جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « واکه » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

In this article, the function of simple vowels in Persian poetry and prose is described. By rethinking examples of Persian poetry, the author has shown that firstly, the phonetic manifestation of vowels in Persian poetry is twelve. Secondly, it is necessary to involve phonemes and phonemes in prosody. Thirdly, knowing these twelve vowels and how they work in prosody is very necessary for the proper teaching of this knowledge. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical, and using PRAAT software, the difference between vowels has been shown accurately. The practical results of the article are the introduction and correction of errors that occurred in the teaching of this knowledge.

Tangestan County in Bushehr province is divided into two districts: centeral and Delvar. Bolkheyr village is the central part of the rural province of Bolkheyr in Dalvar district. Bolkheyr Dialect is a variation of Tangsiri dialect (Tangestani). In this research, the aim was to investigate and describe phoneme structure of Bolkheyr dialect. To gather the needed linguistic data, this study made use of interviewing the proper speakers (informant), audio recording of the interviews, and phonetic transcription of the audio recordings. The method of this study was a mixture of field research and descriptive-analytic research using library instruments. The data gathered using the aforementioned instruments was analyzed using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). This study investigated alliteration, distribution, and features of both vowels and consonants and examined the phonemic processes and syllable structure of Bolkheyr dialect. Research findings indicated that Bolkheyr dialect includes 25 consonants and 9 vowels (6 Monophthongs and 3 diphthongs). All consonants in this dialect are aspirated. Bolkheyr dialect has two more consonants than the standard Persian: /w, ŋ/. According to the syllable meter, syllable structures of this dialect are divided into three main groups of light, heavy, and super-heavy. All in all, the representation of cv(:)(c(c)) can be used to show the variety of syllable and phonemic structures of Bolkheyr dialect. In this dialect, all syllables start with a consonant and consecutive consonants cannot co-occur in the beginning of a syllable. In addition, like Standard Persian, lexicons never end in two consonants. The most frequent phonemic processes in this dialect are assimilation, dissimilation, elision, epenthesis, metathesis, and in some cases a combination of some of these processes.

Acoustic correlates of consonantal place of articulation are numerous and varied. Burst information, onset spectra, and formant transition motion have all been implicated as the significant cues for consonant place of articulation within each labial, alveolar, and velar place category. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the transition rate of a vowel formant, which was the ascending or descending slope of the formant in CV syllables. Therefore, this analysis offered additional insights to the role of F2 transition at the onset and mid-points when serving as predictor variables. The results showed that F1 vowel transitions had an ascending slope. Increasing the value of F1 vowel transition after the releases of labial, alveolar, and velar consonants was an acoustic clue to the opening of the oral cavity and absence of obstruction/closure in the vocal tract. The statistical analyses demonstrated that only in the vowels [o, u, æ], there was a significant difference between the second formant frequencies at the two onset and the mid-points of the transition after all coronals, labials, and velars. The difference between these two variables was not significant in the other cases.

This study investigated the acoustic parameters of the fundamental frequency, first and second formant frequencies, duration and intensity in KhoramAbadi Luri vowels. 10 participants (5 male, 5 female) produced 1620 tokens, including /ɑ،y،ø،o،u،ə،a،e،ʏ،ɪ،i/ vowels. The result showed that /a/ has the lowest fundamental frequency; /e/ and /ʏ/ have the highest amount of this parameter in male and female speakers, respectively. /a/ and /i/ are the open and close vowels in KhoramAbadi Luri. /i/ and /o/ are the front and back vowels. /ø/ and /ɑ/ have the highest vowel duration amongst other vowels; /ʏ/ and /ə/ have the lowest vowel duration in male and female speakers, respectively. /e/ has the highest intensity in both male and female speakers; /a/ and /u/ have the lowest intensity in male and female speakers, respectively. Generally, female speakers have higher fundamental frequency, first and second formant frequencies and duration, but intensity is higher in male speakers.

The main purpose of this paper is to explore, on the basis of a quite extensive corpus (certain body of data) drawn from Azeri (different variety of Turkish) language, the distribution and the frequency of the syllable structures as well as the frequency of vowels in the syllable structures, in order to achieve the core and unmarked trends in the syllable structure and the more preferable syllable head in the phonological system of Azeri. According to the descriptive analysis, the CVC syllable and the CV.CV.CVC syllable were the most frequent syllable structures. The results of the vowel frequency in all syllable structure’s analysis showed that the highest frequencies were for the low vowels [ӕ, ɑ], the lowest frequencies were for the mid vowels [e, o, ø] and the high vowels [i, u, y, ɯ] are in between the two categories.

The present study investigates and explains the consonants and vowels, the syllable structure, and also the consonantal clusters in the Laki dialect of Kouhdasht. The research method is analytic–descriptive. The data in this study was collected through field study by recording the speech of speakers with an average age of 30-70 years. In addition, we have used one of the writer's linguistic intuition who is the native speaker of this dialect as well as the written sources in this connection.  The data has been transcribed according to the International Phonetic Alphabet "IPA". The results of the research indicate that the phonological system of this dialect has 27 consonants. The dialect list of vowels also consists of nine simple vowels and six compound vowels. The syllable structure in this dialect is C (C) V (C) (C). Also, in this dialect, there are no more than two consonant clusters, either at the beginning or at the end of the syllable. The research results show that in the mentioned dialect in syllable structures with one consonant in their onset, the consonants /L, ŋ, r/ cannot occur at the onset of a syllable, and in syllable constructions with two consonants at the beginning, the second consonant can only be /w/ or /y/ and no other consonant can be.

Language is a collection of voices inspiring various emotions and affections and are sketches of colors and fragrances. Undoubtedly, language is not a set of uneven and irregular voices, but an interconnected and systematic network of layers and links. Therefore, each piece of speech or text is organized through the cooperation and unity of all the different language levels. The purpose of this study is to analyze and evaluate the inspiring voices in the poems of Badr Shaker al-Sayyab. One of the essential topics to be addressed in his poems is the discussion of voices and inspirers. Jikur, is one of the talented poets who has employed voices to accompany the reader with himself. Thus, the authors sought to base the present study on the famous French linguist Morris Gramon’s theory to investigate the reading of and analyze the inspiring voices in the poems of mournful Iraqi poet Badr Shaker al-Sayyab. In this way, the signs and musical attributes of Badr Shaker al-Sayyab poems, especially vowels and consonants, are examined using a descriptive-analytical method. Reading and analyzing Badr Shaker al-Sayyab’s poems based on Gramon’s inspiring voices theory indicate that corresponding to the themes of the odes and profound influence of mournful spirit in the poet’s thoughts and language, highly frequent vowels and readings of his poems repeat these negative, dark, and tragic meaning. In other words, the results of this study indicate that inspiring voices in the poems of Badr Shaker al-Sayyab describe the physical and psychological failure of the people of his land, and phonetically, he illustrates repetitive themes of doubt, hesitation, frustration, sadness, and pessimism.

Routine verbal communication almost never occurs in quiet. Speech perception disorder in noise is one of the most common complaints of people of all ages. In our living environment, there are different types of background noise that have different masking effects. In general, verbal noises have more signal target masking. Babble noise as an interfering factor can lead to speech perception disorders. Speech phonemes are alienated into consonants and vowels across languages. These phonemes are different in terms of production and perceptual mechanism. Persian has 6 vowels /i/, /e/, /a/, /â/, /o/, and /u/. Vowels are the nucleus of the syllables and words, vowel errors can lead to disorders in speech perception process. Now the question arises as to whether the ability of vowel recognition in the presence of babble noise is influenced by age, signal to noise ratio, gender, and educational level? Also, if the above factors affect the recognition of the Persian vowel, which vowels are more vulnerable to these effects?Therefore, due to the absence of similar studies on the effect of the aforementioned factors on the recognition of Persian vowels, the present study examined the effect of age, signal to noise ratio, sex, and educational level on the recognition of Persian vowel in the fourth and fifth decades of life. This observational and cross sectional study was performed on 60 adults with normal hearing in the age range of 30-49 years with mean and standard deviation (SD) of 38.88±6.23 years old (thirty people aged 30 to 39 years old with average age and standard deviation (SD) of 33.40±2.35 years and thirty aged 40 to 49 years with average age and standard deviation (SD) of 44.73±2.33 years) from available samples. After the auditory and speech evaluation, the recognition of Persian vowels were examined in consonant-vowel-consonant syllable in the presence of babble noise in signal-to-noise ratios of 0, -5 and -10, along with  the randomized presentation of stimuli to the right ear. The purpose of the random presentation of syllables in the present study was to avoid memorizing words.Comparison the recognition score of six Persian vowels showed significant differences in three signal-to-noise ratios (p = 0.001). Also, comparison the vowels recognition scores were significant in two age ranges of 30-39 and 40-49 years old in three signal-to-noise ratios (p = 0.001). However, not found significant differences between the sexes (P= 0.991) and different educational levels (P= 0.282). Also, in three signal to noise ratios of 0, -5 and -10, the recognition scores of the front vowels were better than the back vowels. In signal-to-noise ratios of 0 and -5, the highest mean of recognition score was associated with / a / vowel and in the signal-to-noise ratio of -10 with / i / was present. Also, there was the lowest mean of recognition score in signal-to-noise ratios 0, -5 and -10 with / u / vowel. The present study showed that the average recognition of Persian vowels is affected by age, signal-to-noise ratio, and type of vowel. As the age increases and the signal-to-noise ratio decreases, the average recognition score of the vowels decreases significantly in the presence of babble noise

In the present descriptive-analytical study, the researchers investigate vowel shortening process in Central Kurdish based on the principles and methods of optimality phonology. Data analysis indicates that this process along with glide formation is used as strategies to resolve the hiatus of two vowels by speakers of Central Kurdish. Thus, the long vowels at the end of the word having two temporal and bimoraic positions are shortened when they are before suffixes ending in a vowel and thus one of their moras is released; in the glide formation process it belongs to a glide filling the position of the onset of the following syllable. Thus, the aforementioned process is conducted to preserve the temporal positions. This indicates that in Central Kurdish, the consonants of syllable onsets are moraic. Moreover, after determining the limitations involved in the formation of this process and clarifying their hierarchy, the optimal analysis of the data indicated that in Central Kurdish, the glide formation through shortening long vowels takes less attempt in comparison to other processes that are normally adopted to resolve hiatus including adding a glide, deleting a vowel, contracting two vowels, compounding a vowel, etc.

Vowels of a language can be characterized within an acoustically defined space according to native listeners’ perceptual intuition. This study investigated Persian listeners’ perception of a synthetic vowel space in which F1, F2, and F3 varied in a systematic manner. Our experimental design was based on the “Simple Target Model”. In an identification task thirty subjects heard each stimulus once in random order, and responded by choosing orthographic signs of Persian vowels. The identification of vowels depends on F1 and F2 (p

Linguistic groups have evolved from ancient Persian to present-day Persian dialects, in which phonological change and evolution are one of the most important changes in this article. It attempts to determine the phonological and semantic evolution in the book Behaghi's history is to be portrayed as one of the prominent Khorasani style prose in the fifth century. Due to the close proximity of Beihaqi's history to the Middle Persian (Pahlavi), many of the phonetic features of the Pahlavi language have been preserved in themselves, and have come to terms with such words as, obvious, paternity, and ... without any changes. The methodology used in this research was descriptive-librarian. Phonological variations in terms of: reduction, discretion, increase, integrity, and integration have shown that the greatest process of this change has been straightforward. In the evolution of the meaning of the verse in this article, the words will encounter a number of evolutionary situations. They are abandoned or, in addition to the meaning of the past, have taken a new meaning. In the semantic transformation of sentences, they are often used in their unrealistic and conditional sense and in sentences They have come to the scene

The purpose of this paper is to prove that vowel /ɔ/ is phonetically contrastive in Katuli dialect, spoken in MohammadAbad of Ali Abad-Katul in Golestan province. The research hypothesis concentrates on existence of a back round low-mid vowel in the Katuli dialect. Five old women were interviewed each separately for one hour. They were encouraged to talk about target words so that their natural pronunciations can be recorded. At last, 100 target words containing /o/, /ɑ/ and /ɔ/ vowels were gathered. The words were segmented in Praat. The steady states of vowels were demarcated by a visual examination and minimum change of the second formant. Fundamental frequency, first and second formants were measured for steady states of vowels. Formant vowel space showed that the research hypothesis worthy to investigate. F1 variable was selected as an acoustic cue for tongue height and f2 for place of articulation and lip shape. According to normality of f1 and f2 distributions for three vowels and independence of tongue height from place of articulation and lip shape, two one-way ANOVA tests for f1 and f2 of the vowels were conducted. The tests hypothesized equality of f1 and f2 means each separately in three vowels. Statistical results showed significant differences for f1 and f2 means in three vowels at ɑ = 0.05. We concluded that a phonetic distinction among /o/, /ɑ/ and /ɔ/ can be accepted in Katuli dialect. Vowel /ɔ/ Phonemic distinction was proven too, investigating its minimal pairs and phonemic distribution.

The study of syllable structure enjoys a specific significance in non-linear phonological studies. The present research, in the form of fieldwork, investigates the syllable structure in Sarhaddi Balochi dialect of Granchin based on the theory of CV phonology as a post-generative theory. It also examines the phonotactic distribution of consonants in initial and final clusters as well as the effect of the nucleus vowel of the syllable on the selection of dissimilar consonant clusters of the coda. The linguistic data has been extracted from the linguistic corpus collected in the Granchin district of Khash in Sistan and Baluchestan province. The data collection and compilation of the linguistic corpus were carried out based on the purposeful recording of speech through interviewing and recording free speech of consultants. The language consultants included 5 females and 5 males living in Granchin, who were illiterate and of different ages, between 60-80 years. The research findings show that the syllable structure of Sarhaddi Balochi Dialect of Granchin consists of one syllabic element, that is, nucleus which is preceded by maximally three consonants and followed by two consonants. In addition, the findings denote that phonotactic restrictions govern the distribution of consonants in initial and final clusters. Likewise, the type of the nucleus vowel of the syllable plays a role in selecting the cluster of the coda.

The present study is aimed to find the natural classes in final rhyme of some verses in the Holy Qur"an. Many verses in the Qur"an have the final rhymes ending in the same consonants and vowels; some others don"t have similar consonants or vowels in the final rhyme; however, they have audible beauty. The reason is that there are some phonological relations between final consonants and vowels of one verse to another. This relation can be construed as natural classes of sounds. The text corpus of the present study is comprised of all of the verses of the Holy Qur"an. Some of the key findings of the study are as follows: (1) Although the final consonants and vowels of some sequential verses were different, they can be classified as natural classes; (2) In some chapters, some verses ended in /m/ and some others ended in /n/. These two sounds are classified as natural class of nasals; (3) Natural class of sonorants comprises the most frequent consonants in Qur"an.

In this research, we investigated the glottal wave of Persian vowels, using electroglottography. In the first level, the properties of vowels glottal wave were analyzed. In the second level, the glottal wave between male and female speakers were compared. Contact quotient is the glottal wave parameter which was analyzed. Data included six Persian vowels and the glottal wave recorded using electroglottography. Speakers included four men and four women. The results showed that the average ratio of the Persian vowels contact quotient was significantly different. This result is based on the interactive approach of the linear source-filter model of speech production regarding effect of different areas of speech production. The comparison of male and female speaker glottal waves showed that Contact quotient parameter was different between men and women. In other words, men and women, in addition to the difference in fundamental frequency, showed different voice quality in speech production.

The present paper studies how the pronominal enclitics in Persian attach to the NPs ended in vowels. The main goal of this paper is revealing the underlying representation of such pronouns: how they attach to nouns ending in vowels, studying the insertion process occurred between the stem and the enclitic. After analyzing data, two hypotheses were proposed, of which one was finally confirmed. The results show that the pronominal enclitics system in Persian is a three-membered system (-m, -t, -S) revealing three singular persons. These pronouns consist of one single consonant and their plural counterparts are made by adding the regular plural suffix “- n”. Also, it is shown that the insertion of vowel between the stem and pronouns is the result of analogy with the stems ending in consonants. This process feeds the insertion of a semi-vowel.

Vowel perception occurs through the spectral and temporal information transference. Presence of temporal information in the envelope makes the speech signals perceivable, even when spectral information weakens in the synthesized signals. The present study deals, for the first time, with determining and comparing the acoustic characteristics of clear and vocoded vowels of the speakers of English and Persian languages. Ten native Persian (5 female and 5 male) and one male native English speakers produced their simple vowels of their mother tongue for three times. Tokens were of 180 Persian and 24 English phonetic samples. The vowels were then vocoded using MATLAB software and 270 Persian Vocoded samples and 54 English Vocoded samples were extracted. The waveforms, spectrograms and LPC diagrams of clear and vocoded vowels were analyzed using the Praat software. Results showed that in Persian speakers F0, F1, vowel space and duration of clear vowels were higher for females than males but the intensity was lower. Formant frequencies for F1-F3 were different across two languages. Vowel space was greater in Persian and English vowels duration and intensity were longer and lower respectively. In both languages, F0 and formants of vocoded vowels were not identifiable, and their LPC diagrams had rounded peaks with lower amplitudes. Duration of clear and vocoded vowels was similar, but intensity of the latter decreased in Persian and enhanced in English. Results showed spectral differences between vocoded and clear vowels in both languages.

Generative linguists are specifically interested in phonology as an important part of the grammar of any language. Generative phonology the beginning of which can be attributed to Chomsky and Halle (1968), has been proposed in terms of specific patterns and models over the times. The present study, in the form of fieldwork, studies phonological inventory (including consonants and vowels) of Sarhaddi Balochi dialect of Granchin (SBG) based on a generative phonological framework. It follows Burquest’s (2001) model of phonology to verify the identity of each phoneme. For this purpose, the linguistic data of Sarhaddi Balochi dialect collected in Granchin district of Khash city in Sistan and Baluchestan province is investigated. The Linguistic corpus used in the present study is mostly based on the purposeful recording of speech in the form of interview and elicitation procedures. Language consultants of this research include 10 consultants, who were illiterate and of different ages, between 60-80 years. The findings of the study show that, Berquest’s (ibid) phonological model of phoneme is applicable to identify consonant and vowel inventory of Sarhadi Balochi of Granchin. The results also denote that there are 21 consonants in the phoneme system of this dialect, including: 8 stop consonants, 5 fricative consonants, 2 affricative consonants, 2 nasal consonants, 1 trill consonant, 1 lateral consonant, and 2 glides as well as 9 vowels including: 6 simple vowels and 3 diphtongs.

The syllable is structured in every language according to the specific rules of that language. The purpose of this article is to study and describe the consonants and vowels, the syllable structure and consonantal clusters in the Hawrami language (the dialect of Hawramane Takht), one of the members of the new northwest Iranian family of languages. For gathering data, we have done and recorded an interview with five native speakers, men and women, literate and illiterate, aged between thirty and seventy for about five hours. Furthermore, we have used one of the writers, linguistic intuition who is the native speaker of this dialect and also the written sources in this connection. The research has been done synchronically and is analytic - descriptive. The data has been transcribed according to the International Phonetic Alphabet "IPA". In the end, 30 consonants and 8 simple vowels were identified. One of the other results of this research is the syllable structure in this dialect that is (C)(C)V(C)(C) in the deep structure. There aren,t more than two consonantal clusters whether in the syllable initial or final position. In syllable structures with one consonant in their onset, the consonants /ɫ/, /r/, and /ɹ/ cannot occure in the onset of a syllable. Therer aren,t syllabic consonants in this dialect and only vowels can function as the nucleus of syllable.

The present research deals with the phonetic system in Ghohroodi and Gazi dialects in Isfahan Province. This comparison is considered from phonological point of view. I have used questionnaires, interviews and personal observations for compiling this research. The data of this research have been collected from native speakers. The research methodology is descriptive; moreover, the research is synchronic since the historical changes of the language have not been studied. Regarding the result of this research, I want to refer to some differences and similarities of these two dialects: The number of vowels in both dialects is 8, the vowels / ö/ and /ü/ exist in both dialects, and the number of consonants is 22 in Ghohroodi and 23 in Gazi; the consonant /ţ/ does not exist in Ghohroodi dialect, in both dialects the syllabic structure is CVCC.