جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « constitutional » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

After World War I, Britain apparently sought to establish an independent Kurdish state in the Kurdish territories to hold it under its support. So, this country tested various methods and took advantage of the inability of governments such as Qajar during 1917-1919. In the meantime, Iran's constitutional era, which theoretically sought to build a state-nation based on modern thought, led to Iranian ethnic and religious groups, including the Kurds, falling under the influence of Britain. In the early stages, some of the Kurds joined the constitutional convergence process. However, the government's inability to implement this theory gradually dismissed the Iranian people, including the Kurds, and foreign governments, such as the British, in the absence of the government's presence among the Kurds, interfered in Kurds affairs, and provided the basis for breakdowns with the central government. The method used in this study is the descriptive-analytical method with a historical procedure and qualitative approach based on the collection and formulation of data from library resources, newspapers, articles, and archived documents. The problem of the present study is the British influence in the Kurdistan of Iran from the constitutional period to the end of the first Pahlavi period. With the intensification of foreign intervention and the increase in power during World War I, this gap among the Kurds expanded more than ever. Iranian Kurdistan was very important from a military point of view due to its location, and because of this importance, after World War I, Some countries, especially Britain, spread the whisper of Kurdistan's independence among the Kurdish clans in order to protect their interests.After World War I, Britain apparently sought to establish an independent Kurdish state in the Kurdish territories to hold it under its support. So, this country tested various methods and took advantage of the inability of governments such as Qajar during 1917-1919. In the meantime, Iran's constitutional era, which theoretically sought to build a state-nation based on modern thought, led to Iranian ethnic and religious groups, including the Kurds, falling under the influence of Britain. In the early stages, some of the Kurds joined the constitutional convergence process. However, the government's inability to implement this theory gradually dismissed the Iranian people, including the Kurds, and foreign governments, such as the British, in the absence of the government's presence among the Kurds, interfered in Kurds affairs, and provided the basis for breakdowns with the central government. The method used in this study is the descriptive-analytical method with a historical procedure and qualitative approach based on the collection and formulation of data from library resources, newspapers, articles, and archived documents. The problem of the present study is the British influence in the Kurdistan of Iran from the constitutional period to the end of the first Pahlavi period. With the intensification of foreign intervention and the increase in power during World War I, this gap among the Kurds expanded more than ever. Iranian Kurdistan was very important from a military point of view due to its location, and because of this importance, after World War I, Some countries, especially Britain, spread the whisper of Kurdistan's independence among the Kurdish clans in order to protect their interests.After World War I, Britain apparently sought to establish an independent Kurdish state in the Kurdish territories to hold it under its support. So, this country tested various methods and took advantage of the inability of governments such as Qajar during 1917-1919. In the meantime, Iran's constitutional era, which theoretically sought to build a state-nation based on modern thought, led to Iranian ethnic and religious groups, including the Kurds, falling under the influence of Britain. In the early stages, some of the Kurds joined the constitutional convergence process. However, the government's inability to implement this theory gradually dismissed the Iranian people, including the Kurds, and foreign governments, such as the British, in the absence of the government's presence among the Kurds, interfered in Kurds affairs, and provided the basis for breakdowns with the central government. The method used in this study is the descriptive-analytical method with a historical procedure and qualitative approach based on the collection and formulation of data from library resources, newspapers, articles, and archived documents. The problem of the present study is the British influence in the Kurdistan of Iran from the constitutional period to the end of the first Pahlavi period. With the intensification of foreign intervention and the increase in power during World War I, this gap among the Kurds expanded more than ever. Iranian Kurdistan was very important from a military point of view due to its location, and because of this importance, after World War I, Some countries, especially Britain, spread the whisper of Kurdistan's independence among the Kurdish clans in order to protect their interests.

The Constitutional Revolution had a widespread impact on the social and administrative structures of Iranian society. One of the most important religious institutions in Iran, the Āstān-e Qods-e Razavi, was affected by this event due to its internal problems. The Āstān-e Qods faced a financial crisis, and some constitutionalists in Mashhad also demanded reform of the flawed traditional structure of this endowed institution. The appointment of Ṣadr al-Mamalek as the trustee (Motevalli), considering his ancestral and occupational background and the changing political conditions in society after the Constitutional Revolution, paved the way for reforms in the Āstān-e Qods. This article aims to examine the reform measures undertaken by Ṣadr al-Mamalek in the Āstān-e Qods from 1325 to 1329 and demonstrate what reforms he implemented in the Āstān-e Qods-e Razavi and how the custodians of the holy shrine reacted to his reforms. The results of this research, based on descriptive-analytical analysis of documents and publications, indicate that Ṣadr al-Mamalek was appointed as the Motevalli from Muḥarram 1325, after various challenges, attempted to change the financial and administrative situation of this endowed institution by reforming its administrative structure and establishing a cabinet. However, his actions faced opposition from some of the custodians of the holy shrine. Opponents, to preserve their interests, created a reformist council for the Āstān-e Razavi (Heyate Eslāh Khahāne Āstāne Razavī), and engaged in coordinated provocative actions, spreading rumors, and even making threats until, ultimately, after four years, Ṣadr al-Mamalek was dismissed and his reforms failed.

Ahmad Kasravi was one of the most challenging personalities in the contemporary history of Iran. Many of his actions were contrary to the customs of the society and his researches were deconstructive. Therefore, studying the psychology of his personality can explain his actions in different aspects. Therefore, this article studying his actions in the political, religious, social and historiographic fields in adulthood with emphasizing the recognition of the influence of Ahmed Kasravi's social and family conditions in his childhood. The present research has investigated Kasravi's life and thoughts with the historical method and based on Peyman and Parcham journals. Also has used Karen Horne's theories in the analysis of Kasravi's personality, according to his theories, the most important factors in personality development are family and social conditions during childhood. According to the current research, the excessive affection and attention of the family and seclusion from other children and the social and cultural conditions of the society caused the formation of a kind of Basic anxiety in Kasravi's personality, which had an effect on aggressiveness and isolation towards others and the formation of an ideal self-image idealized.

Concepts such as citizenship rights are among the instances of modernism and modernism in the present age Most influenced by Western ideas and in the context of the mental contexts, political and social developments, and democratic developments in Europe in Iranian thought and culture. And Iranian intellectuals and writers used this concept in their writings and writings And most of all, it appeared in contemporary prose. Social literature has been part of the prose effect due to the interaction of literature with society. The results of this study show that Mohammad Bagher Khosravi was a patriotic human being and a moderate constitution, and in his poems he has spoken of these themes. Contemporary prose effects have been written more on realism and have tried to make the realities of society at the forefront of their work, The authors of the constitutional era have expressed a great deal of social customs in their stories, and the volume of expression of these practices in their effects is enormous, But the closer we get to the revolution, the more of the social practice in Persian novels, and the less place.

The three-year reign of Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar has been filled with scenes of conflict between the monarchy and its supporters and constitutional elements. In the meantime, the use of powerful coercive forces to protect the monarchy was obvious. Silakhori Regiment from Lorestan region, which during the Qajar period, always succeeded in local conflicts and was known for its inherent courage and loyalty, was appointed as the Shah's bodyguard and was the vanguard of Mohammad Ali Shah's army in the case of bombing the parliament and arresting and killing constitutionalists. The purpose of the present study is to mention the reasons for Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar's attention and reliance on the Silakhuri regiment in the constitutional developments and also the impact of the regiment's performance on the society of that time. The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information is mainly library and based on documents. Examining the documents, it can be concluded that the conditions formed based on the indicators of the Shah's "perceived power" of the loyal military forces; "Mental hatred" of people in response to the actions and behavior of the government and the military forces attributed to it; Finally, the formation of "attitude of dignity" in the soldiers of the Silakhori regiment was due to the acquisition of a special position by Shah Qajar, and although it caused confrontation with his fellow countrymen, in the end, the occurrence of war and subsequent conflicts was inevitable and inevitable.

One of the important issues to understand the financial situation of the Qajar period is the budget deficit trend. In this regard, no documented and independent materials have been presented so far, and this research, by collecting documents and presenting statistics, deals with the budget deficit process and identifies and examines the government's solutions to overcome it. The method of preparing and compiling the research is documentary using library resources and the type of research is explanatory-analytical. This article, while examining the amount of changes and fluctuations in the budget deficit of the Qajar period, will answer the question of what were the causes of the budget deficit?, what were the government's strategies to overcome it?, and was there a significant positive or negative change in the budget deficit with the Constitutional Revolution? The findings of the study indicate that the government in the late Mohammad Shah and in the middle of Mozaffari's government had a budget deficit, due to the issuance of financial documents, numerous loans and increased expenses of courtiers and the military. Even after the Constitutional Revolution, the budget deficit became larger and more persistent. The main reason for the post-constitutional deficit was the size of the bureaucracy, numerous borrowings, the closure of parliament, financial indiscipline, and the occupation of foreign troops, some of which led to a budget adjustment in the late Qajar period.

With the Constitutional Revolution and the formation of the National Assembly, it was expected that with the approval of the budget as the most important financial document of the country, a positive change in the financial structure of Iran compared to before the Constitution is been made. The method of approving the budget was specified in the constitution, but it was confronted with many challenges and obstacles.  So the research question is what the methods and challenges of budget approval were and to what extent these methods were in line with modern budget principles and the constitution.  The findings of the study indicate that the parliament could not approve a single budget in twenty years, from the constitution to the extinction of the Qajar dynasty, in accordance with the constitution and modern budget principles.  The most important reasons for the non-approval of the budget can be included the lack of seriousness of the government in presenting the budget, the instability of the government, the interference of external factors and the closure of the parliament.  However, given the challenges they faced, the government and parliament offered other ways to approve the budget.  The first parliament was in the process of transitioning from traditional budgeting to modern budgeting, which practically followed the same method of traditional budgeting incompletely.  The government prepared an incomplete budget in the second parliament, which was not approved by the parliament, and in the third parliament, the government failed to present a budget to the parliament.  In the fourth and fifth terms, the parliament showed more cooperation with the government, and the parliament approved the budgets by the four-wall and one-twelfth methods.  The method of preparing and compiling the research is documentary and library, and with a descriptive-analytical approach, examines the challenges and variable methods of budget approval.

During the constitutional era, several peasant movements took place in some parts of the country. The land of Gilan was one of the areas where the peasants were seriously involved in the peasant movement against the lords, almost throughout the region. During the movement, the peasants took various measures to fight against the lords and benefited from the support of groups and political parties such as the civil society, the Abbasi Association and the Social Democrats of Gilan. How is the idea of constitutionalism evaluated? The hypothesis of the present study is: It seems that Armenians have played an effective role in the peasant movement of Gilan during the Qajar era by emphasizing constitutionalist ideas. The method of research in this article will be historical (inductive) and the method of collecting documentary and library information is In this way, the content will be described and analyzed. The main findings of the above study indicate that: Peasants during various stages of the movement, such as non-payment of property, quarrels and conflicts with landlords and their eviction from villages, and the formation of rural associations in this regard, the two parties Hu Nchak and Dashnak Armenians in the war The cities of Tabriz and Rasht actively and significantly influenced the Iranian constitution in two main ways: military and intellectual-cultural.

During the constitutional period, new communication tools appeared in the Iranian press. Following the Political open space of the constitutional period; caricatures were one of the tools that were used in some newspapers and publications to criticize the political and social conditions of the society. The Azerbaijan newspaper was one of these newspapers at the Azerbaijan state that used caricatures alongside the political, social, and economic articles as a novel and efficient way of conveying criticism. The use of this new tool, in addition, to attracting the audience, successfully reflected the image of the political, social, and economic problems that were inflicted on the poor strata of the society as well. The caricatures of Azerbaijan newspaper covered different topics such as the interference of foreign countries in the internal affairs of Iran, unjust actions of the rulers with the poor people, and a new concept such as freedom and the constitution. This paper uses the content analysis method, historical insight from thoughts, approaches, outcomes, and impacts of the Azerbaijan newspaper and its caricatures on the Iranian society and the Azerbaijan state during the constitutional period. Furthermore, it is for the first time that caricatures of the Azerbaijan newspaper have been chosen as the subject of an independent study.

After the issuance of the constitutional decree by Muzaffar al-Din Shah, speeding up the preparations for the formation of the first National Assembly became one of the most important concerns of the constitutionalists. The realization of this important step in the first step required the formation of the Supreme Council of the Court and the compilation of the electoral system and then the holding of elections, based on the provisions contained therein. The holding of these elections, however, faced challenges in its process. Accordingly, the leading research intends to use the method of historical research and with reference to primary historical sources, including the publications of the constitutional era, to design and answer the question of what the holding of the first elections to the National Assembly will be with. Were there any challenges?The research findings show that after the establishment of the Supreme Council of the Court and the efforts of its members to write electoral regulations and prepare for the formation of the first National Assembly, the election process as the first political experience of Iranian society in this field With challenges such as opposition and sabotage in the development and signing of the electoral system, the inconsistency of some of the provisions of this system with the political and social realities in Iranian society, the sabotage of the authoritarian government and The pro-government currents and the inefficient performance of the institutions monitoring the proper conduct of the election process were encountered.

The Southern newspaper, headed by Mohammad Baqer Tangestani, was one of the most important and influential newspapers in the constitutional period, which emphasized the realization of the power of the central government with the aim of fighting tyranny. While reflecting the chaotic years before the constitution, this newspaper considered one of the constitutional goals to be maintaining order and security and exercising the authority of the central government. The present article, via a descriptive-analytical method and through analyzing the content of the Southern newspaper, seeks to find an answer to the question: what was the necessity of withdrawing military forces from tribes and nomads from the perspective of the newspaper? The findings suggest that the newspaper, criticizing the pre-constitutional status of sectarian monarchies, considered the need to recruit and employ tribes in state military organizations as a powerful military group a step in the right direction and passed the bill in the National Assembly as a step towards He knew the stability of security inside and outside the country. This issue did not end due to financial crises in the constitutional governments, and finally with the advent of Reza Shah, the attraction of riders from the tribes remained silent.

Two of the Behbahan intellectuals who were involved in the Constitutional Revolution were AbutalebBehbahani and MirzaMoin al-Islam Behbahani. AbutalebBehbahani has spoken of lawmaking, parliament, and the constitution in his book, "The Manhajul al-Ali" or "A Treatise on the Rule of Law", and has tried to encourage and stimulate the Qajar king Nasser al-Din. Mu'in al-Islam Behbahani also addressed the political ideas of the constitutional period and afterwards with the book Miftafa al-Tamdani fi Sayyid al-Mudn, or the Keys to Advancement in Social Policy. He has studied the political and social issues of the constitutional era and concepts such as the emergence of the nation, the "national army", the "national lawyers", the reforms in Iran and the constitutional challenges after its victory. The question of the present study is what role did Abu Talib and Moin al-Islam Behbahani, the intellectuals of Behbahan, play in the Constitutional Revolution? And this research is based on the assumption that Aboutaleb Behbahani as a theorist, in formulating the principles and formation of constitutional concepts, and Mirza Moin al-Islam Behbahani as a reformer have played a key role in formulating ways to improve and reform the constitutional system. The research method used in this article is descriptive and analytical and has a qualitative nature.

The failure of the Qajar – era security agencies and organizations to act on legal standards has created a climate of mistrust with fear and concern among the citizens. Therefore, the Tabriz State Association as an institution arising from the Iranian constitutional aspiration, along with the establishment of institutions such as justice and the Appellate Court, considered the establishment of order and security an essential element of modern urban society and established the Tabriz Police Department. The present study aims at examining the causes of the formation of the “Tabriz Police Department” and comparing its performance with pre-constitutional security organizations by focusing on Tabriz, using a descriptive-analytical method and using library resources and newspapers. The findings of this study show that despite encountering numerous problems arising from the Tabriz’s eleven month resistance period and some of the misconceptions of the pre-constitutional period,Tabriz’s Police Department could perform its duties in accordance with the legal norms and avoidance of repetition in the short period after its formation and it have earned the trust of the citizens and, more importantly, helped to create an atmosphere of cooperation and mutual interaction between the people and the security and police forces.

At the threshold of constitutionalism, the place of Iran entered a new phase of change in the political, social, and cultural structure, which was very different from the previous period. The education system is one of the areas that has undergone significant changes during this period and has been transformed from traditional to modern methods. In the city of Yazd, the modern education system of the Qajar period, especially after the Constitution, experienced a growing trend following the wave of modernity in the country. This article seeks to ask what factors provided the grounds for the establishment and growth of the new educational system in Yazd. The paper states that in addition to providing social conditions for constitutionalism, Yazd Zoroastrians should be considered an influential and pioneering group in the way of the development of schools and, as a result, the establishment of a new way of teaching in Yazd. Additionally, other factors should be considered: Yazd’s trade and cultural ties with other European and Asian countries, due to the arrival of Orientalists and missionaries in Yazd; occupational emigration of Zoroastrian to India, followed by financial expansion and the establishment of educational institutions in their hometown; attracting the attention of Indian Persians to the spread of Zoroastrian religious knowledge; efforts of the rich and merchants of Yazd and some of the clergies and non-Zoroastrian religious minorities; the advent of the printing industry, followed by the emergence of newspapers and the exchange of information. Besides, the first steps in education of girls of Yazd, both in Zoroastrian girls’ schools and in missionary schools, were no exception.

Sitting on the throne by Mohammed Ali Shah Qajar increased the conflict between constitutionalists and Tyrants.  In this contention, public Tyrants were more powerful than folk liberals in terms of human forces and military equipments.  Thus in their fights, the constitutionalists sometimes selected the way of assassination. To do so, Heidar Khan Amoughlu helped them because of his rich intelligence and technical power. Beside making bombs, he often planned and implemented the operation program of these assassinations. This research aims to map the military _political situation of Azerbaijan during minor tyranny and the position of Sh.N.Marandy in civil wars using a descriptive _analytical method relying on library sources to answer the question that how the assassination of Sh.N.Marandy affected the transformations of Iran Constitutional revolution in Azerbaijan? Results of this research show that the successful assassination of Shokrallah Khan Sh.N.Marandy _of major pillars of tyranny power in Azerbaijan _ caused the break of siege in Tabriz. Consequently the important strategic road of Tabriz _ Jolfa had been opened.  Moreover this assassination provided grounds to wave the constitutional flag in northern and western cities of Azerbaijan.

The Supreme Council of the Court and Changes in the Political Structure of Iran 1906- 1921 Dr Alireza Mollaiy Tavany Abstract With the Constitutional Revolution, gradually, the Shah's vote and will give way to elite decision-making new procedures and democratic procedures in the country replaced the former methods. And individual behaviors before the Constitutional Movement gave way to collective action. It means that even the autocrats used structural changes to take collective decision- elite tic methods. One of the most well-known procedures for the decision to conquer the Constitutional Revolution up to the 1921 coup was to form the "Supreme Assembly" or "Supreme Council of Courts". The question is, at what time was the Supreme Council of the Court constructed, why, with what function? This paper attempts with historical discretion and explanation, analyzes the functions and practice of this Supreme in its fifth periods. This article's hypothesis finally, was Courts of the Supreme Council of Courts change of political structure dignified and functioned as a constituent assembly. This paper Concludes the council contained a group of politicians, agent of Assembly influential religious figures and great economic activists often, the work of the change of political structure in Iran. In fact, it became a routine for major political decisions or for a change in the political structure of Iran.

Guilan always had attracted researchers attention as one of the most important areas of constitutional in Iran. In this research is the main objective of the recognition economic problems of the urban and rural community of Guilan along the constitutional revolution. Therefore, the main problem of the research is that the situation and economic situation of the Guilan society have had an impact on the formation of the constitutional movement (between 1290 and 1327 AH). in this research, descriptive and analytical method, the main problem of the research is studied and explained. research achievement was show, the causes of the formation constitutional movement in the Guilan were internal, more than they were influenced by external factors and related to the livelihood of the population and the economic and social interests of the people of Guilan. Establishing justice, improving livelihoods and economic conditions, eliminating the oppression of state rulers and regional owners and preventing the aggression of the Russians were among the most important demands of the people of Guilan on the eve of the constitution movement which had economic roots and eventually led to the formation of constitution movement in Guilan.

Having developed and expended in Iran, the Sufis of Nematollah, who, after centuries, took the way back from India to Iranin the eighteenth century, were divided into different cults in the nineteenth century.One of these cultswas the Tarighat of Safi Ali Shahi, which not only was separated from the main body of Nematullah, but it also includeddifferent or more tangible manner in political and social approaches rather than other cults.The manner which led to deep engagement of the cult with the Qajar court, so that it could penetrate among the Qajar courtiers as well; and, on the other hand, it had aneffective role on the Constitutional Revolution.This research, using a descriptive-analytical method and based on documentary studies, tries to evaluate how and why this Tarighat was formed.Moreover, it tries to studyits approaches in the political and social scenes of Iran inQajar era, during the period of Safi Ali Shah (the founder of the tarighat), and represent its consequences in the era of his successor, Zahir al-Dawla, to achievean overview about the developing fields of the political approaches of mentioned Tarighatduring the Qajar era and Constitutional Revolution.
The findings of the research indicate that Safi Ali Shah's thought was formed during Naser-al-Din Shah's era, and his political and social approaches were gradually reflected in his work. Accordingly, he was able to get the confidence of the ruling Qajar government and by attracting the courtiers and their material and political support; hecould expand his way (Tarighat) and develop the ideas derived from his social mysticism in the community. In addition to, along with these mystical thoughts, he managed to interact and align with the intellectual and modernist circle of the society, which ultimately, led to the influence of Safi Ali-Shahi'sTaright in the Constitutional Revolution

The approval of the Legislation of municipality and its formation in some cities of Iran was one of the most consciously done actions which was taken place on the behalf of the first congress representatives and constitutional supporters for the fulfillment of social contribution of citizens for role creating in urban affairs and the manifestation of willingness and identity of people of city. Since Tabriz city enjoyed an important position over the constitutional history in the formation of civil institutions such as state council and city council. In this research, we have tried to analyze the function of Tabriz municipality and the level of its success in the fulfillment of civil goals of this institution specially facing the barriers and problems in the field of increasing the amount of social involvement of citizens in the programs of city management and fulfillment and formation of identity and mass interests and the loss of the importance of Localization discussion by using the analytic – descriptive method and by using library sources, newspapers and archive documents. The findings of this research show that Tabriz municipality failed to achieve most of its goals because of its challenge with so many extreme problems and issues. But it can be understood from the way of expressing and presenting social issues in local newspapers that the municipality along with other civil institutions created from the heart of constitution such as state council which could provide the ground of increasing the awareness of citizens toward the rights of their own citizenship by doing some cultural and social actions. By putting emphasis on the importance of social involvement of citizens in city affairs and selecting its own managers in passing Tabriz urban community from the stage of Localization into the formation of city identity, it played an important and effective role.

The purpose of this research is reviewing of Saadi's place and the extent of his influence on thoughts and the works of intellectual constitutional era with emphasis on the ideas of MirzaAqa Khan Kermani. Intellectualism that due to the more realistic attitude among contemporaries takes a different approach to study about Saadi. The importance of addressing this issue in the constitutional era, the reason is that in this era, intellectuals in addition to political and social criticism, for the first time via a modernizing approach also try to discussing on literary criticism. This study has been collected based on the historical evidences and descriptive - analytical method. This paper examines the influence of MirzaAqa Khan Kermani on Saadi's ideas, and show its imitation of Golestan book in writing Rezvan thesis (Resale Rezvan).