جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « پارادایم » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

Poverty is a pervasive problem that impacts various aspects of human life and is caused by a range of factors. To address this issue effectively, a practical and scientifically-sound approach is necessary. However, in Iran, a homegrown theory for tackling poverty is lacking, which some experts attribute to the ineffective nature of social research in the country. We believe that one of the main reasons for this non-scientific approach is the absence of a coherent paradigmatic framework in these studies. By critically examining the methodological and paradigmatic frameworks of poverty studies, we can identify their shortcomings and gradually move towards a more scientific and effective approach. In this study, we focus on social studies of poverty in Iran, which have primarily relied on a positivist framework. Through a methodological and paradigmatic analysis, we aim to demonstrate that these studies have certain limitations, such as pre-determined results and a lack of value neutrality, which are fundamental attributes of positivist research. Our findings can help move social research in Iran closer to the goal of achieving more scientific and effective outcomes.

 Due to the dysfunction of mainstream media in Iran after the advent of cyberspace, this article raises the question of whether a new paradigm has emerged in the field of media that has changed the requirements of media policy and planning? The premise of this study is that with the advent of cyberspace, a new paradigm has emerged in media policy-making that has affected all media, but instrumentalism is a veil to see. In this research, three methods of library, phenomenology and Thematic analysis have been used and in-depth interviews have been conducted with 25 active media experts in the two fields of mass media and cyberspace who have been selected by snowball sampling method. In the research findings, by extracting 64 themes of the paradigm governing cyberspace, it is shown how the communication space is confronted with the new grammar of media, including "dominance of authoritarianism over task-orientation, transition to maximalist and absolutist media, multimedia biology and de-publicization of news." "Minimizing the structure of the media and end of the domination of pyramid-shaped structures, changing the approaches of message management, here and now the content and change-seeking and responsiveness." The results show that cyberspace is the result of the accumulation and historical continuity of the biological paradigm of Reformation and the resulting intellectual divergences and has significant effects on the structure of media and media competition indicators, and these paradigmatic effects are a review of our understanding. Has necessitated communication theories.

The aim of Thomas Kuhn in writing “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions” was to prepare an analysis in the field of the philosophical history of science and to explain the changes and continuity of scientific institutions. He studied physics at Harvard University but he was more interested in philosophy of science history. Kuhn’s mind was deeply impressed by Alexandre Koyre´, Max Planck, and James Conant, also his interest in hermeneutics was motivated by Ludwig Wittgenstein and Stanley Cavell. This book which was really innovative in its own time (1969s) brought about some important concepts that most frequented ones would be “paradigm” and “scientific community”. For Kuhn, the relations between these two concepts had an important role in the development of the sociology of science. Perhaps it could be said that the same as Kuhn was influenced by his predecessors, his posterities were impressed by Kuhn in their views in the field of sociology of science.

The present article seeks to analyze the basic patterns of modern management and to provide a comparative model of Islamic management based on the global foundations of management philosophy. To this end, first the global model of producing management paradigm was explained, then the following Islamic principles were applied to obtain a specific adaptive model of Islamic management. During the research process, the philosophical paradigms of modern management were first extracted and categorized from international sources. The findings of this classification show that the ontological paradigms of ontology and epistemology coexist in most management schools and are the basis for distinguishing different management schools from each other. Also, this systematic classification can lead to the extraction of a comprehensive global model for the production of the management paradigm. The research method in this research is comparative. Comparative study is in fact a method of study that puts phenomena together and analyzes them in order to enumerate the points of difference and similarity. Finally, Islamic ontological and epistemological foundations were comparatively placed in a paradigmatic model and a specific paradigmatic model of Islamic management was extracted. This model is formed based on the creation-divine ontology and the divine-theological epistemology.

Acquisition of philosophy and its related conceptual system are considered necessary for carrying out of a social research. Indeed, in every scientific era, the subject and features of a specific science has been much more determined by ontological mechanism, then exploration, description, explanation or even analysis or prediction will be possible. The nature of reality and the objects that we can know more, are the main ontological questions. Investigation of “Existence” is considered as the heart of ontology. It also determines assumptions representing social research approaches considering reality. Essentially, ontological and epistemological paradigms available in every scientific approach as its paradigm foundation, directly represent the specific science and its methodological features.Thus, using a paradigm approach, the present study, characterizes Iranian sociologists Research ontological orientation in term of the logical process of science generation into positivism, interpretation and critical sciences and then describes these sociologists’ conceptual system. Discovering and analysis of the sociologists’ research ontological presumptions both reveal the directions of science generation through social realities, and offers comparison within the current ontological paradigms over sociological research. It is suggested that in addition to identifying the sociologists’ scientific identity, challenges related to their research paradigm foundations be understood.

The present research conducted upon the logical foundation of qualitative research. In this line, we have applied interpretation approach and interrogative strategy. The current article results have been collected by using directed content analysis through criterion sampling and document review of interviews contents, including 55 scientific samples related to 6 participants of the study.

The results show that the interpretation paradigm has been dominated in the Fayaz, Mohadesi and GhaneiiRaad’s research ontological, while in the AzaadArmaki, RafiPour and Chalabi’s research ontological, the positivism paradigm plays the key role. But, there is no single and discriminative discourse border among the scientific research, and for describing these scientist’s thought combination of paradigms must be addressed.

Practical directions toward research and investigation about social world mainly depend on theories, approaches and strategies carried out by a researcher. Social researchers are encountered with many options that force them to apply different research strategies, which consequently results in different outcomes and findings. It is supposed that these above mentioned variables are determined by the researcher ontological approach.The present study was trying to find out the Iranian sociologist’s ontological paradigm and then their conceptual system. The study results show that the selected researcher ontological approaches are different in term of positivism, interpretation, critical approaches, however, deep analysis demonstrated that this ontological bordering is not so stable. Indeed, the findings reveal paradigm combination among AzaadArmaki, GhaneiiRaad, RafiPour and Mohadesi’s sociologically studies. So, drawing out a distinctive ontological border among these sociologists or even their own single research is not so easy. That resulted in disorder to addressing the dominant ontological approaches over the Iranian sociologists' studies.

Application of the agent-based modeling in analyzing population issues has attracted the attention of demographers, and the status of demography in deeper understanding of population trends has been improved. The aim of this paper is to review the evolutionary path of demography from the beginning to the emergence and usage of the agent-based modeling in population studies. The literature review revealed the inability of demographic paradigms in connecting the micro and macro levels as one of the main limitations in the analysis of complicated demographic issues. Today, the agent-based modeling is of particular importance among demographers due to development of mathematics and production of powerful software and processors. Policy making based on the agent-based modeling is an efficient approach with the ability to analyze the micro- and macro-level relationships, increaseing the likelihood of achieving the goals pursued by macro policies. By reviewing the evolution of different paradigms and expressing the need to use the agent-based modeling approach in the process of demographic analysis, this article reviews and introduces the position of the agent-based modeling with its strengths and weaknesses in comparison with other paradigms. Finally, some suggestions for using the agent-based modeling in the analysis of Iran's demographic issues are presented.

Knowledge seeks the scientific understanding of a phenomena and here, subject, method and purpose, have a special significance. They are formed on the basis of noetic presuppositions, which are called paradigms in brief. Sociology is a multi-paradigm science and study and critique of these paradigms and their theoretical consequences is one of the tasks taking into account by philosophy of the social sciences. The need for such studies becomes even more apparent when we find that many researchers are not so familiar with the noetic presuppositions and paradigms of social sciences methods. Ignoring this paradigmatic system has various consequences; for instance, achieving a new theory can be expected no more. Sentiment to this noetic disorder increases when the research subject is issues such as addiction, divorce and poverty; because people expect the social sciences to be able to find strategies to reduce or remove them. When such a goal is not met, a crucial question arises: What is the main problem of researches in this category? We believe that one of the main problems of these researches is methodological issues. Accordingly, in the present article, we try to answer this basic question that "what methodological gaps are involved in divorce articles in Iran?" we got the following answers:
Dominance of positive attitude;
In advance known Results and lack of increasing knowledge;
Lack of foresight, suggestion and control;
Lack of value neutrality measurement;
Disregarding the theoretical nature of concepts.

Based on Laclau and Mouffe's Discourse Theory, this study provides semantic systems of JCPOA-related discourse in the form of "Official / state" and "Conservative" discourse and their discursive battles, while Foregrounding / Backgrounding in field of language and media discourses through Dichotomous Paradigms. Contents of six media outlets were assessed in Persian calendar 1394 till 14th Aban1397. The field of research is divided to Micro and Macro levels. In Macro, Discourses are analyzed on base of Laclau and Moufeh's Discourse Theory. In Micro, Text Analysis is held on base of Dichotomy as Seperated semiosis system. Seven dichotomous were recognized. The articulation of both discourses in media content engross of dichotomized representation of "foregrounding self" and "backgrounding the Other". Official/State discourse takes "sanction lift" moment along with "good deal / bad deal" and also Foregrounding of "Transparency / Rent". This discourse tries to articulate its meaning system through Empty Signifiers. Conservative discourse defines Ideological discursive moments and focus its Nodal Points on Antagonistic relations in order to break its competitor's hegemonic domination of "Constructive interaction" and "Interaction / Confrontation. Both discourse employ signifier in rival's Field of Discursivity, for creating dichotomy, as well as employing floating signifiers after threat of JCPOA.

The paradigm includes a set of values, beliefs and perceptions of reality with theories based on them, which uses a distinctive methodology to achieve research goals. The dominant paradigms in the humanities are Positivism, Interpretation, Criticism, Complexity and Postmodernism. This research seeks to understand the meta-theoretical and paradigmatic typology of economic schools by using the documentary and content analysis.The results show that Neoclassical is positivist. Austrian tendencies are in the region of complexity, but the use of hermeneutics puts New Austrians closer to the interpretive paradigm, while the older part tends to be a Positivism. The existence of variable structures in the Post-Keynesian and Evolutionary indicates the influence of the Complexity. OIE is dominated by the Criticism because of its emphasis on domination and dialectics.NIE uses the principles of Neoclassical and OIE as opposing currents. The elimination of this inconsistency has been due to the invention of Transaction Costs, which provides the basis for a paradigm shift from Positivism and Criticism to Complexity. The transaction cost is the unit of analysis and the connection of institutions to economic performance, the use of which will lead to objectivity and generalization.

Sociological theories are diverse and this science needs rethinking and critique. If so, far sociological critiques have not had a clear framework. Therefore, a specific method and framework are needed to critique sociological theories. The purpose of this article is to provide a suitable framework for criticizing theories. For this purpose, an attempt has been made to use a metatheoretical approach. The research method is documentary and review. Research findings show that the critique of sociological theories is necessary for theoretical progress in this field. But the critique process has significant challenges and metatheorizing is a good framework for overcoming these challenges. Metatheorizing allows for the rethinking and critique of theories and their deep understanding. Metatheorizing also creates a new theoretical perspective. In this research, six main steps for criticizing sociological theories are mentioned. These steps include identifying a theoretical problem or question, extracting the propositions and fundamental theorems of the theory, identifying and analyzing the assumptions of the theory, analyzing the compatibility of the theory, examining the connection of theory with other theories, examining the empirical validity of the theory, comparing theory with other theories, extracting similarities and differences, and theoretical links.

Futures studies is now present in scientific spheres as an independent and structured field of study and forms the basis of strategic studies and investigations. Futures studies is the science of intelligent analysis, exploration, designing and building of future and therefore is rooted in human prudence system and emphasizes the conscious and proactive engineering, creation and restructuring of future. Futures studies, and the key issue of future discovery and shaping, is conducted through basic fundamentals, principles and rules which are reflected on cogent theoretical and conceptual frameworks called paradigms. These paradigms manage the organization of observations, framing of perceptions and orientation of actions. Having based on a descriptive-analytical methodology, the present paper explains the concept and logic of paradigms, and then reads the conventional paradigms of futures studies, namely positivist, evolutionary and critical paradigms. Finally, the emerging paradigm of integral futures is mapped and processed. The paradigmatic shift and transition led to the emergence of the integral futures denotes the capacity development of futures studies in problem-tackling and its evolution into a meta-natural field of study.

Criticisms of the dominant paradigms of the science, especially the positivism and the interpretive paradigms, have intensified efforts to find alternative paradigms. One of the paradigms that has emerged in this regard is critical realism. This paradigm has created a reconciliation between the two rival paradigms by borrowing ontology from positivism and epistemology from interpretivism. Critical realism claims that can lead us to deeper understanding of the phenomena and it`s generative mechanisms by stratified ontology of it, that considers reality in three empirical, actual and real layers. But despite of the positive role of this paradigm in better understanding of the phenomena, methodology of it is still unclear and a few researches have been done in this paradigm. Therefore, in this article, after introducing the concepts, assumptions and theoretical foundations of critical realism, an attempt has been made to study its methodology from the perspective of different researchers. Finally, a practical example of research conducted under the banner of this paradigm is described to shed light on research in critical realism.

When George Lycaf published the paper on social science in neuroscience and argued for some reason that argument is a subject of neurology, a new look has been made into other aspects of sociology, including political science. Cognitive science studies in the field of politics have made partially revealing the hidden dimensions of political politics in political action. These studies, although improving our understanding of the process of brain function in political action, island-wide examine political concepts in the brain. It has failed to give political power the power to predict. Thus, the need for new studies is based on a cognitive approach. In this study, the researchers sought to present a decision-making model of people with a cognitive approach to political action, and by conducting field studies and the Delphi method, they first identified and evaluated the components of the cognitive political marketing model and believed they achieved it.

This research, evaluating social knowledge identity in terms of methodology in Iran, showed that the knowledge suffers from dislocation and complexity. From one hand, the knowledge followed by the social scholars has fallen far from its production, reproduction and fixation roots in developed countries, and the scholars do not observe the processes of the knowledge formation and just regard the consequences or results of the social knowledge. On the other hand, the knowledge is not concerned with conducting social setting and infrastructure in Iran; because this effort needs elites’ support and public interest at the same time and the condition has not fulfilled yet. Data of the research were gathered relied on logical bases of qualitative research, interpretive approach and abductive strategy, and by conducting directed qualitative content analysis through multiple purposive sampling, and rhetorical reading of the performed interviews and also of the 55 works conducted by six participants of the research.

Despite the long life of Iran history, we see a kind of continuity and non-separation in this art. With all the changes in government, accidents, civil war, overcoming several periods of foreign affairs across the country, the never-ending artistic appearance showed a fundamental change.
According to the definitions, paradigms are divided into several subsets based on functional fields
The most important of these patterns in Iranian art is the perception of place. The place and time that affects the structure of art in Iran is formed between the two axes of identity and culture as paradigms of the paradigms.
The important hypothesis of the research suggests that there are inclusive and continuous patterns behind the developments and transition in Iranian art. They prevent interruptions between courses. But this continuity does not stand in the way of innovation and transformation
This article try to answer the questions about the structure of the paradigm of space and wants to answer this important question that how and by what component it is structured..
The result of this analytical and descriptive study states that the structure of the paradigm of space. in Iran consists of four units of popular, philosophical, religious and mythological beliefs, and Iranian painting has been influenced by these structures. Accordingly, there are three distinct periods of painting from the third century to the early period of the Pahlavi era. The first period is the most immaterial, the second one is mythological and the last is the most material

Designing a “Transformational Leadership Model” is regarded as one of the most important steps that should be followed up in the process of achieving the Islamic – Iranian model of progress. The model of transformational leadership wants to provide necessary conditions for the fundamental, systematic and transcendental transformation in different levels from the status quo to the desired state. Since each of the models and methods proposed to create change and/or transformation is naturally formed based on the theoretical foundations and intellectual paradigm accepted by their designers, the requirements and characteristics of the Islamic – Iranian model of Progress require providing the “Transformation Leadership Paradigm” at first which conforms to the requirements of this model and then to design a transformational leadership model based on it. With due observance to the abovementioned cases, this paper attempts to present the “Transformation Leadership Paradigm” as a theory based on the conception of Quranic verses with a subject-based approach and based on a qualitative research approach designed for this purpose, so that its results have been introduced within the framework of 30 principles. Addressing the subject of “Paradigm” and “Baseline Theory” rather than presenting a model without considering the paradigm and its basic theory, making utmost effort to provide necessary conditions for the creation of transformation at all levels as well as the concept of transformation considered in this research is one of the most important innovations in this paper.

The present paper is an attempt to find out whether collective memory is a paradigmatic or nonparadigmatic field of study. Therefore, while introducing the collective memory field of study as a new approach in the social sciences, attempts have been made to offer a systematic assessment of the weak and strong points of the theoretical and practical approaches that have been employed in this field. In this regard, Ritzer’s paradigm theory has been used as a theoretical framework. Hence, in the first place, the available literature related to collective memory studies and the four constituting components of a paradigm, i.e. (exemplar, image of the subject matter, theories and methods) were reviewed. In the next step, the hypothesis of some scholars who argue that this field of study is nonparadigmatic were assessed. Then, a new formulation of the theoretical developments, methodological strategies and challenges that this field faces in its progress was presented. Finally, concomitant with these challenges, some suggestions have been made to face the said challenges in order to maximize the theoretical cohesion of the collective memory studies.