جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Running » در نشریات گروه « تربیت بدنی »

Long-term endurance training improves aerobic capacity and lactic acid indicators during rest and sports activity. Increasing aerobic capacity and reducing lactic acid by consuming garlic can enhance these beneficial effects and therefore can increase endurance performance. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of 8 weeks of endurance training with garlic supplementation on aerobic capacity and lactic acid in non-professional middle-aged female athletes in zanjan city. Healthy non-athlete women were randomly divided into four groups [garlic supplement (with an average age of 52.33), exercise (53.60), garlic and exercise supplement (53.93) and a control (with an average age of 63.53)]. After Bruce's test (pre-test), a garlic supplement group, a training group (only training) and a garlic supplement and training group (garlic plus training) were given, and the control group did not perform any specific activity. The subjects, at the end of the eighth week, were again Bruce's test was performed to analyze the data, independent t-test and covariance analysis were used, and the significance level was 0.05 in all tests. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the consumption of garlic supplement, exercise, garlic with exercise in increasing aerobic capacity and reducing lactic acid. Also, after 8 weeks, garlic supplementation caused a significant difference in maximum oxygen consumption compared to the control group. The findings of the present study show that consuming garlic during exercise has a significant effect on increasing aerobic capacity and reducing lactic acid in non-athletic women.

The purpose of this study was to map and streamline HR strategies in the Ministry of Sport and Youth with a balanced scorecard approach. The research method is descriptive and purposefully applied. The research data were collected in field and mixed method (quantitative and qualitative). The statistical population of the study in the quantitative section included 65 officials and experts of the Ministry of Sport and Youth Affairs and the provincial general managers of sport and youth equal to 65 persons and 12 experts in the qualitative section. Due to the limitations of members, the sample was considered equal to the population (integer). The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by 10 university sports management professors and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test (α = 0.85). Logical induction method and Strategic Council meetings were used to analyze the data in the qualitative section and Cronbach's alpha and frequency percentage in the descriptive and quantitative sections. The findings showed that in the HRM system of the Ministry of Sport and Youth, there are 4 perspectives (productivity, stakeholders, internal processes and growth and learning), 26 strategic goals, 32 measures and 39 actions and initiatives. It can be concluded that given the alignment of strategies with strategic goals, measures and initiatives and HR initiatives and initiatives of the Ministry of Sport and Youth in different contexts, in addition to the strategic implementation, increase the capacity of the organization. And it's purposeful.

Suitable sports shoes are one of the best available methods to change the biomechanical pattern of running and cause to improve sports performance of athletes. This study aimed to investigate the effect of increasing the mass of shoes on a selection of mechanical components of running and ankle kinematics of recreational runners. The participants of this study were 12 young men aged 19 to 25 years who had been running for at least one to three days a week for the past six months. To simulate heavy shoes, a 250-gram sandbag was attached to the shoes of the participants. After reflective marker placement, their running pattern was recorded in three dimensions on a treadmill at a speed of 10 km/h in two stages (with and without additional load). The examined components included vertical displacement of the center of mass, angle between the shin and ground, heel whip, heel clearance, angle between foot and ground, dorsi-plantar flexion angle, maximum eversion, and foot pronation velocity. There was a difference of 1.3 cm in the hill clearance component and 1.1 degree in the dorsiplantar flexion angle of heavy shoes compared to light shoes. Based on the results of the research, it seems that using sandbags to increase the mass of the shoe can cause an increase in ankle eversion in recreational runners.

Obesity and overweight have become global problems that can affect the mechanics of running in affected individuals. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to review the mechanics of running in obese or overweight individuals.

The present study was a library and systematic review. The search for articles in Persian and English was performed from the beginning of 2003 until the beginning of January 2023. This search was conducted in various databases, including WOS, SID, Magiran, Scopus, PubMed, ISC, and Google Scholar. Additionally, the type of selected studies included original research, review articles, and clinical trials. Seventeen related articles were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, 12 articles related to running mechanics in overweight or obese individuals were analyzed.

The review of three articles showed that there is a direct relationship between an increase in body mass index (BMI) and an increase in plantar pressure. Additionally, the results of two articles were related to the increase in loading rate in obese individuals while running. The findings of two articles indicated the collapse of the arches of the feet and ultimately the reduction of shocks caused by running. Examining the results of one of the articles showed that in overweight or obese individuals, doing exercises such as running can be a reason for micro fractures of the tibia. The findings of one of the articles also showed that people with a high body mass index have a lower range of motion than people with a normal weight while running. Finally, the findings of three articles in the field of muscle electrical activity showed that in overweight individuals, activities such as running can be effective in reducing the strength of plantar flexor muscles.

It seems that obese and overweight individuals are at risk of injury during running due to biomechanical reasons.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of chronic ankle instability on coordination and variability of coordination of lower limb joints during running. 20 active male subjects (10 subjects with chronic ankle sprain and 10 healthy subjects) started running on the treadmill with connected sensors at a gradual speed. Information about the coordination and variability of 10 steps of each subject in the joints of the lower limbs was extracted in the sagittal plane of all three joints (hip, knee, and ankle) as well as the transverse plane of the ankle. Finally, an independent t-test was used to analyze the statistical analysis at a significant level of (P <0.05). The results showed that coordination at the initiation of the stance phase was significantly lower in the group with chronic ankle sprain than in the healthy group. The coordination of the hip-knee, hip-to-ankle, and knee-to-ankle joints are more different in injured people than in healthy people at the initiation of the stance phase running, so the coordination of these joints is reduced in the sagittal plane of subjects with chronic ankle sprain. Also, the coordination of the knee joints to the ankle in the frontal plane of the injured group is greater than the healthy group. Chronic ankle sprain injury has caused this difference in the pattern of coordination during the stance phase of running, so that the central nervous system of the body, under the influence of fear of re-injury, designs the movement of the ankle joints relative to the knee to minimize the risk of injury.

Considering the direct relationship between playing soccer and walking and running at different speeds, recognizing various running patterns plays a major role in prescribing better training programs and improvement of the athletes’ performance in different age groups. The purpose of the present study was to register the characteristics of stance phase in soccer players in different age groups and finding probable differences. 58 amateur football players of Sepahan Football Academy in Mobarakeh city in 3 age groups of U-13, U-15 and U-17 participated in this study. The players performed the test at 4 different tasks of walking, jogging, running in self-selected speed, and sprinting barefooted on a straight path that a foot scan was mounted in the midway. The results of this study showed that in general, the progression angle decreases by aging and increases by the speed. Regarding the timing of sub-phases, the results showed difference between groups of different age groups. The results also showed that the timing differs in sub-phases in different speeds. These findings could be useful in prescribing suitable running patterns in running trainings for age group soccer instructors.

Running is known as one of the most popular sports for which there is no time and space limit. Recently, due to lifestyle changes, the use of treadmills for walking and running has increased. However, the biomechanical differences in coordination between running on a treadmill at different speeds have not been sufficiently addressed. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of increasing running speed on three-dimensional changes of lower extremity joint angles in the open motor chain and swing phase.

28 elite runners participated in this study. Subjects ran on an equipped treadmill while kinematic running data was recorded for 30 seconds through a three-dimensional 12-camera motion recording system at speeds of 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 m / s. Data were normalized based on the subjects' body mass as well as 101 time points in the running cycle. The normality and homogeneity of variance of the dependent variable were tested using Bartlett and Leven’s tests. Repeated measurement test was performed to measure the angles of the pelvis, knee and ankle between the dominant and non-dominant lower limb joints in the running swing phase.

In the range of motion of hip, knee and ankle joint, there were significant differences among all the three speed rates of 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 on all planes.

Changes in the angle and range of motion of the hip, knee and ankle joints are significantly greater in the swing phase as the running speed increases. Due to the fact that in high-speed running, the stability of the body decreases, the central nervous system commands to increase the range of motion of the angle of the mentioned joints to regulate the structure of the body and reduce the instability in response to the applied disorders. The results also show that the ankle joint, as the closest joint in contact with the ground, helps to run faster and more efficiently by increasing changes in the angle and range of motion of the ankle joint during running, and by reducing the time of foot contact with the ground at each step. It can be concluded that this point is effective in increasing speed.

Attention can be paid to the biomechanical characteristics of running since the speed of running varies. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of increasing running speed on the three-dimensional kinematics of the lower limb joints in the stance phase.

The research was quasi-experimental. 27 volunteer subjects ran on a treadmill and the kinematic and kinetics data were collected through a three-dimensional system at three speed levels (2.5, 3.5, and 4.5) m/s. kinematics and kinetics data were recorded by 12 cameras (120 Hz) and force platform (150 Hz), respectively.   The stance phase was derived according to the ground reaction Force value of the force platform. Hip, knee and ankle kinematics including peak of the absolute angles in three dimensions and three speeds were calculated for further analysis. Repeated measurement with Bonferroni post Hoc tests were employed to investigate the differences between the variables in three dimensions using SPSS software (P <0.05).

The results showed that during increasing speed, significant differences were observed in frontal (2.5 & 3.5, 2.5 & 4.5 m/s) and sagittal (2.5 & 3.5. 2.5 & 4.5, 3.5 & 4.5 m/s) planes in hip as well as only in transverse (2.5 &4.5, 3.5 & 4.5 m/s) plane for knee. No significant differences were obvious in peak of ankle joints during increasing speed in all three planes.

The results of the present study showed that hip and knee joints are more susceptible to changes of kinematics behavior during running progressively. Ankle joint seems to be more stable during the progressive running situation. Coaches and athletes may also enhance their performance using the results of the present study.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of increasing running speed on motor ‎chain and kinetic ratio of lower limb joints‎.

The statistical population of this study consisted of healthy people and ordinary runners. A ‎group of 28 healthy male subjects, including runners who ran more than 20 km per week, ‎were selected via convenience sampling method as research sample. They were also fully ‎acquainted with running on a treadmill. Three-dimensional kinetics parameters of the lower ‎limb joints, hip, knee, and ankle, torque and the kinetic ratio of the minimum, maximum and mean values of these ‎joints at three different speeds 2/5,3/5 and 4/5 was measured by two important instruments, ‎the camera and the force plate. Shapiro-wilks test was used to check the normality of data ‎distribution and data analysis was performed using analysis of variance with repeated ‎measurements or repeated measure through SPSS software, version 22‎.

Based on the results obtained in this study, the torque ratio of hip to knee and thigh to ankle ‎joints was not significant in any of the anatomical plates and axes at three speeds (p≥0.05). ‎Also, the ratio of torque of knee joints to ankle in three speeds and three planes did not ‎show a significant difference ( p≥0.05)‎.

According to the results obtained in this study, it seems that with the knowledge of the ‎moment changes of the lower limb joints, practical solutions can be provided to reduce the ‎amount of damage when running, especially on a treadmill, to these 3 joints. ‎

Emerging research has suggested a relationship may exist between joint coordination and musculoskeletal injuries such as patellofemoral pain syndrome. It has recently suggested the use of shoes as a therapeutic intervention; however, the extent to which shoes affect the pattern of coordination remains unclear.The purpose of this study was to evaluate acute effect of motion control shoe on lower-limb joints coordination in females with patellofemoral pain syndrome during stance phase of running

24 females with PFPS participated in the study. Kinematic data were recorded in two running conditions with motion control and standard shoes using cameras. The vector coding method was used to calculate the coordination of the lower limb joints; also the paired t-test method was used to analyze the data at the significance level of P≤0.05.

Motion control shoes compared to standard shoes had different effect on the coordination between rotation of the knee joint with motion of the subtalar joint in the transverse plane in two sub-phases of loading response (P=0.006) and midstance (P=0.007). Also in the sagittal plane in the loading response phase, the coordination between the hip with the knee joint and the hip with the ankle joints was statistically significant between the two shoes.

The use of motion control shoe proved to be effective to alter lower limb coordination during running in female with PFPS. This new insight into coordinative function may be useful for improving corrective strategies planned for treatment of PFPS.

Type of attentional focus on physiological and psychological state of people can be effective running time. Although the role of external attention approaches in forming optimal movement has been approved for several times, the role of associative and dissociative factors with movement has not been known in the case of manipulating the different tasks and individual constraints. Therefore, the presents study examined the role of associative and dissociative attentional focus with internal and external dimensions on running economy of beginners.Twelve beginner women (aged 18 to 30 years old) ran on the treadmill. To measure Vmax of participants, the starting speed was set at 6 km/h and increased to 2 km/h per minute. The process was continued until voluntary fatigue. The speed used in each of the five test conditions (internal associative, external associative, internal dissociative, external dissociative, control) was 70% of the maximum speed of each individual. The results of repeated- measure ANOVA revealed that associative attentional focus with internal/external dimension resulted in higher oxygen consumption and blood lactate, which caused lower running economy in beginners. The results of internal/external dissociative attention indicated lower consumption of oxygen and less amount of blood lactate (higher economy). Based on the results of the present study, dissociative attention is the most economical method for running in beginners.

Adhesion molecules are mediators of atherosclerotic inflammatory processes. Blood levels of these substances have direct association with cardiovascular disease risk and elevate in heart patients. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of two continuous (cooper test) and interval (RAST test) exercises on levels of ICAM1, VCAM1, E-selectin, P-selectin, and L-selectin. 17 obese and healthy young females were randomly assigned into two groups of Cooper and RAST tests. Blood sampling was done before and after the tests. In statistical analysis, paired T-test was used for interring group comparison and independent T-test was used for between groups comparison. Analysis of data showed that except L-selectin, changes of all dependent variables after cooper and RAST tests were not significant (P>0/05) and only L-selectin levels after cooper test decreased significantly (P≤0/05). Also changes of all of variables between two groups were not significant (P>0/05). overall, one session interval and continuous exercise did not induce elevation of atherogenic adhesion molecules in obese young females that shows protective mechanisms in vascular endothelium in these persons possibly prevents injurious inflammatory response to exercise, thus obese young females can do exercise for weight reduction without anxiety for inflammatory complications induced by exercise trainings.

Most of sport injuries occur during fatigue. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect ofMost sports injuries occur during fatigue. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of fatigue protocol on lower limb muscular activities in individuals with genu varus during running with agility shoes. In this study, 14 individuals with genu varus and 15 healthy control ones aged 20-30 years volunteered to participate. Muscle activities were recorded using a Biometric system. Findings demonstrated greater gluteus medius activity in the healthy group compared to the genu varus group. The main effect of fatigue on tibialis anterior activity during the loading phase and mid-stance phase was significant. Overall, because of different tibialis anterior and semitendinosus performance in the genu varus group compared with the healthy group during running before and after fatigue protocol, rehabilitation of these muscles is essential in genu varus individuals.

The purpose of this study was to determine the immediate effect of three types of shoe insoles, on electromyography activity of selected lower extremity muscles during running on treadmill. The electromyography activity of the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius lateralis muscles of 14 male athletes were recorded in non-insole, wearing soft, semi-rigid and rigid insoles conditions during running on treadmill. Electromyography activity of the rectus femoris muscle in the loading phase was lower in soft insole condition than other conditions. In the pre-swing/early swing phase, there was difference of the rectus femoris muscle activity in the soft/non-insole and soft/semi-rigid conditions. In this phase, the biceps femoris muscle had different activity in the semi-stiff/non-insole and semi-rigid/rigid conditions. In the mid-swing phase, there was a difference in the activity of the rectus femoris and the tibialis anterior muscles in the non-insole/semi-rigid condition, and the gastrocnemius lateralis muscle in the non-insole condition with other conditions. There was difference also for biceps femoris muscle activity in the semi-rigid/non-insole condition in the pre-activation phase. The vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius lateralis muscles activity in the soft insole condition was lower than that of the semi-rigid condition. It seems that the intensity and contraction pattern of the muscles change while using different shoe insoles with different variety of stiffness during running. It could be useful in choosing a shoe insole with a suitable stiffness material level for clinical and training purposes.

Activation of adhesive molecules is an index of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks high intensity interval training (HIT) on levels of ICAM1, VCAM1, E-selectin, P-selectin and L-selectin.

Subjects of this study included healthy young obese women that assigned into control and experimental groups. Subjects of experimental group performed eight weeks HIT trainings (3 sessions per week) with the intensity of 90% heart rate reserve. Blood sampling was done before and 48 hours after trainings. Data were analyzed using Paired T-test and covariance analysis (Ancova).

In experimental group, Weight, BMI and VCAM1 decreased and cardiorespiratory fitness increased significantly (P≤0/05).

Eight weeks HIT training through elevation of cardiorespiratory fitness and reduction of weight, BMI and VCAM1 levels is effective in prevention of risk of atherogenic plaque formation in young obese women. Thus, these persons can use HIT trainings as short duration and time saving trainings for improvement of cardiovascular health.