جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « نجوم » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

One of the books in the field of astronomy and mathematics written in the 11th AH/17th AD century, during the Safavid era, is Tohfˉa Abbasiyya by Mirza Qazi b. Kashifuddin Mohammad Yazdi Ardakani. This book is still in manuscript form, and no research has been done about it. The purpose of this research is to introduce the manuscripts and study the book's scientific position in astronomy and the history of astronomy in the Safavid era.

Research Method /Approach: 

The research method is descriptive-analytics that gathers the manuscripts of Tohfˉa Abbasiyya book by referring to the libraries and lists written in the field of manuscripts and studies the content, and compares the copies.

Qazi Yazdi wrote the book Tohfˉa Abbasiyya in the introduction of an instrument, Maqalid al-Samawat va al-‘Arz (The reins of the heavens and the earth), which he made instead of Zaat al-Sha‘baatin (With two branches). The results revealed that there are five manuscripts of the book in Iran's libraries, which are very similar and almost complete, and only some pages of the Parliament copy are missing. All copies have nineteen illustrations that were precisely drawn with ruler, compass and geometrical tools; especially the Astan Quds Razavi library copy which has illustrated the astronomical positions with different colors. At least two copies were scripted in the author's era, although the scriber is unknown. In three chapters of the book Tohfˉa Abbasiyya, Qazi, while criticizing the Zaat al-Sha‘baatin system, which has been in use since the time of Ptolemy, has expressed the advantages of the Maqalid al-Samawat system. Then he presents and criticizes the ideas of great astronomers and mathematicians from Greece and the Islamic period to his own time, relying on their books.
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Maragheh Observatory was built as one of the most important observatories of the Islamic period in the seventh century AH during the Ilkhanid domination of Iran. Establishment of Maragheh Observatory as an educational and research center; Facilitated the gathering of scientists, the collection of credible scientific documents and books, the conduct of research in the open air, and the necessary facilities. The result is the presentation of the achievements and discoveries of this scientific center in the world of that day. The reputation of this scientific center attracted the attention of many lands to the point that some rulers wished to be able to establish such a center in their land. Now, considering the importance of this valuable collection in terms of the history of science in Iran and the world, the questions that need to be answered are what factors and roles played in the construction of the Maragheh Observatory as the most important scientific research and astronomical center of the Ilkhanate period.What was Khajeh Nasiral-DinTusi in this important matter? Also, how has the Maragheh Observatory functioned in spreading the achievements of astronomy in the Ilkhani era, which has become a model for the construction of other observatories? The present study intends to answer these questions using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on library resources. The research findings indicate that the Maragheh Observatory was in every sense scientific research and educational center. Like today's advanced academies, this unique scientific foundation had a very large space in a suitable place in Maragheh, which made this observatory known as the most important scientific research and astronomical center of the Ilkhanate period in the seventh century AH.

The present article entitled "the role of Khajeh Nasir al-Din Tusi in the development of mathematics and astronomy in the Islamic world" aimed to investigate Khajeh Nasir al-Din's influences on mathematics and astronomy. Maragheh observatory was once considered the most advanced scientific institution in the Eurasian world. His book al-Shakl al-qattā brought about a dramatic change in the field of mathematical sciences, especially geometry. By transforming three-dimensional into two-dimensional geometry, he was able to take fundamental steps in the field of mathematics. According to the findings, it can be said that the most important developments in astronomy before Copernicus was made by Khajeh Nasir. This study hypothesizes that Khajeh's serious criticisms of Greek mathematical and astronomical theories and therefore the emergence of new theories, became the basis for scientific developments in Europe.

"Symbol"is a collection of signs, indications, and words that denote a higher meaning and concept than its appearance. In other words, symbols are used to express concepts that roots of many of them can be found in the history of predecessors and myths. Artwork is one of the most suitable platforms for the emergence of the symbol. In the meantime,"pottery"is one of the most important art works in early Islamic centuries, which it contains many symbols among the"cows", and can be traced its implications in the myths of historical and Islamic periods. The aim of this study, semiotics of cow with regard to social conditions, religious and the idea and beliefs of the people of the early Islamic centuries through analysis of historical documents. Hence, following the semiotics of cow, the following question is raised: What is the origin of the cow symbol on the Neyshabur pottery? The research method is historical-analytical and based on library studies. In the process of research, we first began to collect statistical samples from museums, designing motifs with CorelDraw software; and in the following, library studies have been conducted to identify the subject matter of the cow in historical documents. The achievement of studying the cow symbol and its conception in the pottery of Neyshabur suggests that, considering the importance of cow in livelihoods of people in different historical periods and using of: meat, skin, milk, fats (for domestic heating and cooking) along with its efficiency in portage and plowing, can be imagen such icons as: power and strength, fertility and fecundity, which these symbols can be traced from prehistoric times to the aforementioned period in different artistic works and have common concepts. In addition to the above mentioned concept, other symbols, such as the combination of cattle with humans, the composition of cows with birds, are found in Neyshabur's pottery with astronomical and religious concepts and their origin is specific to Islamic beliefs.

Astronomy and its rules always have had a significant position in Iran history. One of the significant and main functions of astronomy was to inform about the future. Such a feature has made kings pay more attention to it. Among Safavid kings (907-1135), especially in Abbas the Great period (996-1038), astronomy had special importance. The main issue of the research is what effects had the astronomy and astronomers on Abbas the Great government?Based on historical data, findings of this study indicate that despite the conventional belief among researchers, Abbas the Great was not rationalist, rather had been extremely influenced by astronomers and astronomical rules from the beginning to the end of the kingdom. King’s trustworthy people were astronomers in martial, political, architectural, recreation affairs and the like and king avoided doing anything without their positive opinion. It seems that factors such as indoctrination, some correct predictions of astronomers, distrust in others and uncertain future of the government in general, have been effective in impressionability of Abbas the Great from astronomers and astronomical rules.

The status and importance of the qibla in the religious obligations of Muslims has placed locating qibla at the center of Muslim scholar’ attention. When Muslims arrived in Andalusia in 93 AH, one of their initial projects was the construction of the first mosque on the peninsula, which necessitated finding qibla in this land. Until the second half of the 3rd century AH, when mathematical methods and qibla-finding instruments were not yet common, qibla-locating, influenced by the popular astronomical knowledge of pre-Islamic Arabs, was determined by astronomical observations of sunrise and sunset.This study aims to investigate how qibla was located by Andalusian astronomers and jurists before the advent of mathematical methods. The paper discusses different ways of locating qibla in Andalusia, focusing on ancient Andalusian landmarks and ancient texts, along with an explanation of some recent European research. The findings suggest the divergence of viewpoints in the first qibla-finding methods in Andalusia so that their qibla –locating methods were not as precise as mathematical methods later adopted by astronomers.

One of the oldest beliefs throughout history is the belief in the existence of a supernatural power in cosmic bodies, including the planets and stars. Our ancestors believed that what happens in the heaven has a direct effect on the events on earth. For this reason, in determining the time of sitting, marriage, campaigning, migration, travel and cultivation, the time of building cities, employing people in important political affairs and so on, they explored the universe to manage the earthly affairs. This study intends to analyze the effects of the cosmic beliefs on the historical events of Iran in the second to seventh centuries (AH), using a descriptive-analytical approach. The results of this study show that the belief in the decisive effect of the supernatural on the terrestrial events has had practical and important effects on the history of Iran. The positive aspects were the growth and development of astronomy and its related sciences including mathematics and geometry, the construction of the observatories, the writing of valuable books in the field of astronomy and the compilation of the most accurate astronomical calendars. Belief in destiny, belief in the futility of deliberation and pragmatism, procrastination of the important affairs and the change in the natural course of the events could be mentioned as its negative consequences.

Archaeological evidence and the study of remains from prehistory to the Islamic era show that astronomy has been prevalent among ancient peoples for thousands of years. Astronomy made a great progress in the Islamic era and was used in both science and astrology. In the middle Islamic Period, the motifs used on pottery varied widely, so that the origins of pottery motifs on the one hand and the interpretation of its concepts on the other challenged scholars and has been caused disagreement and divisions between them, insofar one group refers to pre-Islamic influences especially the Sassanians and the other seeks to interpret it with the ideas of the community context in which these motifs were formed. The necessity of this research, therefore, is due to the vacuum felt by the authors in locating the purports of pottery motifs by an astronomical approach. The forgoing essay is rooted in questions such as "Should the origins of medieval pottery motifs be merely searched in the pre-Islamic era?", "How the constellations were reflected on the pottery motifs of this era?" The methodology of this paper is historical-analytical-comparative and based on and library studies. In the process of researching, we first done to gathering statistical samples from museums, drawing the motifs with CorelDraw software and matching the pottery designs with constellations and in the continuation of the research, library studies have been carried out to trace the semantic themes and meanings of historical documents. The achievement of a comparative study of pottery motifs with constellations showed that astronomy and constellation discussions formed part of the credence and beliefs of the medieval peoples that often incorporated with superstitions and supernatural beings. Therefore, some of the themes of pottery motifs can be attributed to superstitious beliefs of constellations.