جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "terrorism" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

Terrorism in today's world is known as one of the main factors of chaos. Some countries are trying to achieve their goals by using this phenomenon as a tool. In this regard, the unprecedented order and the official announcement of the assassination of internationally supported persons, including the commander of the Quds Force, by the President of the United States of America, is an example of a crime that violates treaties, customary rules, and international legal principles, and its new forms, which are carried out by the heads of other countries. It is imitative, it threatens the peace and stability of the world community. Considering that the terrorist act was committed in the territory of a foreign country under the supervision of foreign nationals, the victim country is not easily able to prosecute the perpetrators and supervisors of that incident. This is because the terrorist act took place outside the territory of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the principle of territorial jurisdiction, which is the basis for determining the competent courts and recognizing the laws governing them, is not applicable. Invoking pre-emptive defense by the US lacks the necessary elements to attribute the act to Iran. Resorting to force is prohibited in international law, and states have the right to legitimate defense only when they are attacked by armed forces; recognized; Therefore, America's action is in direct opposition to Article 51 of the Charter and has no consistency with other international principles. Strategies such as applying the principle

Undoubtedly, one of the problems of the current world is the phenomenon of terrorism, which threatens the lives of people, disrupts the security of governments, and is one of the serious and fundamental obstacles for mankind to achieve peace and security. The Islamic Republic of Iran is one of the countries where the phenomenon of terrorism is linked with its national security and has been affected by terrorism in a dual way. On the one hand, Iran is one of the main victims of terrorism in the history of its independence, and on the other hand, facing the charge of supporting terrorism, it pays the price of its independence. This research aims to examine the regional strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in dealing with terrorism and Its impact on Iran's national security (1979-2021) and answering this question, what is the strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in dealing with terrorism and its impact on Iran's national security, and this issue was investigated with a descriptive and analytical method and such results were obtained. Hashd: The Islamic Republic of Iran, with an innovative action, especially in the last decade, has taken a strategy to deal with terrorism, which, while dealing with the roots and intellectual and religious foundations of terrorism, and trying to dry up the roots and causes of terrorism at the same time Tactically and operationally, it has dealt with the manifestations of terrorism and prevented the spread of terrorist acts, and in this field,

Although terrorism is considered a political phenomenon in nature and having political goals is one of its inherent characteristics; But terrorist groups usually pursue a variety of political goals, and the places and locations of attacks by these terrorist groups depending on the type and nature of the political objective pursued is different. What is certain is that the distribution and concentration of terrorist attacks on a global, national, and local scale is not accidental, and Several features are influential in this distribution pattern. In Iran, both spatially and temporally, there have been periods of frequency and concentration of terrorist attacks that can be called the wave of terrorist attacks. In some periods, terrorist attacks and the activities of terrorist groups were concentrated in parts of the country and in other periods it was relocated to other parts of Iran has been transferred. In periods also, terrorist attacks have intensified in several regions of the country over a period of time; therefore, this research investigates the answers to the following questions: “What spatial pattern has the terrorist attacks in Iran followed”?  and “what is the difference between how to distribute the attacks of different terrorist groups and their methods”?

The method used in this research is quantitative and using data from reputable global databases on terrorist attacks in Iran. also, Spatial distribution maps based on location-based data have been used to better understand the issues.

The first long wave of terrorist attacks in Iran began immediately after the victory of the Islamic Revolution and will continue until the end of 1982. During this 4 year period, the biggest and most intense terrorist attacks take place. During this period, the widespread and simultaneous activity of anti-government terrorist groups and ethnic separatist terrorist groups will intensify terrorist attacks in Iran. The 267 terrorist attacks recorded in these four years are almost equal to half of the total terrorist attacks of the last 40 years. Spatially, this wave of terrorist attacks has been concentrated in Tehran and major cities and boundary regions in the northwest and southwest of Iran. Assessing the distribution of terrorist attacks during this period shows that attacks by anti-government terrorist groups follow a hierarchical distribution, whereas the attacks of separatist terrorist groups have followed the pattern of proximity or contagious diffusion.The second long wave is related to terrorist attacks between 1990 and 1994. This wave of terrorist attacks in Iran coincides with the end of the Iran-Iraq war. In this wave of terrorist attacks, mainly anti-government groups are active who sent troops from abroad to carry out terrorist attacks inside Iran. During this period, the terrorist attacks of the separatist groups in the western and southwestern provinces of Iran will be significantly reduced compared to the previous wave. However, terrorist attacks in Sistan and Baluchestan province begin with considerable intensity and are largely affected by the Proximity contagion of terrorist and extremist groups in Indian subcontinent.  The pattern of terrorist attacks in this period is mainly hierarchical due to the activity of anti-government terrorist groups. During this period, terrorists mainly used the bombing method in their attacks. The focus of terrorist attacks is spatially in Tehran and the centers of major provinces. The third long wave of terrorist attacks began in 2005 and will continue until 2014. This period coincides with the intense activity of separatist terrorist groups with a religious approach in the South-East regions of Iran. So that in this wave, Sistan and Baluchestan province has the highest frequency of terrorist attacks in Iran. Also, the activities of terrorist groups in Khuzestan, Kurdistan and West Azerbaijan provinces increase significantly compared to the previous period. A study of the spatial distribution of terrorist attacks shows that these attacks are affected by the proximity diffusion inside and outside the State. In this wave, the instrument and methods used by terrorists change in accordance with and under the influence of international religious terrorism in the South-East of the State, and terrorists use unconventional methods such as suicide attacks. In addition to these three major waves of terrorist attacks in Iran, two shorter and less intense waves of other terrorist attacks have also occurred in Iran. The first short wave of terrorist attacks takes place from 1998 to 2000. This short wave of terrorist attacks is in fact a continuation of the long wave from 1990 to 1994, which follows the same pattern in terms of the type of terrorist groups and the geography of the attacks. The second short wave of terrorist attacks took place from 2015 to 2018. This short wave of terrorist attacks is also located along the long wave of 2005 to 2013. With the difference that in this period, International terrorist groups, specifically ISIS, attacks in Iran. In this short wave, the main attacks took place in the boundary regions of Iran in of Sistan and Baluchestan, West Azerbaijan, Khuzestan and Kurdistan provinces.Almost all terrorist attacks in Iran between 1978 and 2018 were carried out by two groups of terrorist groups. First, there are anti-government terrorist groups that carried out terrorist acts with the aim of overthrowing the ruling political system and changing the government. The places and spaces that these groups targeted were mainly located in large and important cities of Iran. Anti-government groups planned and carried out their attacks first in Tehran and then in the provincial capitals and metropolises. Therefore, the distribution of terrorist attacks in these terrorist groups has been done hierarchically from a geographically. These groups have been very influential in the first and second wave of terrorist attacks, but gradually and with the strengthening of the political and security system of state, the intensity of this group and their ability to attack has been greatly reduced.The second type of terrorist group includes groups with separatist goals. These groups are active in ethnic and religious areas around of state that are not complete homogeneity with the central government. Separatist groups have been very active in the first and third waves of terrorist attacks in Iran. A noteworthy point about these groups is the spatial and geographical as well as organizational connection of some of them with terrorist organizations active in neighboring countries. Also, these groups have spatial and organizational pursuits outside the country. Therefore, the pattern of diffusion the attacks of these terrorist groups from the geographical point of view is proximity and contagion

Current Geographical spaces, from local to global scales, are affected by global drug trade. Cultivation, production, transit, distribution and consumption trends have dynamic and complex features. Actors of drug's geopolitics plan their strategies based on the geopolitical features of the geographical space under their control. The purpose of this research is to categorize the actors who benefit from the global drug trade, in order to strengthen scientific resources in the field of this trade and to create a scientific background for future studies when dealing with active actors in the global drug trade and also to determine the group that includes these actors, by examining the mechanism and level of their benefit. Since, according to neo-realists, non-state actors are effective components of global systems, the classification of actors benefiting from illegal trade can be effective in determining new coping strategies. In the current research, by using experimental assumptions and classification of scientific findings, we have tried to classify and explain geopolitical drug actors as influential components of a global system. Therefore, within the framework of the theory of structural realism, with the method of documentary and library research of Persian and non-Persian first-hand resources, activists who benefit from the geopolitics of global drug trends were categorized in six groups including: individual actors, criminal organizations, armed movements, Narco-states, hostile states and the hidden actors. Also, in terms of purpose and benefit mechanism, they have been analyzed in two groups: 1- actors with geopolitical goals and 2- actors with geo-economic goals.

Terrorism is currently one of the most important concerns of governments, both domestically and internationally, which has posed enormous challenges to countries, especially those in the Middle East. Thinkers, researchers and experts have expressed different views about the causes of this phenomenon and have explained its roots from different perspectives and with political, psychological, economic, social, ideological and ... justifications. In the Middle East, in spite of religious, ethnic and different types of governments, the ground for the spread of terrorism has been prepared. The results show that some regional and trans-regional actors in the Middle East need to pursue their domestic, regional and international goals through violence and terror. While there are many terrorist groups in the Middle East and each of them has different natures, the role of the countries in this region in their formation and expansion is also different and each of them has somehow sought to achieve their goals in this way. Research has been done on them.

The waters of the South Sea of China are among the important international shipping lines and the artery of the world's sea routes.More than half of the world's trade and one-third of shipping is crossing the area. In recent years, the southern shore of the southern shore of China, especially the tin of Malacca and the Solo-Sulawesi Sea (the blue border of three Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines), has been very important for the economic and political development of the countries of the region due to its geographic and geo-economic status. However, maritime trade in this water zone has faced increasing challenges in the field of maritime security threats in recent years. The most important elements of maritime security in the region include piracy, maritime terrorism, human trafficking (one example of organized crime), illegal fishing and marine pollution caused by oil and gas fields at sea. In this area, maritime surveillance is also used as a tactic and source of income for groups associated with terrorist activities and extremism (the Abu Sayf terrorist group).... On the one hand, a significant part of the regional trade in ASEAN is carried out through this sea. The research question is, what is the international and regional legal structure dealing with theft and maritime terrorism? In response to this question, it has been shown that regional states and trans-regional powers display different behaviors. The present study was conducted using descriptive and analytical methods.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the origins of international regulations of world governments in the fight against terrorism from the perspective of international law, which is followed by a descriptive-analytical method. Terrorism, as one of the most important security problems in the contemporary world, has been the subject of considerable reflection and research in various fields of the humanities, including international law. Studies of relevant documents show that this phenomenon has increased with the expansion of world relations and the growing imbalance of social classes and political inequalities. According to the results, despite the ratification of international conventions along with the ratification of the internal laws of countries, the contemporary era has witnessed a lack of agreement and collective success in confronting and eliminating the phenomenon of terrorism. The reason for this can be attributed to the lack of relative unity in defining the nature and nature of the terrorist act, which in turn confuses and inefficiencies the forms of confrontation with it and institutions such as the United Nations. Although the structure of international law has succeeded in creating international laws and regulations, but due to the use of power by powerful governments for their own benefit, these measures have not become fruitful and final solutions.

Terrorism is also referred to as intimidation, intimidation, and intimidation. The use of violence or the threat of violence to achieve political, religious, or ideological goals. Terrorism is the unlawful use of violence or intimidation, especially Against civilians, to pursue political goals. Of course, in today's world, there is no exact definition of the word "terrorism". In other words, it is an approach that considers the basis of the method of imposing ideas on others only through coercion, terror, war, violence, terror, rioting, guerrilla operations, massacre, genocide, torture and coup d'etat. With these interpretations, we come to the victims who, without any guilt or contribution to these interactions, must pay the penalty for the crime and not sin. In the present study, we seek to explain the rights of victims of terrorism from the perspective of legal rules and principles and political solutions. Let's be.

International responsibility of states for changes in international borders is considered an important issue in international law. Tensions and movements by real or legal groups across international borders can pave the way for divergent approaches between neighboring political entities. The present study uses a descriptive-analytical method to examine the issue of international responsibility of governments, treaties and agreements on border regulation between Iran and Pakistan and the responsibility of these two countries in securing their borders and the international responsibility of the Pakistani government against terrorist groups located in the southeastern international border of the country. The findings show that if proven support or negligence in the fight and prevention of the emergence of terrorist groups on the international borders of countries that cause damage and hurt to the neighboring country, the injured countries may, in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 687, as well as in accordance with paragraphs 2a and 2c of Article 8 of the Statute of the International Criminal Court, take the necessary measures to claim damages from the country. The results show that the activities of terrorist groups in the southeastern borders of Iran and the creation of hostages and clashes with border guards and the martyrdom of those who flee to Pakistan after any activity and due to lack of prosecution, impunity and lack of the expulsion and extradition of members of existing groups by Pakistan was considered an international violation that would give the country international responsibility in international courts to the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Strategic policy is tantamount to a method for foreign policy analysis. The foreign and strategic policies of Iran have been in line with multilateral cooperation in regional crises. The key indicators of Iran’s policy comprise mechanisms of identity and revolutionary actions in international and regional relations. Iran’s strategic policy has generally been formed on the pillars of multilateral cooperation with regional countries and in line with the unity of the Muslim world. Iran has accepted many of the rules of the Westphalian system, and has therefore based its strategic policy orientation on the doctrine of adaptability to the world order. Iran’s policy of managing regional crises has generally been based on cultural tenets, historical experiences and structural consequences. Each of the latter components has played a crucial role in Iran’s Westphalian order paradigm for protecting the territories of other countries. The experiences gained by Iran during the Holy Defense [Iran-Iraq War] and its acceptance of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 598 are indicative of the fact that Iran has employed pragmatic mechanisms with regard to regional conservative countries. Iran’s nuclear diplomacy can be regarded as another sign of its structural action which aims to deter threats and manage crises. The acceptance of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action and Iran’s efforts toward peacemaking in the regional order of the Persian Gulf and Middle East can be considered as actions taken by Iran toward confronting terrorist groups and organizing regional order under such circumstances as violence, crises and chaos.

Boko Haram is one of the newest terrorist groups in the West African region. due its rapid expansion and the increase in its activities and violence, Boko Haram is the most important terrorist groups in the world after The defeat of ISIS in 2017. Boko Haram's emphasis on violent activities has given to this terrorist group a special character. Boko Haram terrorism, which is more complex than African terrorism not only, have had a high level of violence, but also creating global threat and have ideas for state-building. The group's emphasis on the ideological struggle against the West is another reason that has distinguished this terrorist group in the history of terrorism in West Africa. In other words, while the previous waves of global terrorism in West Africa were largely based on Marxism or nationalism and in some cases anarchism, this is the first time in West Africa that Salafist groups have been able to organize a new wave of religious terrorism. The present study, using the teachings of the theory of "international waves of terrorism" and assuming Boko Haram as a symbol of the fourth wave of international terrorism, raised the question of how Boko Haram's threat in West Africa could affect the region's geopolitics. Boko Haram has close ties with Salafist groups at the domestic, regional and international levels, and in addition to cooperating with extremist Islamist groups in West Africa, which are affiliated with al-Qaeda, it is linked to ISIS and its allies on the African continent. Boko Haram also has links to Salafist terrorist groups such as al-Qaeda, the Taliban, al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (MUJWA), Ansar al-Din (AAD), al-Shabab, Sudan's Ansar al-Islam (Jamāʿatu Anṣāril Muslimīna fī Bilādis Sūdān) and ISIS.

Generally, Trend analysis is the widespread practice of collecting information and attempting to spot a pattern. Case study in this article refers to the in depth analysis of some facts about “Boko Haram”. By examining the "trend" of Boko Haram's development, the paper seeks to show the future impact of this trend on West African geopolitics.  In addition, Data were collected by four methods individual interviews, survey on formal reports and news study, documentation collection and study the related Books and journals in Chinese, English and Persian languages. Data analyses was based on describe-analysis.

At the beginning of its formation, Boko Haram emerged as a peace movement that operated peacefully, but gradually replaced its peaceful approach with armed jihad and violence, and became a full-fledged terrorist movement in West Africa. Today, Boko Haram, like other groups in the Fourth Wave of International Terrorism and ISIS, has killed thousands so far in Nigeria, Chad and Cameroon. The group also set fire to some Christian villages in Nigeria, treating 276 abducted girls as slaves. Boko Haram has also declared an Islamic caliphate following the example of ISIS in Iraq and the Levant. Like ISIS, Boko Haram believes that the Islamic State and Caliphate must spread throughout the world, and that non-Muslim killings are necessary to achieve this goal. This article shows The organizational structure of the Boko Haram hierarchy and pyramid is very similar to that of other religious terrorist groups. Since 2011, Boko Haram, like other terrorist groups linked to the fourth wave of international terrorism, has dramatically altered Nigeria's internal security scene by carrying out suicide attacks. As the analysis of trends shows, Boko Haram does not restrict itself from operating on the borders of Nigeria, and the claim of creating a caliphate, has significantly affected the Muslim population of the West African region.  In addition, international aid from Saudi Arabia and some Arab countries has increased the group's power. This article shows that Boko Haram can no longer be considered a religious terrorist movement, but must be considered a multinational movement that has international supporters. By taking advantage of the experiences of some Muslim politicians in this country, Boko Haram has been able to continuously strengthen its structure and power. Selecting different names from the beginning of the activity until today, and examining the "trend" of words from which Boko Haram was born, shows that the "words" of this terrorist group have always been aimed at expanding and becoming international. Boko Haram extremists have also been able to expand their ties with radical Salafist groups and use their support to play an influential role in the West African region. Comparing ISIL's actions in Iraq and Syria and Boko Haram in Nigeria reveals that the two groups' methods of intimidation are very similar. In other words, Boko Haram is following the same path as ISIL, with the exception that ISIL eventually defeated from West Asian regional order and the power of Iran, while none of Nigeria's neighboring states have the power to deal with Boko Haram. Finally, this article shows that Boko Haram has made the West African region (especially Nigeria) the mainstay of its activities, attracting young Muslims from northern Nigeria and Africa to the core of the group. These new conditions could fill the political power gap in the region and ultimately lead to many geopolitical changes in West Africa.

Today, the word terrorism has taken on a new form as it enters new fields. Terrorism in a new approach (modern terrorism) is a re-transfer from the mental to the objective status. With the aim of investigating the spatial-place dimensions of terrorism in the Islamic Republic, this study, with a descriptive-analytical method based on theories of transmission, rationality, relative underprivileged, social and psychological education, globalization, ideology and peripheral center (Friedman), has explained spatial-place dimensions of terrorism in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The main question of this study is: what are the spatial-place dimensions of terrorism in the Islamic Republic of Iran? The research findings indicate that terrorism in the Islamic Republic of Iran has three spatial and geographical dimensions, which are as follows: environment (space), formation and activity of terrorist groups (location-scale); the targets of the attack and the geopolitical motives and consequences of terrorism. Terrorism also has very important structural-spatial dimensions, both structurally and functionally. These factors may include various political, cultural, social, economic, and religious aspects, or a combination of different indicators. The results indicate that the formation of terrorism in some marginal areas of the Islamic Republic of Iran is the result of a combination of geographical contexts as endogenous and infrastructural factors, and geopolitical features as exogenous and superstructure factors

Terrorism Analysis, geopolitical tools of spatial distribution of power Abstract In today's world, the war on terrorism and the geopolitical security discourse in the international system transformation. So-called terrorism, both in theory and in practice, a complicated term. Terrorism, Violence premeditated and political orientation of the groups in national influence and create fear among the nations. Now the source of insecurity and the threat of terrorism throughout the world, particularly in areas such as Middle East, Central Asia, North Africa and even Europe. In general, the scope and impact of terrorism, Spatial levels of national, regional and international sanctioned. Terrorism as a geopolitical issue Is that the relationship between government and competition with domestic opposition groups, the competition between countries At the regional level and in competition and conflict among world powers with each other, as a means of coping employed it is possible. It is noteworthy that the international community is very important in the fight against this phenomenon Security-threatening, causing changes in the geopolitical security regimes and practices. Today, terrorist groups have an important role and role in global, regional and intriguing rivals and rivals among rival players. In the In the present paper, the descriptive and analytical approach to the role, function and geopolitical dimensions of terrorism there. In fact, this article seeks to prove the hypothesis that, in today's world, terrorism is a geopolitical tool in the hands of powerful countries, to deal with their rivals have become. Key words: terrorism, international relations, geopolitics, security, Space

Urban infrastructure is an important part of the assets, and urban elements are considered for the task of providing basic needs and services-relief for citizens. So, military attacks and especially terrorist actions which can damage the safety of citizens, urban infrastructure faces serious dangers. One of the fundamental issues in terrorism, modern terrorism of sabotage against terrorist operations and regions and sensitive centers, and vital infrastructure is vulnerable. Meanwhile, due to the need of residents and industry, urban water infrastructure, as the most important element any damage to the infrastructure and serious disruption in its performance could quickly become security and social crisis. Based on this, to settle these kinds of threats and infrastructure protective mechanisms are required.

The present study based on the method and the nature is descriptive and analytic. The main research question is that “what are the most important terrorist threats which can harm elements of the city’s water infrastructure?”. What are and how vulnerable is the elements of water infrastructure in front of these threats?

The results showed that, between nine infrastructures, urban water infrastructure, due to the urgent need of civilians and civilian installations has a special place among 17 threats to the elements of water supply infrastructure in three parts and distribution. Also, water supply is vulnerable in front of three types of threat of terrorism, including terrorism, cyber terrorism and bioterrorism and in particular against suicide terrorism. Also test X2 assets have a high degree of vulnerability water infrastructure, and Friedman test results also shows that most damaged infrastructure assets is water and water supply.

Overall potable water systems are vulnerable from point of the water supply and having various different components and risks. Most of these key sectors like tanks, the settlements and others are vulnerable due to the high threats by human. Although some components like water pipes are buried, but some are invisible like performance- related accidents like failure, sat down and wastewater. sensitivity of the infrastructure is somehow that chemical contamination of the system can lead to paralysis in the long term service and clean water and restore the water system and makes the infrastructure in broad level: disorder in water treatment; storage and forwarding and transmission facilities; and the dangers of pesticides biological entry into the water system; damage to equipment, personnel; damage to public society; damage to equipment and facilities; damage to private property and problems of hazardous waste.

Undoubtedly the life of terrorist groups in all regions of the world, financial support is found and hidden Sent by government and non-state sources. Beyond knowing the details and how to do this this is an issue that is of particular importance in the fight against terrorism International law is about financing terrorism. The purpose of this article is to analyze and investigate the crime of financing terrorism in international law focusing on the ISIS terrorist group in Iraq and Syria. The main question of this article is that how is international law financing terrorist groups such as ISIL in Syria and Iraq? The research hypothesis of the present research is that in international law the creation of the Convention against the Financing of Terrorism (1999) and the issuance of various resolutions, in particular Resolution (2001) of the United Nations Security Council it shows that the subject of this article has been the focus of attention of countries and international legal entities. The results of this paper also show that despite international legal restrictions on preventing the financing of terrorism but the activities of the ISIL terrorist group this is the truth that observe, control, and combat the financing phenomenon which undoubtedly plays a key role in expanding the actions of the terrorist groups we need to be more precise and broader by international institutions and to work closely with national governments.

Terrorism is a narrow-minded, narrow interpretation of religious and legal rules in a geographical area, it is for the benefit of a particular group and against others. Terrorism does not happen in a vacuum rather, it is space-based, and in the classical sense it terrorizes in a local, national or regional geographical unit. The phenomenon of terrorism and its extent and geography have a long history and history both in the Muslim world and in the West. On the other hand, Islamic law sources and international law rulesEach has looked at the phenomenon of terrorism with different literatures. The purpose of this article is the geo-legal analysis of terrorism in the West and in the Islamic world according to Islamic teachings and the rules of international law. The main question of this article is thatIn what areas and countries was the geographical scope of terrorism in the Islamic world and the West? And how have these Islamic teachings and the rules of international law interpreted this phenomenon? The research method is descriptive-analytical will try using scientific and research articles as well as library resources analyze and explain the research topic. The results of the paper show that the phenomenon of terrorism, contrary to the claims of the Western media, both in the West and in the Muslim world was equally abundant and the teachings of Islam and international law however, with different literature they have condemned this phenomenon and considered the perpetrators punishable.

In the modern world, terrorism is one of the central and intertwined issues of national and international security. Counterterrorism is a set of actions taken by a defensive or preventive approach to mitigate the effects of violent behavior in the political and social spheres by resorting to military forces and the economic exploitation of indigenous forces. Given the threat posed by Iran and Pakistan, the authors sought to address this issue in this article to address the security challenges facing Iran and Pakistan in the period 2001 to 2017. Iran and Pakistan share more than 900 kilometers of boundaries, which have become the target of terrorist groups over the past decade. Who engage in terrorist activities on Iranian soil? The main question of the paper is what are the security challenges of Iran and Pakistan in confronting the phenomenon of terrorism from 2001 to 2017? The hypothesis of this paper to answer the main question is that Despite Iran and Pakistan's willingness to counter border terrorism, they face challenges outside the will of the two countries due to geographical, political, economic determinism, as well as interference from regional and non-regional third countries.The results of the paper also show thatGeographical components include confidence building in Iran-Pakistan security relations and the divergent role of neighboring and non-neighbor countries in the security challenges of Iran and Pakistan in the fight against terrorism.The research method in this thesis is descriptive-analyticalAnd it's done in a library way.

Terrorism is one of the great threats of the world in the 21st century, which by using various methods such as armed action, media propaganda and influence on the beliefs and values ​​of society, can disrupt the order and security of the society in question. To achieve their goals. In the meantime, regions and countries with racial, ethnic, cultural and religious differences are at greater risk. Among these, if there is a society of various economic weaknesses and political discrimination, this trend is more rapid. A major part of achieving sustainable security at any location and location is depreciation and economic prosperity, but this economic boom and the creation of sustainable economic security have the basic needs and that is the creation of a suitable security umbrella at that point,On the same basis, the southeast of the country and the province of Sistan and Baluchestan, which have been targeted by insurgents with the support of foreigners from the past, have been eyeing the Islamic system in recent years and the IRGC's ground forces have created a military-regional base called the Quds Force, Has undertaken responsibility for securing the borders and protecting the lives of the people against the actions of foreign-backed terrorists. Since the establishment of the Qods Regional Base Station by Nisa in the south-east of the country, important steps have been taken to secure security in the border areas,In order to know what steps have been taken in these areas, we have traveled to the border areas with a well-equipped news team with the presence of a number of officials from the central Quds Force of the Sepah, where the IRGC begins with security plans for the border frontiers

Recent advances in the field of biological sciences, on the one hand, and misuse of the results of scientific research by terrorist groups, on the other hand, have caused microbial agents to become fatal weapons that simultaneously threaten national security and public health of the societies. Low costs, easy access and provision, immediate effect, rapid expansion and their extremely high effect on the spread of sense of insecurity has made these types of terrorist acts attractive to some terrorist groups. This research uses descriptive - analytical method and refers to valid sources to study the biological agents that may be used by terrorists. It also tries to specify the most important methods of transmission of these agents and understand the effects of bioterrorist attacks on the security and health of citizens. The results of the research indicate that bioterrorism is more dangerous than other types of terrorism for threatening the life of citizens and ordinary people due to the attractions of biological materials for terrorists. Some of these characteristics and attractions include difficulty of identifying the biological agents, sufficiency of a small amount of biological agents for a bioterrorist attack, easier spread of biological agents, difficulty of defense against biological agents, possibility of making, production, warehousing and storage of biological weapons in a small and simple place, and having incubation period. Due to these characteristics, biological agents have become attractive temptations for terrorists. They can use biological agents for a terrorist attack on urban infrastructure in sectors of water, food, public services, etc. and threaten the lives of the citizens. In spite of the various protective measures of the governments, most people and citizens are vulnerable to this kind of terrorism. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully examine the extent and the special ways of vulnerability of people and infrastructure to these types of attacks and to formulate security attachments for prevention of such attacks. This is especially true in respect of Iran that is more vulnerable to such attacks.