جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « existentialism » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

The use of humorous language and the thought of Existentialism are two stylistic features of Bahram Sadeghi's stories. This research deals with the stylistics of these stories by searching for a meaningful relationship between these two stylistic features and tries to show with the help of humor theories that the presence of this type of language in his stories is meaningful and is in harmony with the dominant thought in those works. What causes such a search and effort is the abundance of humor and existentialist elements in the works of this author.

The method of this research is analytical and descriptive and based on a library study in three fields of study: theories of humor, existentialism, and author's works, and searching for links between them.

Among the three existing classical theories about agency and basis of humor, that is, theories of superiority, relief, and incongruity, the latter theory is aligned with the linguistic and intellectual style of the author's works and establishes a logical relationship between the language and the central idea of those works.

The incongruity theory of humor, because it considers the factor of laughter to be the disclosure of the emptiness of events from their known conceptual pattern, has a lot of harmony with a similar disclosure in Existentialism. Therefore, the presence of the dominant element of humor in Bahram Sadeghi's story-writing style explains the existentialist thought governing most of the author's works.

Philosophy of death, one of the biggest enigmas in human history, has always puzzled human beings ever since they were created. The basis of mythology, evolution of human life in the form of immortal cycles of collective unconsciousness irrespective of time and place, is suggestive of this concern. Hence, awareness of the nature of death is reflected extensively as a thematic element in artistic and literary works. However, such cognitive re-thinking can have both negative and positive aspects. One aspect is its terrorizing effect on human life and how it drives life toward vanity and futility while another aspect is its potential for fostering the growth of wisdom, insights and moral values. Considering these contradictory aspects regarding humans’ preoccupation with death, in the present study researchers attempt to explore the attitudes of contemporary Iranians, living in a modern context, by using a descriptive-analytical method and focusing on two stories of The Leopards who have Run with Me by Najdi and Pig Bone and Leper's Hands by Mastoor. Findings suggest that Najdi has had an existentialist view on death which is depicted through his use of different voices/ characters in the story. He has also tried to represent the hidden layers of death in the lived experiences of society in its transformation from a traditional background to a modern one by utilizing a metaphoric language. Mastoor, however, looks at death with a more philosophic view and tries to reflect his concern through depicting the inner and spiritual anxiety of his characters.

Post-structuralist thinking in literature caused the production of texts that lack an sequence of actions in narrative and intentional coherence. These writings, which are called non-text, are actually countertexts that popularize counterculture, and their purpose is to combat and change the conventional standards of syntax and rhetoric, the usual ways of thinking and traditions in culture. Dark countertext  , which was invented by one of the scholars of western philosophy named Dr. Mehdi Khabazi Kenari, was created as a result of the conflicts between his tradition and western philosophy, and he tries to solve it by reproducing the tradition. Therefore, the Dark countertext is an ontological and epistemological issue that shows how the poet looks at mankind and the world and how he lives in a philosophical perspective. Philosophically, blackness in Dark countertext means ontological and epistemological darkness and ambiguity, which is produced as a result of the subject's constant skepticism . It, also, indicates unrecognizability, constant transformation and endless traces from a linguistic point of view, it refers to the non-determinism of language and denies any origin and purpose for language. In this approach, language is living and dying and is in a constant struggle of conscious and unconscious. Language refers to itself to reveal its dysfunctional nature. Words in Dark countertext have independent and temporary territory. The temporary (in) coexistence of words indicates the impossibility of thinking about reality and its expression. Therefore, with Dark countertext, the world is not felt or understood, but merely written.

Existentialism is a fledgling philosophy that emerged from the end of the 19th century, and it is the cornerstone of this school's meaning therapy. Loneliness is one of Yalom's anthropological foundations regarding the meaning of life. Loneliness is one of the themes that humans have faced throughout history and it is a meaning and concept in various fields such as mysticism and Sufism, psychology, philosophy and love. According to Yalom, the four anxieties of freedom, loneliness, death and meaninglessness are rooted in the truth of human existence. Yalom believes that in order to get rid of these four concerns, a person must create meaning and realize the truth of life, which is actually serving creation, creation and self-fulfillment. Also, in Simin's poetry, loneliness is one of the colorful manifestations that dominates the atmosphere of his sonnets. In their works and writings, both Simin and Yalom believe in fundamental loneliness and tried to solve this kind of loneliness and each of them presented specific solutions. In this research, the author aims to investigate and compare the anthropological foundations of the meaning of loneliness in the opinion of Simin Behbahani and Ervin Yalom, using descriptive-analytical method and library tools, and answer the question whether the theme of loneliness in Simin's poetry is the same as the fundamental loneliness of Yalom? And what is the solution for these two to solve loneliness and get rid of anxiety and worry in life?

Although humanism is one of the main approaches of existentialism, and human has the meaningful place in this philosophical tendency, one of the main concepts of existentialism is the other; This concept, as a being who is aware of his existence too, has been enormously reflected in literature. The results of this study showed that the concept of the other is significantly reflected through tow main approaches in the poetry of Shams Langroodi, one of Iran's most important contemporary poets. The poet in his negative look toward the other, with topics such as threatening and limiting the freedom and possibilities of the other, domination, turning in to mass or perceive the other as a mass, and falling off from the authentic I-you relationship to I-it, reflects a set of concepts which can be found in the opinions of some existentialist thinkers, and in general, is a pessimistic look, and in the other hand, in his humanistic and optimistic approach deals with the central and meaningful presence of human, which leads to and authentic I-You relationship, and even has a profound effect on the way the phenomena unfold. From the numerous examples it can be argued that both concepts can be regarded as the main existentialist concepts of Shams Langrood's poetry.

Existentialism is one of the most important contemporary philosophical currents, widely reflected in literature; situation, Boundary Situations and death are major existential concepts. In this paper, the reflection of the above concepts in the poems of Shams Langeroodi was surveyed. The results and numerous examples show that firstly, these concepts were reflected to a great extent in the studied poems; secondly, these concepts were reflected through artistic logic and poetic arrangements; and thirdly, some approaches and subdivisions can be seen among the results. Four existentialist approaches to death can be seen among the poems, which are, in order of frequency, as follows: 1. Death as a phenomenon that causes decay, ending, and termination 2. Death as a fact and as a boundary situation. 3. Death and anxiety 4. Death and absurdity and futility. Among Boundary situations, suffering is the most significant. The poet has reflected on the concepts from a variety of perspectives, and therefore the existentialist approach of the poems cannot be fully traced back to a particular thinker.

All humans may attempt to evade their mistakes and justify their deeds with different tricks. One of these ways that have a philosophical and ontological root is “bad faith”. In the twentieth century, the French philosopher Joan-Paul Sartre introduced this philosophical concept in his book Being and Nothingness. This concept is one of the fundamental bases of existentialism school but we can discover it in a literary work of hundred years ago, The White Devil, a famous play by John Webster in England too.

Background of the study:

The main theme of the White Devil and other plays by John Webster are women in society besides family problems. Though these pictures are painful and agonizing, they give perpetual magnificence to his works (Clark). Cecil believes that this play is the study of sin in the world. The main characters in this play are sinful devils but disguised as white devils which are more dangerous than the real devils. Bogard mentions that Webster discusses the origin of life through the depiction of corruption not only in the court but also at higher levels in society. Also, he wants to illustrate the religious corruption in the Renaissance. The missing point in these studies is the “bad faith” that is ignored and we couldn’t find any research about that. Both Sartre and Webster pay attention to this issue from various countries, nationalities and even far eras in two different fields of study which proves its importance. So It sounded necessary to do a comparative study related to both of these fields and scrutinize the topic.

Methodology :

Sartre defined “bad faith” as hiding the truth from oneself, a truth that is related to existence and being. It is somehow synonym with “self-deception”. For a liar to successfully lie to the victim of the lie, the liar must know that what is being said is false. To be successful at lying, the victim must believe the lie to be true. When a person is involved in “bad faith”, the person is both the liar and the victim of the lie. So at the same time, the liar believes the lie to be false, and as victim believes it to be true. So there is a contradiction in that a person in “bad faith” believes something to be true and false at the same time. Sartre observes that “the one to whom the lie is told and the one who lies are the same people, which means that I must know the truth in my capacity as a deceiver, though it is hidden from me in my capacity as the one deceived”, adding that “I must know that truth very precisely, to hide it from myself carefully”. So all the levels happen freely to ignore the truth just like whatever the main characters do in the White Devil to justify their victims.

Main characters with the help of “bad faith” consciously change their being from “being for itself” as a free human to an aimless “being in itself” like any inhuman like rocks and air. The present article explores these characters through the theory of “bad faith” and examines the effect of this attitude on the decline of their beliefs. As they deny their freedom, attempt to lie to themselves, and consciously cling to “bad faith” to justify their crimes. All these characters fall into the abyss of absurdism and overthrow. Ultimately, this research proves that the only way to save all human beings and these personalities in this play, as Sartre states, is to change the mindset, believe in freedom, take responsibility for one's actions, transcend, and be self-aware.

According to intellectual and social atmosphere, poets' encounter with death has been different in each period.In the contemporary period, modern poets, especially the new wavepoets, have been influenced by modernism and existentialist philosophy.Therefore, the main question of this research focuses on explaining modernist and ontological contexts of thinking of death and its manifestations in New Wave poetry.The descriptive-analytical method of this research enables the researchers to first examine the modernist elements and opinions of famous philosophers – notably Socrates, Plato, Heidegger, Sartre and Blanchot – about "death” and then classify and analyze the modernist-existentialist manifestations of death thoughts in New Wave poets. Findings indicate that new wave poets understand death as an ontological phenomenon.Therefore, as in pre-modern poetry, there is no mystical, fateful, or even Khayami type of death thought. Also, while Ahmadreza Ahmadi, Bijan Elahi, Hossein Rasail, Mahmoud Shojaei and Hoten Nejat have more individualistic and modernist tendencies in the face of death, in Javad Mojabi, Shahram Shahrokhtash, Mohammad Reza Aslani, and Bahram Ardabili’s poetry, ontological-modernist tendencies of death-thought are manifested along with a mixture of social concerns and unsettled political conditions; in addition, in Parviz Islampour and Hamid Irfan\s poetry, political suffocation and lack of freedom have led to death thoughts and, hence, modernist individualistic tendencies are placed in the background.

Existentialism means "authenticity of existence" or "primacy of being". This school was founded by Soren Kierkegaard in the 1830s, although its backgrounds were already in use. The primacy of being on nature, responsibility, freedom, apprehension, choice... is a feature of this school. In Existentialism, human is stranger, because it is not been made of nature. He does not have innate features and creates his own nature. The first purpose of existentialism is a stranger man, because he is not made of nature. They are left in a place that is neither of their genders nor made for them. The first purpose of existentialism is to make a man aware of his identity and make him responsible for his own existence and the existence of all human beings. He must make his own destiny with free choice. Existentialism in Iran in the 1940s and 1950s fell on Sayyed Ahmed Fardid and Ali Shariati's efforts. Mostafa Mastoor is one of the famous contemporary story writers. His first literary work, The Two Eyes of Wet House, in 1369, and his first story, Love on the Pavement, was published in 1377. In Mastoor's stories which mostly result in Soren Kierkegaard's faith thoughts especially Kiss the Lovely Face of God and Pig’s Bone and Leper’s Hands, and some of the existentialism features such as the authenticity of existence, loneliness, lust, anxiety, pessimism, and so on which are discussed in this article.

Existentialism is one of the most important philosophical and literary schools in the world, in which the human person is recognized as a conscious agent and in the experience of existence and also the touch of the meaning of existence, he directly faces the truth of existence, the emptiness of his life. understands Ontology or existentialism talks about man and his originality and emphasizes the priority of existence over nature and knows everything from that man. Also, examples such as human responsibility, human individuality, the vastness of the world, apprehension and anxiety, freedom, loneliness, isolation, and border situations are clear and obvious manifestations of the philosophical school of existentialism, which are found in contemporary poetry and in the poems of Akhwan. Third are also used. The Third Brotherhood lived in a period when existential thoughts influenced his works, and in fact, this poet's thought interacts with Sartre's thoughts. In this research, which was compiled using a descriptive-analytical and library method, it is possible to get an image of the school of existentialism in this poet's poetry and realize the mutual connection between her thoughts and Sartre.

The purpose and aim of this study and Review was to investigate and analyze ode called of Altlasm Elia Abu Madi, based on the school existentialism; School and ideas that shaped and influenced many contemporary Arab poetry, especially on Elia Abu Madi had. In fact , this article tries to study and careful analysis of Altlasm ode , the theme of existentialism like death , absurdity , alienation , anxiety , fear , anxiety , feelings of futility and confusion and frustration and perplexity at this piece of poetry show the impact of this philosophy and literary works on the mind and thought of Elia Abu Madi appear ; This research method is descriptive method and based on the analysis of the themes of existentialism in the Altlasm ode , explanations about life in Elia Abu Madi and also features an elegiac poem will be presented Altlasm - - -

Nowadays, despite the advancement of vehicles and communication methods such as the telephone and virtual space, modern human experiences loneliness more than ever. Psychology has emerged as one of the necessary fields related to human beings and their mental problems to explain and treat this feeling of loneliness and has presented several treatment methods. Some psychologists, including Irvin D. Yalom, suggest existential therapy. Existential therapy is not a treatment method but a philosophical approach that affects counselors' and psychotherapists' work styles and performance.As a modern and possibly postmodern poet, Adnan Al-Saegh has expressed the state of human life in the contemporary period in some of his poems; Sadness, displacement, war, distance from the homeland, and loneliness are the most frequent in his poems, especially since the poet himself has experienced the taste of exile.In this essay, the authors have analyzed some of Adnan Al-Saegh's poems in the field of types of loneliness and ways to treat it with Ervin Yalom's existential approach; First, the poems are described with a descriptive and analytical method, and then they have expressed the similarities between the treatment methods of Ervin Yalom and Adnan Al-Saegh. The theme of loneliness in most of Adnan's poems is related to existential loneliness, which is more frequent than inner and interpersonal loneliness. In the same way, the methods of treating existential loneliness in his poems, such as taking refuge in fantasy and dreams, and turning to love and seclusion, have been manifested more in Adnan's poetry. These kinds of poems have helped the poet overcome this inevitable loneliness and provided his audience with clues and signs to curb this loneliness. In this sense, the current research can confirm the role of art in the field of therapy and help researchers in the field of art therapy.

although the philosophy and literature each other belong to the other branches of scince and art and this two branchs have a different purpose when literature have a aesthetic fiction and philoshophy fallow the discovery of knowledge but have a some relation between these two. Literature some time be Reflection of philosophical concepts and poets for a thematic richness of his arts embellish poems with a philosophical ideas.in the other hand poets as a Thoughtful people, bring his philosophic point views in his poems. In this article in addition to above topics, will discuss about shafii kadkanis philosophic point views. And will try bring his view of points about man, existence, meaning of life, determinism and authority, philosophical release and some other related topic. In the end we came to the conclusion that this point views result to the richness of his poem.This thoughts widespread in Shafii kadkani poems and who bring thoughts about humanism, existance, freedom and etc in his poems that shows his existentialist Thoughts.

Existentialist is one of the philosophical schools and means the originality of existence or the primacy of existence over nature, which left a great impact on literary currents. The main foundations of this philosophy are the primacy of the nature, individuality, freedom, endurance, excellence of the world, frustration, despair, vanity, sadness, loneliness and depression.. Considering the socio-political situation in Iran in Shahrivar 1320 and the relatively open space for challenging these ideas and the prevalence of translated works from this period, many contemporary poets and writers of literature, were influenced by this idea.That Sohrab Sepehri and Akhavan Sales were of those who were influenced by this idea during a part of these literary creation. Therefore, this study intends to study and analyze philosophical ideas in the poetry of Hajm Sabz System and in Zamestan System. In this research, based on library studies and philosophical analytical method, the author has tried to collect materials and prove his theories, and by examining the poems of Hajme Sabz and Zamestan , has come to the conclusion that they have seen the themes of existentialist philosophy with intensity and weakness in these poems of these poets. 

Existentialism is a philosophical school that has found expression mostly in literary works, including novels and plays. This school was first founded in Germany by Kierkegaard in the 19th century, then it made its way to France and Jean-Paul Sartre spread it. The principle of this school is based on the absolute freedom of man and the elimination of necessity, in such a way that man is responsible for his own destiny. This school, like many other schools of thought, found its way to Iran and the works of Iranian authors. One of the contemporary writers who is influenced by the traces of this school in his works is Mostafa Mastoor. This research first deals with the theoretical debates about the school of existentialism and its influence in Persian literature, as well as its components, and then examines and analyzes those components and two works of Mostafa Mastoor’s works. It is also an attempt to clarify that this philosophical school is one of the most used philosophical schools in literature due to its emphasis on "man". The fictional characters of Mostafa Mastoor are disillusioned and isolated ones, people who share the same characteristics in all the works related to this philosophical school, which are present in the literary masterpieces of the existentialism school.

Existentialism is one of the most important branches of contemporary philosophy, which, like all schools and terms that emerged in the twentieth century, incorporates a variety of ideas and works. The common denominator of all existentialist thinkers is their opposition to transcendental philosophies. Unlike transcendental philosophers, existentialists consider cognition to be possible after the existence of an object and consider the existence of an object unnecessary. The non-necessity of human existence gives them freedom, but according to existentialists, men are responsible to create meaning for their absurd and meaningless existence with the help of the freedom. They use literature to form their ideas and explain their existentialist beliefs in the fictions. Existentialist fictions are similar in form to other modernist works. Absurdity, commitment, finding meaning of life, dichotomy of good and evil and blurring of boundaries between them, conflict with religions, ideologies and traditional values and the desire for freedom are the most important themes of existentialist literature. This school of thought had a great influence in Iran during Pahlavi regime. In this article, four modernist novels of that period; Bufe Kur, Yakolia and her Loneliness, Malakut, and Shazdeh Ehtejab, are examined from the perspectives of existentialist literature. We examined three existentialist themes: nihilism; dichotomy of good and evil or God and Satan; alienation and self alienation, in chosen novels. By this division, we obtained a line of thought and came to the conclusion that the metaphysical view of the first three novels does not continue in Shazdeh Ehtejab and viewpoint of Golshiri becomes social. Also, the nihilism of previous eras fades, and the characters in Shazdeh Ehtejab try to create meaning for their lives to escape emptiness. Also we found out that the main characters of all four novels are involved in an epistemological crisis. They all try to find an identity for themselves in the conflict with their society: some are resolved in social norms and values, others find their individuality however they are rejected by society.

Existentialism is an intellectual-philosophical current that considers man as the center of existence, in which man, with all his existential and mental dimensions, is confronted with various problems, especially ontological problems. Albert Camus and Sadegh Hedayat were among the authors whose components of the school of existentialism are found in some of their stories. The present article uses analytical-comparative method to study the principles and features of existential philosophy in Albert Camus' alien novel and the story of Sadegh the stray dog. The results of this study show that most of the components of the school of existentialism are present in these two works, explaining that some components such as "loneliness" and "nostalgia" are more prominent in the story of the stray dog, some components such as "Meaninglessness and emptiness" and "pessimism and skepticism" are stronger in the alien, and some components such as "hope and despair", "determinism" and "mortalism and suicide" are exchanged in both works.

Being, time, and existential phenomenology are concepts which can indicate the existentialist reflections of literary works. In this paper, the reflection of these concepts in Shamse Langroodi's poetry is examined. The results show that these three major existential concepts are strongly reflected in his poems. He, along with observing artistic logic, also reflected his existentialist concerns. Other related concepts which can be found beside these central concepts in the poems include: the primacy of being over nature, world, being-in-the-world, temporality, historicity, intentionality, and hermeneutics. Given the fundamental concepts of existentialism in Shamse Langrood's poetry, one can claim that there are some existentialist approaches in his poetry and expect other major existential concepts to be reflected.

Psychological critique is one of the main approaches to dealing with literary works. The author's psychoanalysis, the study of the psychological characteristics of the characters, and the psychoanalysis of the readers are the main practical fields of this type. For the critic of psychological criticism, there is no limit to the use of different schools of psychology. For this reason, there is less of an approach in psychology that has not been used. The existential school is a stream of psychological studies that was influenced by existentialism in the second half of the twentieth century and soon became one of the most important branches of mental analysis. From this psychological point of view, death, freedom, loneliness and emptiness are the most important human concerns that the quality of subjects' confrontation with these concerns is the cause of their health or mental disorder. Given that in recent decades’ attention to existential concerns in the creation of works of art and literature has been given special attention, and that existential psychology is the main basis for the use of the existentialism in people's lives. In this article, by using a descriptive-analytical method has been made an attempt to examine the use of this psychological approach in a critical study of literary works, especially the literary type of the novel. The results show that the issues of death, responsibility, choice, loneliness, emptiness, originality and suffering are the main issues that should be considered in the critique of psychology with an existential approach.