جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه ": kurdish" در نشریات گروه "ادبیات و زبان ها"

This article seeks to examine aspect and coercion at the predicate level and within the three syntactic layers of nucleus, core, and clause in Kurdish. Utilizing Role and Reference Grammar as the framework, the study identifies lexical aspects with inherent aspectual features at predicate level. Predicates are categorized into five types: activity, accomplishment, achievement, semelfactive, and state, based on their lexical characteristics. The other layers mainly host derivative aspects and aspectual operators. In the Kurdish language, the nucleus layer hosts three imperfective operators and one perfect operator, each of which modifies the aspectual features of the five mentioned event types. At this level, each predicate with its own lexical aspect undergoes aspect shifting due to its combination with one of these operators. All kinds of aspect shifting are triggered due to the semantic dimensions of the aspectual operators at the nucleus level. Also, the findings show that at the core level, predicates may undergo coercion when combined with adverbial items or internal arguments that have special referential characteristics; the derivative predicates (such as active accomplishments) appear at this level. This study shows that the temporal operator at the clause level also has a significant impact on the eventual structure of predicates, and the verbs at the clause level affected by the time operator may undergo coercion. All kinds of aspect shifting at this level are aimed at harmonizing the eventual structure of the verbs with the semantic dimensions of the time operator.

Ghaneh Marivani and Mohammad Mehdi Javaheri were contemporaries living during a long period of domination by the lord-serf system and as a result, the concentration of power and wealth in the feudal class and the marginalization of the serf class. Living in such a society deepened the feeling of failure and humiliation in the hearts, souls and thoughts of the two poets, because struggling with deprivation in their personal lives and observing the miserable living conditions of subordinate people left a deep impact on the poetic emotions of Ghaneh and Javaheri and turned their poems into a full-view mirror of the principles of critical realism in representing the suffering and deprivation of the lower class in the lord-serf society. The monopoly of agricultural properties and means of production in the hands of the feudal class resulted in the accumulation of wealth in the control of this class and extreme poverty and hunger for the serfs, which led to the representation of the duality of poverty and wealth in the poems of two poets and an image of the poverty and hunger of the suffering subjects. The strong economic link between the landowners and the central government and, as a result, the participation of the landowners in political affairs spread the domination of the feudal class and resulted in social oppression of the subjects who do not benefit from the socio-political status. This caused the absolute domination and unlimited ownership of the feudal lords over the lives, property, honor and fate of the subjects, which pushed the poetic content of two poets towards the representation of social oppression and the suffering of the serfs under the control of feudal lords. The ownership of the labor force as the only property of the serfs and the hegemony and unbridled power of the feudal lords caused the exploitation of the subjects by the feudal lords and their instrumentalization by the owners. This induced the parasitic image of the life of the owners as a result of the exploitation of the serfs in the poems of the two poets. The dialectical stance of Ghaneh and Javaheri in criticizing the existing situation is the result of the dialectical and contradictory social conditions prevailing in the society in which the two poets lived. In other words, the existing class conflict brought the two poets to dialectical criticism.  The socialist attitude and awareness of the Marxist point of view in believing in revolution to face class discrimination inspired the poetic content of the two poets towards revolution in confronting the class divide.

Language plays a vital role in human personal and social lives, shaping beliefs, emotions, and attitudes towards mother tongue and other languages. Linguistic attitude, defined as emotional disposition towards languages (Crystal, 1997), can lead individuals to prefer one language over another due to various social, cultural, economic, historical, and identity factors. This preference can impact language survival or decline, with attitudes towards vernacular languages crucial for their preservation. Kermanshah, a city in western Iran with speakers of Kurdish, Kermanshahi Persian, and Standard Persian, exemplifies this dynamic, where assessing linguistic attitudes influences the preservation or marginalization of languages within the community.Generally, to assess speakers' attitudes towards different language varieties, direct or indirect methods are used. However, there is a limited number of studies conducted within Iran that employ direct or indirect methods to gauge speakers' linguistic attitudes. In most studies conducted in Iran, the focus has predominantly been on the status and use of language varieties within various linguistic communities. The only internal study that employed an indirect method and Matched Guise Test is the study by Pirouzfar and Eliasi (2014). In contrast to internal studies, foreign studies mostly rely on indirect methods and utilize Matched Guise Test. Lambert's Matched Guise Test, introduced in 1960, gauges attitudes toward language variations in bilingual groups. Participants hear recordings of the same speaker using different accents or styles and rate their personality, social status, and other traits, revealing how language impacts social perceptions.

The study utilized the Matched-Guise Test to investigate the status and dynamics of Kurdish, Kermanshahi Persian, and Standard Persian in Kermanshah. A purposive sampling method was employed to select 80 participants, evenly distributed between genders and age groups (20-40 and 40-60). Data collection involved a proficient speaker recording passages in each language variety, using a neutral tone to prevent bias. The passages were excerpts from "The Selfless Farmer," lasting approximately two minutes each. Participants listened to the recordings and answered 12 questions afterward.

The findings of this study indicate that multilingual speakers residing in the city of Kermanshah have different language attitudes towards three common language varieties, namely Kurdish, Kermanshahi Persian, and Standard Persian. The average language attitude scores were 2.741 for Standard Persian, 2.613 for Kurdish, and 2.484 for Kermanshahi Persian, respectively. In this order, Standard Persian, Kurdish, and Kermanshahi Persian had the highest to lowest positive attitudes. Women favored Standard Persian over men, whereas men favored Kurdish over Standard Persian. When the effect of age on linguistic attitude was evaluated, no significant difference was observed.

Attitude towards Standard Persian: The research findings show that multilingual speakers in Kermanshah have a more positive attitude towards Standard Persian, with an average language attitude of 2.741. Persian has held a prominent position as the lingua franca in Iran since the Saffarid Iranian dynasty. This status has been reinforced by Persian's role as the language of education, media, and government in contemporary times. The longstanding historical and contemporary significance of Persian as the national intermediary and official language in Iran helps explain the favorable attitude towards it among multilingual speakers in Kermanshah.Attitude towards Kurdish: In recent years, there has been a shift in attitudes towards Kurdish language, with it being viewed more positively after Standard Persian.This change is attributed to an increasing focus on ethnic identity and local languages, particularly in regions where non-Persian-speaking groups are predominant. Historically, local languages were seen as barriers to progress, leading to their neglect and eventual replacement by Persian. However, there's now a growing pride and awareness among speakers of indigenous languages, leading to efforts to preserve their linguistic heritage. This signifies a shift from past attitudes towards greater recognition and appreciation of linguistic diversity.  Attitudes towards Kermanshahi Persian: The average language attitude towards Kermanshahi Persian is lower compared to Standard Persian and Kurdish. Kermanshahi Persian, recognized as a dialect of the Persian language, exhibits differences in various linguistic aspects from Standard Persian. Recent decades have seen a decline in its significance, marked by a decrease in its speaker population. Factors contributing to this decline include the Iraq-Iran War, which prompted migration, and the increasing dominance of Standard Persian in practical domains within Kermanshah. These reasons collectively contribute to the diminished status of Kermanshahi Persian, resulting in a less favorable language attitude when compared to Standard Persian and Kurdish. Language attitude and gender: Research indicates that women and men exhibit different language preferences and choices, with women often favoring standard and prestigious languages or varieties, while men lean towards indigenous varieties. This behavior is attributed to societal power dynamics and historical discrimination against women, leading them to adopt standard language varieties to improve their social status. In multilingual societies, women tend to gravitate towards "correct" or "prestigious" linguistic forms, reflecting their efforts to escape social inequalities. This gender difference in language attitudes was evident in the study, where men showed a more positive attitude towards Kurdish, while women favored Standard Persian (Tehran Persian), indicating significant differences based on gender. Language attitude and age: The study explores the relationship between language attitude and age, noting that behavioral patterns, including linguistic behavior, vary among age groups in human societies. Research across linguistic communities indicates that speakers exhibit distinct linguistic behavior at different ages, with patterns evolving throughout life. However, when evaluating the impact of age on linguistic attitude in this study, no significant difference was observed.

The most obvious point in the studies of Iranian epic literature is the focus of these studies on the epic works of eastern Iran, focusing on the Persian language and the Shahname, and not paying attention to Iranian epic literature in other languages and dialects. In this article, for the first time, Iran's epic literature is divided into two branches of Western and Eastern Iran in three periods: Ancient, Middle and Modern. In the ancient period, during the kingdom of Elam, Medes and Achaemenids, there has been investigations with regard to the influences of Mesopotamia and Scythian civilizations in the western branch and Avestan epic literature in the eastern branch. In the Middle period, Parthian and Sassanid epic literature has been recognized due to the unity of Avestan and Achaemenid narratives, the influence of Greek culture and the division of the time horizon of Iranian epic literature into two branches A (from Kiyomarth to Bahman) and B (from Kiyomarth to Yazdgerd). Its reflection can be seen in Pahlavi texts and Khodāynamē respectively. In the new period (after Islam), epic literature has been divided into two western branches centered on the Gurani language and the eastern branch centered on the Persian language. Each of these branches has been examined in the two main sections of Shahname writing and Shahnameseari in two Sepehrs A and B, and religious, historical, heroic-love and prose epics have been introduced throughout cultural Iran. In the approach of Persian and Kurdish language, epic literature in the neighboring lands of Iran is also mentioned.

Kurdish, like any other language, needs changed and exchange to survive and develop. However, any change in language is not acceptable and natural. The chaotic writing and speaking of Kurdish in these days, except some cases, result from the negligence of its speakers, especially the literates. Kurdish language errors are caused due to different reasons such as not having a formal and accurate reading/writing form, inability of translators and loan translation, the chaos in media language, etc. This paper dealt with the language errors created in Mukryani accent of the central dialect of the Kurdish language due to diverse reasons like inexperience of translators. This study is qualitative/descriptive research in which examples of different types of language errors as well as strategies to avoid errors in Kurdish speaking and writing. The results of this research revealed that non-professional manipulation in Kurdish language syntax is more harmful than lexical borrowing and destroys the language.

The present study deals with hiatus resolution through vowel reduction in Kurdish and Persian based on OT phonology. A collection of movies, TV series, and written texts formed the corpus of the study. In data description and analysis, the linguistic intuition of native Persian and Central Kurdish speakers were used. Based on the analysis, the authors concluded that Persian and Kurdish use glide formation through vowel reduction to resolve hiatus in certain phonetic environments. In Persian, to resolve hiatus, the two high vowels /i/ and /u/ are converted into a short vowel and the glides /j/ and /w/, respectively. In Central Kurdish, glide formation occurs in high vowels /i:, u:/ and mid-high vowels /ē:, ō:/. Glide formation in Persian is accompanied with a quantitative change in vowel /i:/ and a quantitative and qualitative change in /u:/. In contrast, glide formation in Central Kurdish is accompanied with only quantitative change in long vowels. The OT analysis revealed that the main factor driving hiatus resolution in both Persian and Kurdish is the need for an onset in syllable structure. In contexts in which glide formation occurs through vowel reduction, the active constraints in Persian and Kurdish are: ONSET, AGREE(place), MAX, DEP, IDENT(µ).

This study examines the process of incorporation in Kurdish with emphasis on recognizing the modular nature of this process in the context of syntactic-morphological theoretical debate. Noun incorporation is one of the morphological processes, in the normal case of which the internal subject of the noun is incorporated to the core of the lexical verb and causes the formation of a incorporated verb. Examination of Kurdish language data, extracted from the online Kurdish language corpus of university of Kurdistan shows that the syntactic approach cannot provide a proper explanation of the incorporation of nouns in this language; Because in Kurdish one can find examples of incorporation an external subject to a verb that violates the assumptions of a syntactic approach. Specifically, the incorporation of the external subject to the verb is considered the result of a movement in which the moving element has no government over its trace. Accordingly, the movement of the external subject towards the verb "Extension condition" violates syntactic derivations. This minimalist condition actually covers some of the limitations explained by the "head movement principle" in the theory of government and binding. Consequently, based on empirical observations and assuming the Extention condition in the derivation of syntactic constructions, it is logical to consider the incorporation of nouns into verbs in Kurdish as a morphological process, and not a syntactic one.

The common cultural similarities and contexts between Persian speakers and Kurdish speakers and their common and continuous historical experiences have led to the emergence of common cultural capitals. One of the most obvious types of these capitals is the common proverbs in these two languages. Accordingly, the authors in the present study have studied Persian and Kurdish proverbs from the dual perspective of good and evil. The research method is analytical-comparative and relies on library documents and resources. In this article, there are only examples that have equivalents in Kurdish or Persian and they are similar to each other. The results of this study show the importance of good and bad in Persian and Kurdish culture and the similarity of many common proverbs among the people of these two languages. According to this study, in the statistical population of the study, which is the total number of proverbs in the sources used, out of 52 pairs related to the duality of good and evil, only 14 were different in terms of language level and expression, and the rest were either exactly the same or They were similar. Also, the concepts of good and evil in both languages are considered as reprehensible or valuable. Most of the proverbs studied are primarily rooted in common Islamic and religious teachings, and secondly are rooted in the original traditions and beliefs of Kurdish-speakers and Persian-speakers.

This research has investigated the historical origin of the /l/ and /ɫ/ phonemes in Kurdish language (central and southern branches) within the phonological system. For this purpose, the historical origin of the /l/ and /ɫ/ phonemes has been studied along with the historical process of phonemes or clusters that change from ancient to modern period in Kurdish. The study begins with the reconstructed forms in Indo-European language, and the process of developments has been studied from Old to Middle Iranian (north-western) with examples. Then, the developments to the new period in Kurdish have been investigated. This research argues the /l/ phoneme in Kurdish in some cases is originated from Indo-European and is continuation of Indo-European *l. It shows that l- in initial context of the word in Kurdish is equal to Indo-European *l- in initial position of the word. Moreover, it indicates the presence of the -ɫ in Kurdish originates from Indo-European *-l- in non-initial context of the word and also the sequence of *t and *d in Indo-European to Old Iranian. It also demonstrates the differences between /l/ and /ɫ/ phonemes from a historical point of view and their positions in the word

In non_ typological approaches in various sources, the language used in used in Bābātāhers' quatrains has often been considered to be Lori, Kurdish and Laki. This is without paying close attention to the both dense and plural community of speakers in western Iran. Those afore-mentioned languages belong to Western Iranian languages which are themselves divided into North-western and South-western branches about whose similarities and differences there are controversies. In this article, after reviewing the literature and stating the problem, the above-mentioned languages are studied based on a typological and differentiated approach We have also tried to study the possibility of these Quatrains belonging to one of these ancient Iranian languages. This has been done with a stylistic view on the frequency of some linguistic elements such as ergative structures and verbal differentiations. Results revealed the affinity these poems show with Laki, the language spoken amongst the natives of Hamedān and Lorestan both in the present and past.

The present study aims to investigate the Ezafe construction in Kurdish (Sorani dialect) based on cognitive grammar. The nature of the methodology of this qualitative research is descriptive-analytic, and the data have been collected via the interview with Kurdish speakers. The authenticity and originality of the collected data have been approved by Kurdish speakers of this linguistic variety. Ezafe marker is considered as the invoker of an intrinsic relationship between two entities having a kind of conceptual proximity.  In a way, one entity is considered as a reference-point based on which the location of the other entity is cognitively determined. In this construction, the landmark plays the role of a reference-point to provide a mental path to the trajector as the target. The findings showed that Ezafe in this dialect is the result of the grammaticalization of a relative pronoun HYA by which the intrinsic-conceptual relation between elements is profiled in a complex sentence. It should be noted that Ezafe marker has developed from the relative pronoun HYA in Old Persian. Accordingly, this relative pronoun, as an Ezafe marker, has been gradually transformed into an element profiling an asymmetric relationship between congruent entities within a single phrase (N Ez N; N Ez adj; N Ez preposition; N Ez nominalized verb) or in a clause (predicative Ezafe and topicalizing Ezafe). Also, the results showed that Ezafe marker indicates this asymmetric relation at different linguistic levels.

The present study investigates and compares the process of vowel shortening in Persian and Central Kurdish languages based on optimization theory. Since almost the same phonological processes occur in co-type languages, despite the long vowels in Persian and Kurdish, it is expected that vowel shortening process will occur in these languages. In the present study, Phonological analysis of data showed that vowel shortening occurs in high and low vowels in both Persian and Kurdish. In Persian, three long vowels /i, u, ɑ/ and in Kurdish, two long vowels /i, ɑ/ undergo vowel shortening process. Depending on the phonetic context, in the both languages the vowel /ɑ/ can only be reduced to two short vowels /e/ and /æ/ in Persian and two short vowels /ə/ and /æ/ in Kurdish. In Persian, the number and variety of context in which long vowels are shortened is more than in Kurdish. Optimality analysis also showed that the type and order of final constraints and marking constraints on the shortening of long vowels /ɑ/ and /i/ are the same in different phonological contexts of Persian and Kurdish.

Myths express human aspirations and fears. Literary and folk texts in the depth of their thinking do not shy away from mythical themes. Myths, through their narrative function, reveal the themes of human archetype in the various contexts narratives. The narrative of the meeting and marriage of Maral and Golmohammad that this study deals with is one of the most basic parts of Kalidar. The folkloric and Kurdish narration of "Mahmoud Khan Balek and Khatun Parizad" is also one of the prominent and famous narrations in Kurdish folk culture. The problem of this research is the function of the common themes of myths that structure the above-mentioned folk narrative and excerpt. The present article looks at the mentioned texts based on the mythological approach and with a descriptive and analytical method, with the aim of explaining the mythological and thoughtful connections in the two mentioned narratives. Both narrations advance their narrative movement based on elements such as woman, water, spring, plant, moon and animal. These narrative elements demonstrate the archetypal themes such as life, life cycle, magic, horror of anime archetype and shadow control in both narratives. Based on common mythological and archetypal principles that systematize the two linguistic context and narrative structure. It is argued that the novel Kalidar, in addition to other aspects of intertextuality, is also influenced by Kurdish folk culture and its mythological and archetypal themes. The author of Kalidar has experienced again living in the horizons of Kurdish people thinking and their culture.

  The contemporary party poetry as a leader of the committed literary has intended to redefine and reconstruct fundamental concepts such as the history, consciousness, equality and reality under the umbrella of the thoughts of Marxism in order to reorder its dissident against the authoritarianism.  The spread of Marxist beliefs in Persian and Kurdish societies has led to the appearance of comparable topics while they were differed in representation method. Comparative explanation of ideological implications can help to epistemologically-aesthetically decipher of the poets works. Relying on an analytical-descriptive methodology, this study aims to explain and illustrate the reconstructed reality in the poems of Ismail Shahroudi and Abdullah Goran as the two prominent representatives of the political committed literary. Results show that despite the climatic and social differences, the presence of an ideological commitment as a prior order has led to the resemblance of the subjects of representation while they are differed in their representation method. Thus, the difference of representation of the reality in the works of the two can be considered in their contextualization or de-contextualizing of the representative subject. Shahroudi neither expresses his own lived experience or the experience of the Iranian society nor shows the signs of leftist idioms and concepts in his poems. In contrast, Goran’s expression is based on contextualization. He simultaneously refers to the lived climatic-social experience of the Kurds and the as the epistemological context puts the idioms and concepts of leftism in his poems.

Kalhori Kurdish dialect is one of the vernaculars of the southern branch of Kurdish language (Kurdish language has three branches north, central and southern) that most of its speakers live in the cities of Ivan-Gharb and Sarablah of Ilam province and Islamabad-Gharb and Gilan-Gharb in Kermanshah province. Since linguistic studies consider Kurdish to be one of the most widely used languages in Persian, the concepts, words and combinations of this language, like Persian, are derived from the relations and proportions between words, one of which is the existence of citizens in the language. Therefore, the authors of this study have lead the present research in an integrated-field study method (direct conversation with Kalhori speakers of Gilan-Gharb and Ivan-Gharb regions) and with reference to library sources (referring to authoritative books related to Kalhori dialect) and they try to answer these questions: 1- Are there any dependency in the Kurdish dialect of Ivan-e-Gharb and Gilan-e-Gharb? 2- In the Kurdish dialect of Ivan-e-Gharb and Gilan-e-Gharb, what is the relationship between the word base and dependency (function)? 3- What are the differences and similarities between the dependency in the Kurdish dialect and the other in the Persian language? One of the results of this research in terms of semantic, function, structure and music, in the Kalhori dialect clarifies the dependency is exactly similar to the dependency in the Persian language. With the difference that the frequency of the function to the subject in Kalhori dependency is higher than the preceding the function to the subject in Persian language. Another difference is the existence of dependency switcher in Kurdish, which was not found in Persian. These practical differences and alterations indicate that Persian and Kurdish, with all their structural similarities, and adaptations, are two independent languages, and addressing such small and subtle differences can reveal aspects of the two languages' independence.

Languages change is an inevitable phenomenon which may come with phonological implications. In Optimality Theory, first put forth by Prince and Smolensky (1991), language is seen as an inventory of universal violable constraints, the permutation of which might vary from one language to another. The present study aims to put forward a typological comparison among four Iranian languages of Farsi, Sorani Kurdish, Hawrami, and Kalhori Kurdish in terms of the change they have undergone in initial consonant cluster /xw/ at the beginning of certain words, assuming /xw/ as the proto-form and input. The version of Optimality Theory incorporated in this article is that of the Parallel one (McCarthy, 2008) in which the Generator can enforce unlimited number of modifications to the input. The candidates produced by the Generator, then, go through the filter of the Evaluator, consisting of language-specific permutation of markedness and faithfulness constraints.  In order to collect the data, the authors have used librarian sources as well as carrying out field study, interviewing 10 native speakers of each of the aforementioned languages. Since the study is not sociolinguistic in nature, there was no restriction on the age of the consultants. The forms elicited from these native speakers were persistent. The collected data were, then, transcribed and relevant information was extracted through a preliminary observation. It was revealed that with regard to syllables beginning with the consonant cluster /xw/, followed by a vowel, only the following combinations are valid in each of the languages. The assumed input for the three given forms below in each row are /xwa/, /xwɑ/, and /xwi/ respectively. Farsi: [xo], [xɑ], [xi] Sorani Kurdish: [xwi], [xwɑ], [xwi] Hawrami: [wa], [wɑ], [wi] Kalhori Kurdish: [xwa], [xwɑ], [xy] The above forms show the reactions each of the four language under study has regarding how much /xw/ plus a following vowel is tolerated, with Farsi and Hawrami showing no tendency to maintain the cluster, in complete contrast to Sorani Kurdish, in which /xw/ is left intact. One can roughly see the same thing in Kalhori Kurdish, with only one difference of /xwi/ changed into [xy]. The non-back high round vowel of [y] clearly has inherited features from both /w/ and /i/. In this study, the analysis of the diachronic change of /xw/ consonant cluster was conducted considering four constraints of *COMPLEX SYLLABLE, a markedness constraint against any syllable bigger than CVC; MAX(initial), which disfavors any candidate with the initial consonant deleted; MAX[round], a faithful constraint demanding that candidates should retain their round feature; and UNIFORMITY, which demands that candidates avoid coalesce. Through the analysis of the collected data from an Optimality-theoretic point of view, the permutation of these constraints was determined in each of the languages under study as follows: Farsi: Maxinitial, *CS >> Maxrnd>> Uniformity Sorani Kurdish: Maxinitial , Maxrnd, Uniformity>> *CS Hawrami: Maxrnd, *CS, Uniformity>> Maxinitial Kalhori Kurdish: Maxrnd, Maxinitial>> *CS >> Uniformity It can be deduced that except for Sorani Kurdish, these languages opt not to have any complex syllable and use the strategies of coalescence and deletion in order to prevent such syllables from being formed. This is evident in Sorani having all the faithfulness constraints crucially dominating the only markedness constraint of *COMPLEX SYLLABLE, while the same constraint is active and never crucially dominated in the three other languages. Also, Kalhori Kurdish and Farsi are the only languages in which UNIFORMITY is dominated by the other constraints, which results in validating coalescence as a strategy to be adopted so that /xw/ would be avoided. However, regardless of the strategy Farsi, Hawrami, and sometimes Kalhori Kurdish seem to adopt what these languages apparently share is their unwillingness to entirely do away with roundness. Hawrami keeps this feature at the cost of dropping the initial consonant of /x/, as a result of the faithful constraint of MAX(initial) being crucially dominated. Farsi, although merging /w/ and /a/ into [o], retains roundness. Kalhori Kurdish makes use of coalescence, forming the sound [y], which obviously borrows the roundness of the second segment in /xw/. It must be mentioned that in order to come up with a comprehensive analysis, we might need to involve more than these four constraints in some of these languages. However, to simplify the presentation of the analysis, and more importantly, to fixate on the difference these languages have in terms of constraint permutation, this article sticks to these four constraints and shows how the difference in permutation of constraints can lead to phonological systems of languages diverging from one another.

Kalhor tribe is one of the largest and most wide-ranging home-grown people of Iran throughout the history. From the study of existing and used vocabulary in the Kurdish dialect, it appears these vocabularies are of such an age that their background is in Middle Persian or Pahlavi. Some of these words have remained unchanged over time, and some have been affected by linguistic variations. This paper tries to study the structure, and the evolution of the present vocabulary in the Ivyani Kalhor dialect, using the two methods of library and field studying, in an analytical-descriptive approach. From the findings of the research, it has achieved that a part of the vocabulary has been transposed from Pahlavi to the Kurdish dialect (Avon) in terms of form and meaning. The other part is also transmitted in an identical manner, but the meaning of it has been changed. The third group is a lexical word in which the evolution of the sounds (the process of reduction, the process of increasing, the process of transformation and the dual process) has happened.

The Kurds, like other Iranian tribes, have a rich, gorgeous, and ancient oral literature. Lullabies have a significant share in Kurdish oral literature as part of folk songs. These lullabies, like a mirror, reflect corners of culture, history, and social realities. By researching this part of popular culture, many sociological materials such as religious, educational, moral, political, cultural, customs and traditions are obtained, which are in the knowledge of culture and people and familiarity with spirits and attachments. The ethnicity of the Kurds will play an important role. This research aims to examine the image of the Kurdish community and the culture of the Kurdish-speaking people through the Kurdish lullabies collected in the book "Jeanne Jean". Findings suggest that echoes of women's voices, religious beliefs, superstitions, political issues, living conditions and relationships, games, stories and anecdotes and climatic characteristics can be found. He listened to these lullabies and through them became acquainted with one of the oldest Iranian tribes.

The causative/anti-causative alternation has engendered theoretical interest within studies of argument structure at the syntax-semantic interface. The two prominanet appraoches to the syntax of the alternation, that is detransivitation and causation, do not posit distinct lexical entries for the alternation. In other words, these approaches build on the idea that one of the two alternants is derived from the other one. The purpose of this articl; however, is to show, based on Kurdish data, that there is not a derivational two-way relationship between the alternants in the alternation. Rather, it argues that both alternants are derived from a neutral single lexical entry. In so doing, evidence will be drawn from the existence of morphological variations on these alternations, verb selections and restrictions, and the contribution of prepositional phrase in relation to external argument. It will also be argued that agentivity and causativity are introduced to the structure as different projections, with the passive projecting a voice projection, while the anti-causative does not so.