is the best ranked way to export.

Disorientation can be considered as one of the most important concepts in the field of marketing that has a close relationship with the consumer. Therefore, the subject of consumer disinclination and identifying factors affecting it is of particular importance. The aim of the present study was to design a model for predicting consumers' disinclination to natural gas with the approach of renewable energies in Mazandaran province. The present research is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive-correlation in terms of its adopted method. The statistical population included 10 academic and organizational experts who were selected using a targeted and snowball sampling method. In the first step, factors affecting the disinclination of natural gas consumers were identified based on a semi-structured interview. The output of this stage was 14 components in the form of 7 dimensions (social and cultural, economic, technological, environmental, political, internal and legal factors). Then, in the second step, the identified dimensions were leveled with interpretive structural modeling method and clustered with MICMAC analysis using Excel software. The results showed that dimensions (social and cultural, economic, environmental, political, internal and legal factors) are at the first level, and technology is at the second level, and all dimensions are placed in the linked cluster.

Despite the presence of 90% of double-fuel taxis (gasoline + CNG) in the urban taxi fleet, fuel consumption choices are more dependent on pricing policies and factors such as gasoline subsidies and quotas, and with the slightest change in fuel rates and quotas, use natural gas fuel. . Impact and challenge fuel management in the public transport fleet. The main purpose of this is to identify ways to establish a sustainable structure of natural gas consumption in the fuel of urban taxis with special management conditions in Iran. After reviewing previous research and interviewing experts and specialists, dynamic hypotheses were determined from the fuzzy Delphi method and based on it, the causes-root and flow-accumulation operating system dynamics method were developed and extracted. The results of this study show that if you buy and replace worn-out gasoline and conventional two-burner taxis with a two-burner car based on a gas engine in a period of 20 years (from 1400 to 1420), natural gas consumption will increase by 24% and sustainably.

One of the most important areas of decision-making in the field of energy diplomacy is to trade and transit of energy carriers aiming to boosting international political security. Among various energy resources, natural gas is the main topic of this article due to high mutual dependence it created between interested parties. Using meta-analysis method and examining upstream documents and natural gas trade statistics of Iran and some of its regional competitors, this article analyzed the current challenges of Iran natural gas diplomacy and presented the corresponding solutions. So far, the main approach in Iran's natural gas diplomacy has been exporting this clean fossil fuel. Focusing solely on gas exporting no longer serves Iran's interests. The reasons are enormous; we challenge three of such. Firstly, the emergence of new gas production and consumption hubs in the region, increased geographical importance of Iran and the opportunities to playing a role in gas transit. Secondly, there are alternative routes try to ease Iran's advantage in gas transit and thirdly, increasing the gap between Iran's natural gas supply and demand. Therefore, Iran's natural gas diplomacy policy will cope with sort of opportunities and threats such as geographical importance due to the growth of gas production and consumption in the region and the threat of inability to meet domestic natural gas demand. Thus, exporting-natural-gas as the only strategy for the coming years should be reframed. What is argued is the export-import policy of gas and electricity could be taken into account together as an alternative.

The gas shortage in the winter of 2020, as well as the supply-demand mismatch in the coming years, will require investment in gas field development along with demand-side management policies. The National Iranian Oil Company's internal financial resources are insufficient for the development of gas fields due to the company's low share of oil and gas sales profits, and it requires to attract investors through risky service contracts. The high capital cost of developing particular fields, including the low richness-low condensate- of the produced gas, prevents complete repayment from exported condensate, especially in the case of sanctions with a 50% cost recovery cap. Consequently, IPC contract modeling was used to examine five major parameters affecting the gas field development economy: capital cost, quality of gas produced, condensate rice, cost recovery cap, and natural gas price. The proposed financial relationship is provided by picking the ideal value of the two parameters of the cost recovery and gas price for a combination of three additional factors.

According to the forecasts of reputable international centers, natural gas will play the most effective role in the future of world energy. Because Iran has one of the largest natural gas reserves in the world; This energy source can be considered as the main advantage of Iran in the domestic and international arena. In the meantime, one of the options facing the country is the export of this energy source. Considering that the export of natural gas, in addition to economic benefits, has many political-security benefits for the country; Determining the goals and scenarios for the advancement of natural gas exports has always been one of the main issues facing the country's energy sector. Target countries are interested in not limiting the source of their natural gas supply to fixed and specific sources; Therefore, they have long paid special attention to Iran. Therefore, it is important to study the future status of Iran's natural gas exports. The purpose of this study is to design scenarios for the country's natural gas exports until 2050 using the opinion of the elite and the method used in the research is a combination of the Delphi method and interaction analysis method. The three factors of Iran's isolation from the world trade and financial system, the political influence of powerful countries in the target country and the status of natural gas resources, their production and development in the target countries have been identified as key factors and based on future trends Three key effective factors, four compatible natural gas export scenarios were identified. Finally, after explaining each of these scenarios, policy recommendations have been made to achieve a favorable situation in Iran's natural gas exports.

In an era of globalization and widespread interaction in politics and economics, energy as a powerful economic tool has found a key place in countries' diplomacy. Among the various energy carriers, global demand for gas as a cheap and clean fuel is growing rapidly, and this matter has increased competition among producing countries for greater use of this type of fuel in energy diplomacy. The benefits of producing, transporting, and consuming this natural resource can be used as a tool to advance the foreign policy of countries that are part of the value chain of this energy carrier. Given that the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Russian Federation are among the largest holders of gas resources in the world and their target markets are largely common, the two countries are practically in a competitive position in the field of trade of this energy carrier. 

The main question of this research is "What are the capacities and obstacles of Iran and Russia in using natural gas in their energy diplomacy?".

The hypothesis of this research is as follows: The Islamic Republic of Iran, due to its great distance from the Russian Federation in the global gas market, has not been able to use natural gas efficiently in its energy diplomacy and turn it into a tool to advance its foreign policy goals.

Using the Comparative method, the competitiveness of these two countries has been compared and analyzed in four indicators of production capacity, surplus gas, gas trade balance, and gas transmission capacity. 

The growth of gas consumption in the 21st century and its replacement by oil and coal has led to this century being called the gas century. The Islamic Republic of Iran, as one of the largest holders of gas resources in the world, should define its relations with the Russian Federation as one of the main competitors in the market of this energy carrier, it must also increase its competitiveness with this country in the European market as the gas territory of Russia and the Asian markets (China and India).Although the two countries are not far apart in terms of natural gas reserves, Russia is far ahead of Iran in terms of production capacity and export capacity. While Russia is the world's largest exporter of natural gas, Iran's gas trade balance is minimal. More than half of the country's energy basket is supplied by natural gas. Very high domestic consumption is one of the factors limiting exports in Iran. Non-optimal consumption in the domestic and industrial sectors causes a large annual waste of gas production. Lack of domestic financial resources and failure to attract foreign investment is another important factor limiting Iran's gas production and exports. Sanctions by the Security Council, the United States, and Europe are other factors that have affected Iran's gas industry for several years. All of this has led Iran to have just about one percent of the total world gas trade for several years. Some statistics even show that in the long run, the balance of Iran's gas trade has been negative.On the other hand, Iran has not been successful in producing LNG and has no production, while some analysts believe that the natural gas market will find a new definition in the coming years based on LNG shipments and can play a role in the global arena as a credible market such as the global crude oil market. According to BP, LNG exports are likely to exceed pipeline gas supplies by 2025.

The findings of this study indicate that due to Iran's infrastructural limitations in many gas-related industries, extremely high domestic consumption, and lack of sufficient financial resources to finance gas industry projects, there is a significant difference in Iran's export potential compared to the Russian Federation in the global gas market, which limits the possibility of competition, at least in the short term. The Islamic Republic of Iran also lacks a comprehensive doctrine of energy diplomacy, while Russia has outlined its energy diplomacy policies and goals in 2035 in its upstream documents. To partially bridge this gap, the Islamic Republic of Iran can establish a link between production, domestic consumption, and exports by designing a long-term doctrine, so that increasing production and improving the pattern of domestic consumption can be directed towards export development. Focusing on the development of indigenous knowledge and technology as well as trying to raise capital to finance existing gas industry projects are other important measures. It must also be able to clearly define its energy diplomacy to allow for multifaceted planning between production, domestic consumption, and foreign marketing.

The production and supply of natural gas in Iran is monopolized in the hands of the Ministry of Petroleum and prices are set by administrative decisions. However, given that gas based   power plants  use it as an input to meet the needs of end users of electricity, optimal price of natural gas is related to the final price of electricity.  We use time series data for the period 1989 to 2016 to estimate the price elasticity of gas demand.   We first estimate the price elasticity of gas demand. We then calculate the efficiency of natural gas production at scale and calculate the final cost of the natural gas produced. We then calculate the coded price of gas delivered to power plants. The actual cost of supplying one cubic meter of natural gas to power plants in 2015 was 800 Rials. The natural gas prices based on estimated Ramsey price for the years 2015 and 2016 for the gas delivered to the power plants are 8589.71 and 9377.91 Rials per cubic meter respectively. We can thus conclude that current administrative prices for natural gas in the power plants sector are not optimal.

The purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize export target markets for Iran’s natural gas over a 20-year perspective for the period 2020-2040, using the numerical taxonomy method. In this method we use the indicators of countries' distance from Iran, per capita income, per capita consumption of natural gas and economic growth. The results of this study show that the regions of the Middle East, OECD Europe, Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia and Non-OECD Asia are in order the best target markets for Iranian natural gas.