جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « انگیزه ها » در نشریات گروه « تربیت بدنی »

The purpose of this study was modeling the role of organizational culture and self-determination motivation on the athletic ethics of elite athletes of Iran. The research method was survey and from the aspect of purposive applied.

The statistical population of this study was all the Azadegan League footballers (432 footballers) Season 2016 – 2017. Organizational culture, sport motivation and sport ethics were used to collect information from organizational culture questionnaires. Sport motivation and sport ethics were used for gathering information. Their validity was confirmed by ten professors and their reliability through the Cronbach alpha calculated respectively to be equal to 0.94, 0.79 and 0.88. For data analysis, structural equation modeling was used in order to determine the relationships between observed variables.

Results showed that between organizational culture and ethics of sports there is a significant positive relationship. Also, between self-determined motivation, and sports ethics significant positive relationship was observed. The confirmatory path analysis, estimation the relationship between organizational culture and self-determined motivation with sports ethics were of results of the test. All the factor loadings between components and factors was on a reasonable level (More than 0/4) and the model was of a sufficient fit and approved the conceptual model.

Consequently, based on the findings, football coaches should pay more attention to issues related to sports ethics and call athletes to be more inclined to sports ethics with their appropriate behavior during training and competitions. In any case, clubs in which the cultural charter of supporting innovative ideas and thoughts prevails, they provide the context for improving internal and external settings (self-determination) and sports ethics.

In a world that is constantly changing and evolving, most organizations and companies are looking for ways to increase their competitive advantage, and one of these ways is moving towards improvement in providing services to customers; Therefore, organizations usually try to provide more facilities to customers and solve their needs faster. But smart and forward-thinking organizations reconsider the way they behave and communicate with their employees before taking any action, and in the first step, they keep them satisfied. Employees are the most important asset and capital of an organization, and the lack of suitable and good employees to provide services will cause many problems for organizations in today's competitive environment. This can be seen more clearly in service organizations. Attention to internal marketing was raised for the first time in 1980. The meaning of internal marketing is to look at employees as customers and jobs as internal products, which leads to satisfying the needs and desires of internal customers in the way of achieving organizational goals. In this regard; the motivational factors of employees are among the factors that play a great role in creating and developing the innovation of people in the organization. Nowadays, customer retention is important in sports service organizations, and if customer orientation is not the priority of these organizations, sports customers will not be retained, and if customers are not retained, the sports needs of the society will not be met and will be threatened. It can be Customers are the most important part of service organizations and in sports organizations such as sports complexes, customer retention depends on customer orientation in these organizations. If the management along with the employees of the sports organizations are not customer-oriented, the interaction between the customers and the organization will be limited. In this regard Tahamtan et al., 2023; In their research findings, they stated that green products positively affect the green image, green satisfaction, green trust and green loyalty of customers. Although the existing researches have examined the relationship between internal marketing and customer orientation, what is clear is that considering the importance of customer orientation for the survival of organizations and the tremendous effect of internal marketing and employee motivation. Therefore, it is felt necessary to carry out extensive research, especially in the field of sports, and therefore, in this research, an attempt has been made to find out the relationship between internal marketing and customer orientation with the mediating role of the work motivation of the employees of the general sports and youth departments of the western provinces. The country should be explained in order to reach a more complete and comprehensive understanding of the effect of internal marketing on the customer orientation of employees; Because the use of structural equation models in explaining the relationships between variables is more accurate than other methods and is closer to real conditions in terms of application; On the other hand, most of the researches about customer orientation and the factors affecting it have been carried out in non-sports service sectors, and it is necessary to study the status of customer orientation, work motivation, and factors related to it in the country's sports organizations. And especially sports and youth departments should also be studied. Therefore, the main issue of this research is whether there is a positive and significant relationship between internal marketing and customer orientation through the mediating variable of work motivation in the employees of sports and youth departments in the western provinces of the country? This goal-based research is applied and by nature, it is descriptive-analytical and this research is a survey. Study population was all employments and staff of General Sport and Young offices of west provinces of Iran (Hamadan, Kurdistan, Kermanshah) whose number was estimated to be 378 and Due to limited sample population was defined as census that finally 321 questionnaires are received. The data collection tool in this research was 3 standard questionnaires (Kahrabi Internal Marketing Questionnaire (2013), Hajat Customer Oriented Questionnaire (2002) and Bakshi et al.'s Career Motivation Questionnaire (2013) whose reliability was 0.80 using Cronbach's alpha test. and 0.74 and 0.76 were confirmed. Also, the validity of the research tool was confirmed by 10 expert professors. In order to determine the presence or absence of causal relationships between variables and to estimate and generalize the results obtained from structural equation modeling using PLS software was used. The research findings showed that internal marketing has a positive and significant effect on work motivation. Also, the results showed that internal marketing directly affects customer orientation. The findings showed that marketing Internal marketing has a greater effect on customer orientation through the mediating variable of work motivation and indirectly. Therefore, according to the results of this research, it is suggested that the managers of sports and youth departments should engage in internal marketing for customer orientation and providing better services. And the working motivation of your employees, pay special attention to the conditions to provide job satisfaction for the organization's employees. Based on the results of the present research, it seems that the managers of the general departments of sports and youth in the western provinces of the country avoid using methods based on force, coercion, and reprimand in the work environment. If employees work because of fear and to avoid punishment or reprimand, over time, they will suffer from specific psychological disorders in the work environment. It is also suggested to the senior managers of the general departments to involve the employees in the marketing affairs and budget and financial discussions in important decisions and ask them for their opinions on various matters related to their work, on different occasions. Praise be to them.

The aim of this study was to investigate the barriers to participation in girls' physical activities and its relationship with academic motivation and depression.

The statistical population of this study was 180 13-16 years old female students in Rivash city of Khorasan province. The instruments used in this study were the questionnaire on barriers to student participation in sports activities, the Harter questionnaire to determine the level of academic motivation and the Beck questionnaire to determine girls' depression.

The results showed that in terms of priority, barriers to participation in physical activity (economic, cultural, physical and psychological), cultural barriers with (73.3) and economic barriers with (70.2%), the most, psychological barriers with (30.2) and physical barriers with (27.1) percent, have the lowest priority to participate in physical activity. The results of Spearman test showed that there is no significant relationship between economic and cultural barriers with girls' educational motivation, but there is a significant negative relationship between physical and psychological barriers with academic motivation. The results also showed that there is no significant relationship between economic barriers and depression in girls, but there is a positive and significant relationship between cultural, physical and psychological barriers with depression in adolescent girls.

Female students face many difficulties in participating in sports activities that they are interested in doing. If the necessary measures are taken to provide more and better use of sports and recreational facilities for adolescent girls, it is possible to reduce depression and increase their academic motivation.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship and factors affecting the shopping motivation and regret after shopping of the major customers of sports products. This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and survey in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of this study was all customers of sports products in Khorasan Razavi province that According to the Cochran sample size, 384 people were selected as a statistical sample by random cluster sampling And completed the standard questionnaires of regret after the purchase of Delacroix et al. (2007) and the study of purchasing motivations of Iranian consumers Heidarzadeh and Bahrami (2015). Data analysis was performed by SPSS and AMOS software. The results showed that the variable of shopping motivation was affected by factors such as shopping at auction, utilitarian shopping, pleasure shopping, role playing, brand consciousness and awareness (brand loyalty), sensory motivation and inspiring shopping, quality awareness, social shopping, fun or entertainment shopping and value shopping respectively. Also, the two dimensions of feeling regret after shopping and feeling regret due to not shopping were the two factors that explained the variable of shopping regret. On the other hand, it was observed that there is a correlation between shopping motivation and shopping regret and the relationship model between shopping motivation and shopping regret has a good fit. Therefore, identifying shopping motivations can be effective for owners, marketers and sellers of sports equipment stores in creating long-term relationships between sellers and customers.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of two leadership styles sports on sports motivation among the students. The population included 2056 female students in Qom. The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with two experimental groups and one control group. The first experimental group involved task-oriented motivational climate (participatory and voluntary activities) while the second experimental group experienced the self- oriented motivational climate (competitive and compulsory activities) and The control group kept up doing the usual physical education program in school . the sports motivation questionnaire Malta et al (2007) was used to collect the data. Kruskal-wallis and will coxon statistical tests were identified, sports motivation including: intrinsic motivation, Integrated regulation, External regulation and decreased amotivation was raised significantly on account of creating a motivational climate according to task-oriented method. but meaning growth statistically was not observed in the other two groups, Therefore participation in physical activities through creating a task-oriented motivational climate to plays an important role in responding to their motivational needs and persistence in sports experiences

In recent decades, adolescents and young people in the country have turned to soccer and the need to pay attention to their basic training seems essential. Therefore, this study aimed to design and evaluate the effectiveness of an educational-motor intervention on the achievement motivation of adolescent soccer players.

In this quasi-experimental study, the research method was a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all 12 to 16 years old adolescents attending the soccer school of Saipa Cultural and Athletic Corporation in Tehran in 2022. Among them, 60 people were selected based on the inclusion criteria and then assigned to experimental and control groups (30 people in the experimental group and 30 people in the control group). The research instrument was the Achievement Motivation Questionnaire (Hermans, 1970). The experimental group received the educational-motor intervention training in sixteen 60-minute sessions, and the control group was on the waiting list. Data were analyzed using repeated measure analysis of covariance via SPSS Statistics 23 software.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in the post-test and follow-up phases (P<0.05), and the educational-motor intervention improved the achievement motivation of adolescents attending soccer school  (P<0.05).    

According to the results of the present study, the educational-motor intervention can be effective in improving the achievement motivation of the adolescents attending the soccer school of Saipa Cultural and Athletic Corporation. It is recommended that curriculum designers in the Ministry of Sports and Youth use this method to improve the achievement motivation of adolescents in soccer schools.

Positive thoughts and helpful behaviors of individuals in the workplace and with organizational groups, in which most of their daily work activities take place, create a certain identity in addition to organizational identity with their work unit, which is called team identity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the role of team identity in sports loyalty mediated by motivation at the level of managers and heads of units of Islamic Azad University. The present study was applied in terms of purpose and its data were collected in the field and a questionnaire. The statistical population of this study included 285 officials of physical education departments of Islamic Azad universities of Iran. The statistical sample of this research is 162 people. Variables were measured by questionnaires: team identity of Wendick et al. (2008), motivation, Gayo (2007) and loyalty, Karuna (2002). To analyze the data, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to check the normality of the distribution of variables and correlation test was used to test the research hypothese. Finally, the structural equation model (SEM) and SPSS and LISRL software were used to test the conceptual model of the research. Findings showed that the team identity component has a significant effect on customer motivation and consequently on customer (student) loyalty. Findings also showed that motivation has a significant effect on student loyalty. The results indicate that the team identity of managers and heads of physical education departments of Islamic Azad universities of Iran as one of the most important factors determining the success of the Azad University in today's competitive environment in attracting students should be seriously considered.

The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between fan motivations and Alexithymic personality in Iranian Premier League fans. The statistical population includes the fans of Khorasan Shahre Khodro Club who have cheered on the team in the 28th week game of the National Football Premier League against Saipa. Two standard questionnaires were used to collect data. In order to confirm the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha test and to confirm the validity of sports psychologists were used. The results show that the mean score of fan motivation and all its components indicate unfavorable and the mean score of Alexithymia and all its components indicate favorable status. It was also found that there is a significant priority among the components of fan motivation, the most important priority is "opportunism" and the components of "interaction with others", "supporter" and "aestheticism" are in the second to fourth priorities and also there is a significant priority among the components of Alexithymia, the most important priority is "difficulty in recognizing feelings", and the components of "having external thinking", "difficulty in expressing feelings" are in the second and third priorities. Also, it was found that there is a positive and significant relationship between fan motivations and components of supporter and opportunism with Alexithymia (P<0.05) and there is no significant relationship between the aesthetics and interaction with others with Alexithymia. Finally, research model was confirmed. The results indicate that fan motivations for the presence of them in stadiums can affect their Alexithymic behavior.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between The Relationship between Dark Triad Traits and Harmful Online Games of Teens at the National Level with the mediating role of game motivation and type. In this case, the statistical population included all adolescent students aged from 12 to 17 years with experience in participating in computer games until the year 1400 (Iranian calendar). Among them, 458 questionnaires had the necessary criteria for statistical analysis(290 boys and 168 girls). problematic online game, standard dark personality triad, The game motivation and game type questionnaire were considered to measure the four variables of the study. In order to analyze the data, Pearson correlation coefficient and modeling with path analysis approach were used. The results showed that online game motivation mediates the relationship between dark character trilogy and Harmful online games in teens at the national level. The model fit index also indicated the optimal fit of the research model. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that since online games are an important tool for teens to spend their free time, parents should consider the development of their personality traits and motivation with harmful online games.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of motivation and citizenship interactions of retired physical education teachers on their willingness to volunteer in educational sport. The research method was survey. The statistical population of this study included all retired physical education teachers who were active volunteers in educational activities. The statistical sample of the present study included 84 retired physical education teachers who participated in voluntary education sport events. The research tool consisted of Lanrow et al. (2017) 50-question research questionnaire. The validity and reliability of this questionnaire were evaluated and validated using common methods. Structural equation method was used to analyze the research. The whole process of analysis was done in SPSS and PLS software. The results of the present study showed that citizenship interactions are influenced by the instrumental, occupational, and theatrical motivations of the voluntary retired physical education teachers in sport education. The present study also showed that instrumental motivation (impact= 0/382; t= 8/973), job motivation (impact= 0/176; t= 5/072) and Expressive Motivation (impact= 0/475; t= 14/792) has a significant effect on the willingness of voluntary retirement teachers to volunteer in education sport.

Introduction & One of the main goals of sport psychology is to identify those psychological factors that are relevant for sport performance as well as possibilities of their development. The aim of the study was to determine whether the set of specific motivational characteristics [sport orientation, sport motivation and locus of control] makes the distinction between elite or non-elite teakwando athletes. In this cross-sectional study, 70 elite taekwondo athletes (involved in Asian level or above; Mage and SD: 22.70 ± 6.35) and 70 non-elite taekwondo athletes (involved in the primary league level; Mage and SD = 20.57 ± 3.36) frome Iranian were surveyed and completed scales of sport orientation (Gill and Dieter, 1998), sport motivation (Mallet et al., 2007) and locus of control (Levenson, 1972). According to the results it can be said that elite athletes are characterized by a positive high score inachievement motivation, internal locus of control, internal and external motivation (partial eta square = 0.25). There was no significant difference in external locus of control and amotivation between groups. The results have been discussed in the context of their application in the process of talent selection and development in sport as well as the development of life skills in athletes.

The purpose of the present study was the prediction of sports involvement of students through leadership style of physical education teachers with investigation the mediating role of satisfaction and sports motivation. The research method was descriptive - correlational; in terms of objectives, it was an applied research conducted through a field study. Statistical population of this study included all the High school students in Shahindezh in the 97-98 academic year. The number of samples in this research was determined using a cluster sampling method and 242 individuals were sampled among male and female students. To collect the data, leadership scale for sport of Chelladurai and Saleh (1980), sports motivation of Ryan et al. (1997), athletes' satisfaction of Chelladurai and Riemer (1988) and sports involvement of Beaton et al. (2011) questionnaires were used. In order to present the research model, and convergence and divergence validity, the Mplus software was applied. The results showed that democratic and positive feedback leadership styles play an important role in creating sports motivation and increasing student satisfaction. Also, the results highlighted the mediating role of sports motivation and satisfaction in the relationship between leadership styles of sports teachers and sports involvement of student. The results showed that democratic and positive feedback leadership styles play an important role in creating sports motivation and increasing student satisfaction. Also, the results highlighted the mediating role of sports motivation and satisfaction in the relationship between leadership styles of sports teachers and sports involvement of student.

The present research was to design and conduct with the aim of structural relationships between mental health, organizational health, participation motivation, and sports commitment in employees. The method of the present study was correlational. The statistical population of the study includes the staff of technical and professional centers of Iran. Based on Cochran's sample size formula, in a situation where the population size is uncertain, 384 people were identified as the research sample. The sampling method in the present study was stratified random. After distributing and collecting research questionnaires, 351 questionnaires were collected and analyzed. The data collection tool in the present study was a questionnaire. The statistical method used in the present study included the structural equation method. SPSS and PLS software were used to analyze the data of the present study. The present study results showed that organizational health and mental health affect the level of sports commitment and motivation of employees. In other words, efforts to improve organizational health and mental health affect the commitment of sports and the motivation of employees

Physical literacy is an important issue in maintaining personal and social health. A person is physically literate who has the necessary spirit and motivation for physical activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-confidence and motivation for physical activity training: the mediating role of physical literacy. The statistical population of the study included primary school physical education teachers (general and specialized physical education teachers) in Khuzestan province. Due to its large size, the statistical sample was first selected randomly in clusters of four cities of Ahvaz, Behbahan, Masjed Soleiman and Dezful (N = 790) and then randomly selected based on Kerjesi & Morgan table (n = 258). To collect data, three questionnaires of self-confidence were used in Spitel (2015), Torch Chi et al. (2020) and Spitel (2015). Pearson correlation tests and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data. Results showed that teachers 'self-confidence had a significant effect on their motivation for physical education (0/434), and teachers' self-confidence had a significant effect on their physical literacy (0/591). Also, teachers 'physical literacy had a significant effect on their motivation for physical education (0/383), and finally, self-confidence had a significant effect on the motivation of elementary school sports teachers for physical education with the mediating role of physical literacy that 69% of teachers' total self-confidence indirectly explained by the mediating variable of physical literacy. Considering the importance of providing high quality physical education at the primary school and that physical literacy is the basis for familiarity with behavioral and motor skills, physical fitness, awareness, knowledge and understanding of healthy living and strengthening the opportunity for physical recreation, it is recommended to be used the professional teachers and teachers with high level of physical literacy for teach physical education in elementary school

The aim of this research was designing a model of sports participation motivation of women based on three-part pattern. The research method is descriptive - correlation type. The statistical population consisted of experts in the field of women’s public sports (Such as managers, coaches, teachers and others). The statistical sample was selected based on the sampling method of Smart Plus software (19 * 20 = 380) and was selected using purposeful and accessible method. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire based on a 5-point Likert scale (37 questions). Content validity of the questionnaires was evaluated by 7 sports management professors and 7 sports managers. Furthermore, reliability and structure validity was confirmed based on the output of Smart Play software. The results showed that ground factors had a positive and significant effect on the structural factors, behavioral factors and the motivation of sport activity. Also, the effect of structural factors on behavioral factors and sport activity motivation was significant. Behavioral factors had a positive and significant effect on sport activity motivation. According to the results of this study, the motivation of sports participation in women is ultimately through behavioral factors. Therefore, it is imperative to make sure that women’s sports participation development measures are operationalized on the basis of individual-level components.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of gamification training on mathematical anxiety and mathematical motivation of ninth grade students. This research was conducted by quasi-experimental method with pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population is the ninth grade students of Mallard County. Based on the available sampling,50people were selected and25people were randomly assigned to the experimental group and another25people to the control group. In 7sessions, the students of the experimental group learned some of the mathematical concepts with the help of gamification. The research tools are questionnaires of mathematical anxiety and mathematical motivation based on valid researches whose face and content validity was confirmed by experts and a number of experienced mathematics teachers. Cronbach's alpha of the Mathematical Anxiety and Mathematical Motivation Questionnaires is 0.865and0.903, respectively, indicating their acceptable reliability. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that gamification training reduces ninth grade math anxiety (P<0.05,F=23.227) and increases their math motivation(P<0.05,F=16.521). Findings of the study showed that education with the help of gamification reduces the level of anxiety and stress in students in mathematics and makes teaching and learning this course more attractive and enjoyable.

Organizational identity is one of the most challenging issues in organizations which heavily influences their development. Universities are no exception to this in their attempt to enroll more students in the present competitive situation. The present study aimed at analyzing the effect of organizational identity on the loyalty of students and their willingness to stay longer with the university and participate in the sport activities, taking into account the motivation as an intervening variable. The study was applied in nature and the field data were collected through questionnaires. A sample of 162 participants were selected from the population of 285 people based on Morgan’s Table. Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test was used to analyze the obtained data and control the normality of distributions. In order to evaluate the research hypothesis, correlation test was employed and eventually, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the conceptual model of the study using SPSS and LISREL software. Findings suggested that the components of organizational identity had a significant effect on the students’ motivation and as a result, on their loyalty and repeating purchase. It was also found that customers’ motivation had a significant effect on their loyalty and continuous participation in sport activities. The organizational identity is recommended as one of the most important factors affecting the success in enrollment of more students in universities and higher education centers.

Due to the importance of understanding the diverse motivations of sports tourists, this study aimed to investigate the moderator role of gender in the relationships between motivations and enduring involvement of tourists in adventure sports activities. The research method was descriptive - correlational and has been done by structural equation modeling approach. Using sample size software based on the statistical power of 0.80, and the alpha level of 0.01, the population of this study, 325 sports tourists in Ramsar city was selected by simple random sampling method. In the present study to evaluate each of the variables (motivations and enduring involvement) by questionnaire from Beckman's dissertation (2013) was used that its face and content validity was approved after a three-stage translation confirmed by 6 marketing and sports tourism experts. In addition, composite reliability indices, Cronbach's alpha, Fornel and Larker criteria and Average Variance Extracted (AVE) were used to assess the reliability of questionnaires, internal consistency of questions, divergent and convergent validity for each of the factors respectively. Based on findings from among the dimensions considered in explaining the motivations of sports tourists on their enduring involvement, with the moderator role of gender, the only hypothesis of the effect of nature factor on tourists' self-expression was not approved in both groups (male and female). Therefore, to marketers and officials of sports and recreational centers, it is recommended in order to attract more sports tourists, in their services, consider the diversity of motivations for male and female tourists.

The purpose of the present study was to model the relationship between motivation and participation barriers with athletes' psychological levels and their behavioral involvement in sport with disabilities. The statistical population of this study includes all disabled athletes of the Veterans and Disabled Federation (athletes with disabilities in the national team) with a total number of over 1000, of which 700 are male and 300 are female. Using a simple random sampling method based on Morgan table, 278 people are selected. The sample was assessed by a researcher-made questionnaire of psychological relationships (relationship psychology, exercise motivation, barriers, and intervention). The collected data were analyzed in two levels (descriptive and inferential statistics). In this study, structural equation modeling technique based on partial least squares and PLS software was used to test the research hypotheses. Findings showed that motivational factors had a significant positive effect on psychological attachment. Barriers to exercise have a significant negative effect on mental health. Psychological continuity has a positive, direct and significant effect on behavioral involvement. The role of motivations on behavioral involvement through the mediating variable of psychological continuum is positive and significant. The role of barriers on behavioral involvement through the mediating variable of psychological continuum is inverse and significant. The value of the general fit index of the desired model is obtained which indicates strong overall fit of the research model.

The aim of this study was to develop a model of barriers to participation of women with physical-movement disabilities in team sports and its relationship with participation motivation. The methodology was correlational (structural equations). The statistical population consisted of female athletes with physical-movement disabilities in Iran who were active in two sport fields: para-volleyball and basketball with wheelchair and 300 subjects were selected by stratified sampling method. In order to collect data, the researcher-made Barriers to Participation Questionnaire and Hong Yong Lin (2010) Participation Motivation Questionnaire were used. The proposed model was presented by a review of related literature and theoretical foundations. After the qualitative steps, the final model factors were identified based on the experts’ viewpoints. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were performed and the factors were identified. Structural equation modeling was used to develop the model. The results showed that the model fit indices supported the strong desirability of the model, and the final model consisting of individual, physical, psychological, managerial, economic, media support, coaching role, cultural-religious, attitudes of others and social support was introduced. There was a causal relationship between psychological, managerial, media support, economic, attitudes of others and participation motivation, and there was no causal relationship between individual, structural, coaching role, social support, cultural-religious and participation motivation. The findings of this study suggest more effective planning to remove barriers so that the motivation to participate in women with physical-movement disabilities can increase.