جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "اتحادیه اروپایی" در نشریات گروه "علوم سیاسی"

The relationship between Iran and European nations has experienced many ups and downs over the past two centuries. During the Cold War, Iran’s affiliation with the Western Bloc and the general congruence of policies led to an expansion in these relations. However, the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979 brought about significant shifts in its political orientation, particularly in its foreign relations with the West. This resulted in a period of notable decline in Iran’s relations with the European Union. The current state of their relations does not match the potential of the two sides. This situation is attributed to a combination of fundamental issues and fabricated barriers, such as the influence of the United States and Israel. Overcoming these challenges hinges on the steadfast commitment of both. In this context, the utilization of their broad economic, political, cultural, technological, and security capabilities can foster collaboration and improve their mutual ties. This paper, while pointing out the obstacles in the path of fostering relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the European Union, seeks to present a geopolitical solution to overcome them.

This paper is part of applied and problem-solving studies. Its research method is “descriptive-analytical” and the data, in addition to documentary sources, have been collected from interviews with relevant experts. Also, the method of data analysis is based on the authors’ inferential analyses, which, by considering the factors affecting relations (especially the obstacles to the development of relations), examines the strengths, weaknesses, advantages, and limitations of Iran and the European Union in different areas. After explaining the mutual needs, the areas of appropriate relationship development based on common interests and within the framework of a complementary strategy have been described.

An examination of the relations between Iran and the European Union in recent decades shows that although in some periods and cases, we have witnessed the development of their relations, there have been many ups and downs and their relations have been tense and even critical at some times (including today). Various factors influence the current situation, the most important of which are political and cultural. However, given the different value-based, cultural, and normative contexts, the unresolved issues will prevent the further development of relations. In this regard, we can refer to the differing viewpoints of the two actors on issues such as human rights, terrorism, democracy, and regional developments, particularly the issue of Palestine. On the economy, although there are multiple contexts and mutual needs for the development of appropriate relations, including in the energy sector, we have not seen any progress in relations due to various reasons such as the heavy shadow of political issues, interventions by third parties, and sanctions. Regarding security, it is necessary to note that Iran has a unique geopolitical position and is a country that always plays a prominent role in global equations. The European Union is also seeking to consolidate and strengthen its position and become a major international power, and in this path, it prioritizes a “geopolitical approach over a normative one”. Therefore, although Europe and Iran do not have common interests in some areas, they do have shared security threats. In general, it can be said that the current situation of relations from a political, economic, and security perspective is not only not in the interest of either party, but also poses threats.At present, Iran and the European Union lack a strategic relationship. Despite the ongoing conditions and regardless of the prioritization of the impact of effective factors in their relations, each of them has geographical and geopolitical advantages and limitations. The examination of these reveals the mutual need for the development of appropriate relations. Considering this inescapable reality, the importance and necessity of creating a pattern and process of participation and cooperation on a strategic scale become evident.In the framework of this study's proposed strategy, known as “complementarity”, the two sides can act as complementary units of each other and address their respective needs. Based on this, some advantages and capabilities of the European Union and its members can meet Iran’s needs, and vice versa. In this way, a kind of complementary cycle and process can be created between the parties. This complementarity can occur in economic, political, security, cultural, scientific, and media fields.Therefore, the position of the European Union in the international system and the regional and strategic role of Iran have created requirements for establishing a proper and comprehensive relationship. Despite the existing obstacles to developing relations, common threats such as terrorism, drug trafficking, organized crimes, migration, war refugees, and also mutual needs in areas like energy, trade, transportation, investment, technology, and sustainable security can pave the way for reducing and resolving misunderstandings, ambiguities, and tensions. This can lead to the formation of constructive relations within the framework of a long-term strategic agreement in various political, economic, cultural, and security fields.In conclusion, although the negative political factors significantly influence the relations between Iran and the European Union, both can settle the problems, improve the situation, and even develop strategic-level relations by desecuritizing issues, adopting a geopolitical approach, and designing their relations based on a strategy of complementarity.

The purpose of this article is to make a comparative study of the determinability of the human rights component in the practical orientations of the European Union's foreign policy towards Iran and Israel.

This research is based on a descriptive-analytical method and relies on the documents of institutions accepted by the European Union to achieve the objectives of the research.

Research findings show that the European Union defends human rights in spite of its claim, the declared policies and the actions they have are conflicting And the European Union uses the category of human rights as a tool to achieve political goals in relation to Iran And in connection with Israel, despite the multitude of human rights resolutions issued by international institutions against Israel, economic interests, security, development and technology have always been important, and human rights have been destroyed in practice.

One of the determining components in the external relations of the European Union, according to its declared policies, is the protection of human rights. Following the establishment of the Commission and then the United Nations Human Rights Council, the European Union declared its support for these international human rights bodies and considered the decisions of these bodies as a criterion for the direction of its foreign policy.However, the union's material, ideological, and strategic interests in preventing it from taking tough practical positions toward Israel, despite numerous human rights resolutions, and putting pressure on Iran in return.

Mr. Rouhani's plan for moderation as the president of the 11th and 12th governments, along with interactive and flexible approaches, was welcomed by the EU countries, and with the start of the nuclear talks that led to the nuclear deal, a new chapter of cooperation and Opened interaction with the European Union. Assessing the relations between the parties from the period of 1392 until now shows that all the factors and variables of the discourse in the foreign policy of Mr. Rouhani's government towards a kind of realism in the sense of understanding the international scene and acting based on the country's interests and capacities and avoiding They have played a role in ideologizing issues and improving relations. In the framework of constructivist theory and content analysis, this article intends to explain the effective elements of Mr. Rouhani's government's moderation discourse that have influenced relations with the European Union. All the elements of this discourse evoke approaches to de-escalation and interaction with the world and presenting a responsible and committed face to international laws and regulations, which, by raising these issues, fundamentally changes the EU's belief in the Islamic Republic's foreign policy. Iran was created and shifted foreign policy and bilateral relations from past confrontational approaches to engagement and detente.

Qatar's remarkable economic growth in the last two decades has transformed it from a small, non-influential country into an effective player in regional and global level. Qatar's new approach to achieve economic diversification and sustainable development, especially after the Arab Spring, has led Qatari policymakers to exploit the capacities and experiences of other countries. In this regard, Europe is an important partner for Qatar. This article aims to examine Qatar's relations with the European Union based on current and future Qatari priorities and interests, from the perspective of bilateral and region-to-region relations. The main question is, what are Qatar's foreign policy priorities for developing relations with the European Union? This study hypothesizes that the Qatar's main priority in expanding relations with the European Union is to develop socio-economic relations. By using the descriptive-analytical approach, it was concluded that, Qatar's defense-security reliance on the United States and its efforts to achieve economic diversity and sustainable development have led Qatar's foreign policy priorities in relation with the EU, toward socio-economic interactions. This approach has made the European Union the largest exporter of goods and services, the most important supplier of modern technologies and, most importantly, the supplier of the diversification necessaries for socio-economic development of Qatari society.

Iran's nuclear activities are one of the most important challenges that have overshadowed the relationship between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the European Union. This article examines the European Union's approach to Iran's nuclear program. So the main question in this article is why the European Union has not supported the US option of "use of force" in dealing with Iran's nuclear program? And in return, has it followed an approach? The temporary implication of the article is that the European Union, by rejecting the option of using force against the United States, has replaced the diplomacy approach with severe sanctions on Iran and brought the United States with it. In this regard, the findings of the study indicate that the implementation of prostitution, economic sanctions and comprehensive sanctions and support for the issuance of anti-Iranian resolutions by the "Security Council", in full coordination with the United States has been considered by the European Union. The data collection method in this research is based on library method and research method is descriptive-analytical method.

Central Asian energy reserves have drawn the attention of important international actors. However, the creation of security of energy transmission routes and its supply to improve the efficiency of industry and economy arches are among the main concerns of these actors. Narcoterrorism, or in other words, threats from drug traffickers in Central Asia have caused serious security problems in the area. By the descriptive-analytical method, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of narcoterrorism on EU energy security and collected information from library sources. The main question of the article is, how is EU energy security threatened by narcoterrorism? And what is the most important EU strategy for securing energy in Central Asia? Research findings indicate that in order to strengthen forces and buy weapons, extremist groups in Central Asia have used drug trafficking as a continuous source of income, and created serious problems for security of the region. On the other hand, through initiatives such as cooperation with the European Council, NATO, the Organization for European Cooperation, in order to secure the transmission route of Central Asia to Europe, EU reaction in the face of these threats has not been effective.