جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « پیامدها » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

Arbaeen walking rituals is one of the phenomena that has become widespread in the last decades after the extensive support and propaganda of government institutions. The main goal of this article is to discover the consequences of this phenomenon.

This research was conducted using Grounded Theory strategy and 49 Iranian pilgrims who marched in Arbaeen rituals were interviewed.

Finally, 26 appearance concepts and 10 categories were classified in the results section. 

According to the results of the research, the consequences of the walking rituals are as follows: the display of Iran's political power/defective governance/future challenges/behind the scenes challenges/reproduction of religion/change of religious lifestyle/expansion of social tolerance/personalization of religion/rethinking rituals/and development of origin and destination. As a result of these rituals, despite the positive consequences, it will require challenges at the origin and destination.

In recent years, mobbing has emerged as a significant global problem in workplaces, leading to negative organizational behaviors (Alfano et al., 2021). This phenomenon poses challenges to productivity, competitive advantage, and organizational sustainability (Kurnaz & Oğuzhan, 2021). Mobbing refers to a situation where certain members of an organization are targeted, harassed, rejected, and socially isolated, resulting in a detrimental impact on the performance of the individuals affected (Balducci et al., 2009). Consequently, mobbing can have unfortunate consequences within the organization, disrupting harmony of the work environment and diminishing employee’s motivation (Psunder, 2015). Therefore, it is crucial to thoroughly study mobbing, identify its causes and consequences, and effectively manage it (Mehmet, 2021). However, the existing research in this field has only focused on specific aspects of the issue, lacking a comprehensive and cohesive framework for understanding the causes and consequences of mobbing. Consequently, there is a gap in the literature that needs to be addressed. To address this gap and facilitate the management and mitigation of the destructive effects of mobbing, this study aimed to design a comprehensive model to encompass the causes and consequences of mobbing within organizations. By doing so, we aimed to contribute to the existing literature and provide valuable insights into this phenomenon.

This study employed a qualitative approach and utilized the meta-synthesis method to systematically review and integrate the findings of various research studies with the aim of reshaping the existing knowledge (Jensen & Allen, 1996) and proposing new frameworks (Paterson et al., 2001). The seven stages of meta-synthesis, as presented by Sandelowski & Barroso (2007), were followed to analyze and combine the results of previous research studies. In the initial stage, research questions were formulated and in the 2nd stage, a comprehensive literature review was conducted. Relevant keywords were searched in both Persian and English databases to identify the necessary sources in the 3rd stage. Subsequently, the identified sources were evaluated based on their title, abstract, and content, resulting in the selection of 49 sources for inclusion in this research. In the 4th stage, the selected sources were thoroughly examined and the causes and consequences of mobbing in organizations were extracted as primary codes. In the 5th stage, the identified codes were carefully reviewed, duplicate codes were eliminated, and efforts were made to categorize the codes into specific and distinct components based on their semantic and conceptual similarities. Next, the components were classified into dimensions to create a model representing the causes and consequences of mobbing in organizations. To ensure the research reliability, the Kappa index was utilized for evaluating the agreement between researchers in the coding process.

The findings of this study revealed that the causes of mobbing in organizations could be categorized into the three individual, group, and organizational dimensions. The individual dimension encompassed 3 components: the victim’s characteristics, the mobber’s characteristics, and interpersonal factors. The group dimension included in-group and out-group factors, while the organizational dimension comprised job-related and non-job-related factors. Although previous studies had touched upon these dimensions, none of them had comprehensively addressed all the three dimensions in a single study. For instance, Demiroren & Simsek (2021) focused solely on the individual level, neglecting the other dimensions. Similarly, Picakciefe et al. (2017) only examined the characteristics of the immediate environment. On the other hand, Demiroren & Simsek (2021) explored organizational causes but failed to consider other aspects. Furthermore, the results indicated that the consequences of mobbing could be analyzed across the four individual, group, organizational, and extra-organizational dimensions. The individual dimension encompassed attitudinal-perceptual, physiological, and behavioral-functional components. The group dimension included in-group and out-group consequences, while the organizational dimension comprised cultural components and managerial-executive consequences. Lastly, the extra-organizational dimension encompassed family and social consequences. Although previous researchers had examined the consequences of mobbing, no studies had comprehensively addressed all these dimensions together. For example, İnandi & Büyüközkan (2022) and Kurnaz & Oğuzhan (2021) focused primarily on individual consequences, while Dagli & Arslantas (2022) emphasized group and organizational levels. Notably, the extra-organizational consequences had received limited attention in the literature with only a few studies (Plos et al., 2022; Yildiz, 2007) exploring this aspect of analysis.

This article investigates the consequences of R&D relocation for companies and countries of origin and destination. RDR is one of the types of outsourcing based on which companies try to use it in the direction of Completing knowledge and technological capabilities and reducing R&D costs will benefit from the studies that have shown the development of this type of outsourcing in the last two decades. A systematic review of empirical studies can lead to a deeper understanding of this field regarding the consequences for companies and countries on both sides of R&D relocation. The present study has benefited from the systematic review of empirical studies from 2000 to 2021 to understand the consequences of RDR. The research results show that R&D relocation can lead to improved performance, innovation, productivity, increased intensity of R&D, knowledge, and economic effects for the parties. Also, the characteristics of companies and countries on both sides and the type of knowledge in RDR can influence the relationship between R&D relocation and its consequences. Identifying these factors will motivate managers and policymakers to improve the achievement of results and provide the basis for the foundation of the R&D relocation regions in the country by developing appropriate policies.

The purpose of the present article is to show that, under the 603/70 Enactment of the Supreme Administrative Council in 1999, the process of responding to homelessness has become judicialized, and to trace the causes and consequences of this judicialization. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are used to achieve these goals. The Enac. and some cases of the clients of the two centers established under the Enac. have been analyzed; Also, the clients of one of the centers were interviewed and a questionnaire was completed. The staff of both centers were also interviewed. Findings explain the way in which the process of responding to homelessness, has been judicialized under the Enac. Almost all decisions depend on a special judge’s approval and decree. The roots of this judicialization, at first place, goes back to the Enac. It is centered around a criminalizing attitude to behaviors that are usually associated with homelessness, namely vagrancy and panhandling. The following judicialization of the process has resulted in that the centers to find a punitive and semi-jail identity rather than a supportive one, causing dissatisfaction of staff and clients, in the way that, the clients wish to be released from Therefore, it is necessary to formulate new laws and procedures in the aim of responding to homelessness effectively.

In life there are wounds that, like leprosy, silently scrape at and consume the soul, in solitude—”[1] The word "ugly" evokes many meanings, including monstrous, ridiculous, degenerate, strange, hateful, degenerate, and degenerate. Ugliness is a deviation from the standards of beauty and a label that is an unpleasant experience and a kind of heat with unfortunate consequences for the affected people. Goffman defined stigma as ‘the situation of theindividual who is disqualified from fullsocial acceptance’ (Wright, 1960). Thismight occur in relation to a visible stigmasuch as a scar or functional disability, orbecause the individual failed to conformto social norms. Goffman showed how stigmatized persons struggled toreconcile gaps between their perceivedreality and the identity expected by thesocial group. Based on the conceptual framework used in the present research, this research has described the experience and feeling and perception of people about the stigma of being "ugly". Understanding what emotions these people have experienced when they are judged and prejudiced by others, and what reactions and emotions they express, and through what strategies they have dealt with this issue. Due to the moral sensitivity of the issue in the society and respect for the self-esteem of the sample people, instead of interviews, Discreet and non-intrusive methods were used (Therefore, the possibility of influencing the research process on the sample people was also neutralized), In this way, the opinions and heartaches that were posted by these people on the sites and online chat rooms,... . were collected and entered into the Maxquda software. In this study, the main categories reached saturation in the comments of 204 users And the findings of the current research are presented in four general categories: 1- The formation of the self-concept of ugliness 2- The experience of ugliness 3- The consequences of ugliness 3- Strategies for facing the experience of ugliness.. The results of the present study showed; Most of the time, the perception of one's ugliness is more related to two factors than an inherent phenomenon, : 1- Labeling by another 2- Comparing yourself with another 3- Representation and limited definition of beauty in the media. Ugly people find themselves very different from others, and this difference causes them to feel insecure in their daily lives. These people experience very negative feelings in this regard, which create experiences and self-concepts such as being hateful, unlovable, inferior, mean and evil. The stain of disgrace and shame will be on them Among the widespread consequences of this issue, we can point out ridicule and humiliation, mental problems, low self-esteem, regression, loneliness and rejection by the opposite sex, and family formation problems. The strategies of these people in the face of the experience of being ugly can be divided into three general categories: 1-passive maladjustment strategies (crying, complaining, depression, addiction, etc.) 2-change strategies (compensation-de-identification) 3-acceptance strategies (coping and raising self-esteem, gratitude).  As mentioned earlier, ugliness is a word that has always been considered synonymous with filth and malice, shameful and ridiculous in different societies. There is this stereotyping in artworks and media representations, and angels and kind people are depicted as beautiful, but devils and evil humans are depicted as ugly and unsightly, as if outward ugliness is a sign of internal ugliness. One of the most important problems faced by these people is the existence of stereotypes and negative prejudices. It is often observed that people show altruistic and empathetic feelings when faced with people who suffer from a physical defect, but unfortunately, when it comes to the issue of ugliness, sometimes these The feelings are opposite and they show a kind of feeling of hatred and disgust and avoidance. Therefore, the biggest problem for these people is not ugliness per se, but a series of myths and stereotypes and disrespectful treatment. Throughout history, ugly people have been discriminated against, rejected, humiliated, tortured and even killed. They have seen sufferings, the sufferings they have kept silent about as if they never existed, while it has cast a terrible shadow on their lives and souls. In the words of Sadegh Hedayat: “In life there are wounds that, like leprosy, silently scrape at and consume the soul, in solitude—” Due to the negative stereotypes in the media and society about ugly people, they experience disrespectful treatment. The results of this research are a small reflection of the sad situation and deep suffering that ugly people face during their life, especially in their teenage years. this condition can be corrected and improved by changing the conventional attitude and establishing the discourse that "ugly is not evil and hateful"..

Today, a special term called "brand" is used to offer and introduce goods and services and compare them with other similar products. The present study seeks to investigate the social and economic contexts of cashmere branding in Yazd. This research seeks to answer the question of what steps cashmere weaving has taken in Yazd to achieve branding and what are the socio-cultural and economic factors of this branding. The method of the present study was qualitative and the underlying theory was used. And the statistical sample of the research of 11 experts and owners of famous cashmere brands has been selected by purposive sampling in Yazd. The results of data analysis show that the causal conditions affecting the branding of cashmere include the will to reprocess and change the cashmere and try to turn it from handmade and artistic goods and then into modern and machine goods with the aim of mass production. Yazidis 'hard work and transportation role and intervention conditions such as the role of traders and sellers' competition with each other, strategies of diversity in cashmere goods, variety in design and color of cashmere and consequences such as branding, specialness and uniqueness have caused cashmere branding.

Extramarital affairs are one of the harms of the family institution that fundamentally affects the couple's relationship. this study aimed to identify the process of formation of extramarital relationships between couples. The research method of the present study was based on a qualitative approach and using the narrative interview technique. The statistical sample of the study was 20 people who referred to the court and law offices of Mashhad and the sample size was determined based on the information saturation rule.In the analysis of interviews, 13 main categories and 39 subcategories were extracted. The relationships between the main categories showed that extramarital relationships are created through a four-step process. These stages include contextual conditions, causal conditions, strategies, and intervening conditions that have led to the tendency to extramarital relationships and, ultimately, the establishment of extramarital relationships. Finally, the core category of this research was "weakening the codes of honor in today's society."

Homeless people are one of the most vulnerable and despised urban groups with complex problems. This study investigates the consequences of homelessness in Tehran and in its various dimensions.

The present study was conducted using a qualitative method and the participation of homeless men and key informants. The sampling method is purposeful sampling. Data collection tools are observation techniques and in-depth semi-structured interviews with thematic analysis method.

In the process of analyzing and thematizing the findings, at the individual level, the themes of mental disorders, trauma, death, the formation of negative emotions and feelings, addiction and internalization of homeless culture, at the community level, themes of violence and conflict, drug dealing, theft. Joining criminal groups, gambling, the spread of high-risk diseases at the community level, social exclusion and imprisonment and its consequences, at the neighborhood level, themes of insecurity in urban areas, dissatisfaction among residents. Feelings of social inferiority, neighborhood inferiority, the collapse of Shiraz and neighbor hood identity, and relocation to other neighborhoods and in the family area were weakened and the collapse of the individual-family communication network was extracted.

The results show that the mechanisms governing this issue are such that not only negatively affect the life of the homeless in various dimensions, but also damage at different levels of production. In such a way that we can name the entanglement of social harms related to homelessness in Tehran.

Higher education is expected to encourage students to participate in the comprehensive development and solution of social crises and problems and improve the level of public knowledge and culture in addition to its traditional mission of knowledge production (Ghofrani, 1385: 75). Playing such roles requires implications and provision of conditions, the most important of which are scientific independence and freedom. Universities can use these two characteristics to play an effective role in scientific development and ultimately comprehensive and sustainable development. However, the study of academic freedom in different countries of the world shows that this fundamental value in higher education institutions has always faced problems and threats. In Iran, too, given that higher education institutions have been established to train the human resources needed in the industrial, agricultural, and service sectors from the beginning, the social view of these institutions as part of the government bureaucracy and in line with the role assigned to them has always been considered as a tool (Raziq Marandi, 2014: 20). Javadani et al. (2008) consider centralism, the rule of traditional bureaucracy, and the lack of scientific independence, as one of the weaknesses of Iran's higher education and thus regard government intervention in the higher education system as a serious threat to it. In addition, a review of research on academic freedom in Iran shows that it has paid less attention to barriers to academic freedom, coping strategies, and consequences of such a situation. Based on such necessities, this study, with a sociological perspective and analysis, examined the bottlenecks, strategies, and consequences of scientific freedom in education and research aspects, as well as dissemination from the faculty members’ perspectives in Iranian public universities.

This research was conducted with a qualitative research approach and the method of Grounded Theory of Corbin and Strauss, 4th edition. The study population included the faculty members of public universities across the country. The data collection tool was in-depth semi-structured interviews with 35 professors in the form of theoretical sampling, which provided a comprehensive condition for this study. To analyze the collected data, the coding process was performed in the 3 levels of open, axial, and selective modes. Consequently, an analytical model of the challenges and bottlenecks of academic freedom was extracted from the data.

Scientific freedom in the Iranian university environment is struggling with many different bottlenecks. The factors that have created these bottlenecks and the negative consequences that have resulted from them are not exclusive of any of the social spaces of science both from inside and outside. Such a finding is largely consistent with Mojabb (1995); he pointed out that the problems related to academic freedom come from various sources, such as governments, societies, and also higher education institutions themselves. The type of political atmosphere and the way governments behave, as well as the political relations of governments with each other, along with centralism in the structure of higher education and weak participation, lead to government’s control and independence of action from the university.In addition, the shortcomings of oversight and coordination and the culture that governs the university environment make the optimal implementation of scientific activities challenging. Cultural conditions prevailing in the society, the existing socio-political conditions, lack of serious support for the professional activities of academics outside the institution of science and not providing conditions for using scientific capacities to solve the country's problems have caused isolation of academics and separation between university and society. The unfavorable economic conditions of the country, financial dependence of the universities on the government, and lack of providing the required expenses along with livelihood concerns have also challenged the optimal implementation of professional responsibilities. Lack of job stability and mental concerns due to the contractionary and expansionary policies of governments and individual personality traits and excessive conservatism have reduced the focus on scientific activities and undermined the quality of higher education. The sum of these factors has overshadowed the proper functions of universities and lowered their efficiencies. Therefore, the Irainian government’s legal support and guarantee of academic freedom for universities are essential for the higher education system to adhere to its professional mission and reach its effectiveness and efficiency.

The present article studies the perception of geriatricians about the phenomenon of aging. This research has been done with a qualitative phenomenological approach. The statistical population includes all professors and researchers who have worked in the field of aging and demography. Eighteen people were selected as the sample size based on the saturation rule by purposive sampling. Data collection tools were in-depth interviews and reading theoretical texts on aging in social work of the elderly, which were finally analyzed using thematic analysis technique. From the analysis of the findings, three main themes were extracted about the needs, consequences of aging and its problem-solving, which indicates that the elderly have economic, social and health needs and the aging of the population has various consequences in economic, social and It has a culture in the structure of the country that has both positive and negative aspects. Also, population aging is considered as not only a challenge but also an opportunity for both the country and the elderly if it is done through planning, strengthening the active population and positive replacement. The results showed that the elderly have many needs and the aging of the population has consequences that are not only negative and social workers as one of the main forces to prevent the aging of the crisis and use it as an opportunity to structure the country. .

The law enforcement force of the Islamic Republic of Iran has been formed with the aim of establishing order and security and ensuring individual and community well-being. In the last two decades, Iran’s police have implemented the community-based approach to achieve its goals, but now, it has faced some challenges. Understanding the areas, features and consequences of this approach and analyzing it from the perspective of globalization is the main purpose of this study. This is a fundamental research in which qualitative method has been utilized with phenomenological approach. The statistical population in this study is policing practitioners. In this study, 20 people from the statistical population have been selected through purposeful sampling technique. The collection of information and data in this study has been carried out through conduction in-depth interviews. Data and information were analyzed using qualitative content analysis technique. The obtained results indicate that Iran’s Police have an tendency towards community-oriented policing approach in terms of social, economic, ideological-discourse, and legal-managerial perspectives. Features of the community-oriented approach in Iran’ Police has three systematic and interdependent sections; namely "cognitive", "policy-making and planning" and "operational". The consequences of this approach are divided into the two parts of social and institutional (organizational) approached, and each has positive and negative aspects. The community-oriented approach in the Iran’s police does not definitively follow globalization. There are signs of adaptation to globalization, but it corresponds to the phenomenon of glocalization and is understandable in its context.

Involuntary job loss or inability to get a job is associated with countless problems for the individual, families and society. The experience of unemployment can vary depending on the institutional context of each society. The purpose of this study is to explore the consequences of unemployment on young people and has been done with a qualitative approach and descriptive phenomenological method. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 19 unemployed men and women aged 20-34 in Kermanshah. The sampling methods are purposive and snowball. In this study, unemployment experiences were identified in five main themes; psychological stress, loss of individual and social identity, financial problems, weakening of family roles and erosion of social capital. The findings show that unemployment is the most important source of stress and anxiety. Unemployment-related financial constraints have overshadowed marriage and childbearing decisions, marital relationships, social interactions, and the quality of life of young people. The shared experience of the respondents in this study showed that not having a job is more than an inability to earn a living. Unemployed people lose not only their jobs, but also many aspects of individual and social identity. They consider their position in the family and social system to be weakened. Therefore In addition to macroeconomic policies, it is important to adopt regulations related to unemployment insurance, provide the necessary training to empower people and job search skills, free or inexpensive technical training and skills to guide people to self-employment activities.

The aim of this study was to identifying the consequences of media transparency in Iran. For this purpose, 48 members of managers, researchers and activists of media, communication, sociology and law were selected by qualitative content analysis method. Findings was included 19 themes: "Promoting the culture of accountability "," Promoting the social capital of the government "," Increasing the rule of law "," Promoting the indicators of cultural development "," Promoting the indicators of social development "," Creating sustainable economic prosperity "," Achieving a sustainable environment "," Achieving society " "Sustainable", "Prevention and Fight against Corruption and Crime", "Development of Civil Society", "Increasing Government Efficiency", "Establishing Effective Laws", "Achieving Good Governance", "Public Transparency and Eliminating Information Rent", "Achieving Smart Government", ...Findings showed that media transparency makes people, officials and governments fully aware of their roles, duties and actions, responsibility and accountability," Promoting the indicators of social development "," Creating sustainable economic prosperity "," Achieving a sustainable environment "," Achieving society " "Sustainable", "Prevention and Fight against Corruption and Crime", "Development of Civil Society", "Increasing Government Efficiency", "Establishing Effective Laws", "Achieving Good Governance", "Public Transparency and Eliminating Information Rent", "Achieving Smart Government",… Findings showed that media transparency makes people, officials and governments fully aware of their roles, duties and actions, responsibility and accountability.

The purpose of this study is to provide a model of consequences of organizational culture with a meta-analysis approach and interpretive structural modeling.

The present study is practical in terms of purpose, descriptive in terms of type of use and quantitative research in terms of data type. In the present study, first, the consequences of organizational culture were identified and extracted from 58 articles published in scientific-research journals in the period of 2013 to the 2019 by meta-analysis method. In the next step, using the technique of interpretive structural modeling and based on the opinions of 12 faculty members of Kharazmi University, the mentioned consequences, ranking and model of relations between them were determined.

Based on meta-analytic findings, among the consequences of organizational culture, respectively, the variables of psychological capital (0.598), social capital (0.540), innovation (0.537), knowledge management (0.523), organizational effectiveness (0.512) and psychological empowerment (0.500) had the highest effect size.

Based on the results of interpretive structural modeling, the consequences of organizational culture at Kharazmi University were at 4 levels, so that social capital and psychological capital were the main causes and organizational effectiveness were the main effects.

The growth of divorce in Iranian society and its negative consequences have made it necessary to pay attention to this social problem. The purpose of this study was to present strategies to reduce divorce and its negative consequences. For this purpose, using qualitative meta-analysis method, by examining 70 selected divorce studies in the last two decades (1377-97), it has classified the factors of divorce and its negative consequences and then presented strategies for reducing the divorce and its negative consequences. Based on the findings, the factors of divorce can be classified into four categories of Incorrect spouse choice, Lack of knowledge and skills of spouses and maladaptation, Bad performance of spouses, and adverse economic conditions. accordingly, we can propose solutions based on training courses and consulting services by the Responsible entities, and Oblige spouses to participate. Researches has also studied the negative consequences of divorce for women and children. To reduce these consequences, Solutions included Eliminate legal challenges, Teaching parents to minimize divorce harm for children, providing counseling services, culturalization for family support for divorced women, and Reforming society's attitude to divorced women and children of divorce are proposed.

Abstract Social networks are an important factor for social changes and appropriate tool for culture making. Virtual communication facilitates the political, social, and cultural relations of users by establishing communication autonomy from mainstream media and consequently, it causes more flexibility and cultural adaptation of communication. These networks, due to the diversity and variety, provide requirements for improving the user's media literacy as a smart citizen. This qualitative research was carried out with the aim of investigating the impacts and consequences of the Iranian virtual life with the thematic analysis method. The research findings were obtained with documentary studies and by interviewing 25 people from experts and active users. At first the purposive or judgment sampling was used and then snowball sampling method was used. The MAXQDA software was used to draw thematic network model. Impacts of Iranians virtual life are communication capability, collective self-sufficiency, and online social and political reform, formation and strengthening of the public sphere, innovation, entrepreneurship and economic capacity. The negative consequences of Iranians virtual life are Psychological and social damage, social despotism, the production and distribution of superficial and popular content, fluid and unstable life style and identity conflict. The Iranians virtual life goes through their transition. Achieve positive effects unexpected in the transitional conditions. Therefore, promoting media literacy and removing public and private constraints is a strategy for reform and improving Iranians virtual life.

The purpose of this study was to discover and analysis the phenomenon of divorce by adopting a qualitative approach and using the grounded theory, in doing so we tried to provide a paradigmatic model of the phenomenon of divorce based on perceptions and interpretations and definitions of this concept as provided by the subjects. the subjects of this study were selected using the theoretical sampling method and based on the principle of theoretical saturation, 55divorced women and those who have applied for divorce in Tehran in 2016 were selected. For data analysis, the method introduced by Strauss and Corbin in the G.T was applied. According to the findings, a set of factors such as marriage type, reasons for marriage, mental disorder of the spouse, lack of satisfaction with marital and sexual relations, lack of readiness of married couples for the marriage, lake of commitment to marital life, , disparity in marriage family violence, disagreement in the attitudes, traits and tastes, risk factors, mental concern about divorce have pushed people to divorce, and causes such as: interference of relatives, protective factors, dependence of the husband on his parents and passivity in the home relations, type of family structure, differences in the level of individualism and modernism and life style, woman's awareness of the unfavorable situation, the spouses’ low politeness, courtesy, and moral education, non-social and non-vivid husbands, intrusion of cyber spaces in marital relationships, poor economic condition of family, persistence of pre-marriage friendships, low quality of life skills and communication skills of the couple, history of divorce in family and friends, and women's socioeconomic status were involved. In analyzing the consequences of divorce: change of the structure of the family as a result of the consequence of existing condition, the stigma of disgrace, academic failure, the moral and emotional affection of children, the feeling of exclusion and marginalization, losing feelings about marital life, emergence of the forms of alienation (feeling alienated interms of oneself, marital life and society), and individualism can be considered.

This paper studies family businesses in the province of Tehran, by adopting a cultural approach in the context of economic sociology. It takes a qualitative approach and by use of semi-structured interviews with 25 CEOs of family firms necessary data was gathered. We use coding method to analyze the findings. The purpose of the study is review of the role and status of women in this type of business from the perspective of the respondents. The results show that the role and status of women in the eyes of CEOs, all of whom are men, can be found in the four main categories of gender stereotyping of women's roles, patriarchal management and the formal role of women, women and grading family and Strengthening the role of women. In general, on the one hand, due to stereotypical attitudes about women, the presence or continued presence will prevent them in business. On the other hand, a failure to follow professional management and organizational principles and family considerations provide the areas of women's negative role.