جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « خاورمیانه » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Shamal wind is one of the local winds with high continuity and diversity in the Middle East and the Persian Gulf region, which often causes dust storms during the summer. In this research, the hourly data of sea level pressure, geopotential height, U and V winds were collected for a period of 44 years from the Copernicus database. First, these data were arranged as a long-term mean, secondly. In order to process the data, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used. Applying the PCA showed that more than 97% of the variation of the data is explained by three components. The score map of the first component revealed the spatial mechanism of the Shamal summer wind and the eigenvector diagram of the first component of the time period of the Shamal summer wind activity. In addition, the hierarchical cluster analysis on the time-space matrix of SLP showed three-time clusters that represent the time period of the north wind in summer and winter. The analysis of the maps of the monthly pressure distribution pattern showed that the most important active and influential system in the region is the low pressure of the Persian Gulf in the summer season, and the low pressure of the Red Sea in the winter season. The results suggest that the changes in the patterns of the earth's surface at the levels of 500 and 700 hPa are not much significant while it shows a better existence in the 850 and 1000 hPa maps.

China, as an emerging power that has been recognized by the world since the beginning of the 21st century, has actually stepped on the path of economic development since the end of the 70s with fundamental reforms. This country, which was initially the place of investment for western companies, has now taken the initiative of investing in other regions of the world and is implementing large projects that focus on two issues, energy and transportation. are.China is currently seeking to expand its presence in other regions of the world with a large economy and as the largest factory producing goods and with a population of more than 1.3 billion people. In the meantime, the Middle East region, with its many advantages, such as energy and special geographical location, etc., is one of the areas of interest to China. In this regard, the author tries to find the answer to the following basic question with an analytical-descriptive method in the present article titled "Geopolitical analysis of the process of China's presence in the Middle East region in economic and political dimensions":How is China's presence in the Middle East from a geopolitical point of view? In this article, the conclusion has been reached that the geopolitical relations between China and the Middle East are mostly based on geo-economics, and in this regard, China has tried to avoid entering into security-political conflicts in this region as much as possible. The data of this research has been collected in a library-document way.

The Middle East region is the most important crisis region in the world. The existence of many crises and conflicts in this region began in 2003 after the attacks of the United States of America on Iraq, and after that it reached its peak with the beginning of protest movements in the Arab world, including the Syrian crisis. Meanwhile, one of the most important crises that this region is facing in the last two decades is the formation of terrorist groups. By carrying out terrorist attacks and creating instability, these groups have endangered the security of different countries in the world. The main question of this research is what are the most important effects of the spread of terrorist groups on global security? the results of the research show that the creation and expansion of terrorist groups such as Al-Qaeda, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS), Jabhat al-Nusra, etc., on the one hand, have led to the defense policy of the Middle East countries leading to an increase in arms purchases and the competition of power poles in It has increased the area. On the other hand, it led to the recruitment of new members from other regions such as Europe and Central Asia, and finally, due to the return of foreign members of these groups to their home countries, it led to an increase in terrorist attacks in other Middle Eastern countries and some European countries such as England and Germany. Is. This research has studied this issue with descriptive-analytical method and using library resources.

History expresses the knowledge of social relations, culture and civilization of human society, including a period of human life that has a limited and definite time and place. On the other hand, the science of sociology in connection with history is responsible for the descriptive and analytical explanation of the history of culture and civilization of human society. In the studies of the Middle East, the importance of historical sociology including the specific characteristics of time, place and historical agent in the transformation of the region is considered. The scientific knowledge of all social phenomena, including how and why their emergence, expansion, death and transformation is called sociology. This research has investigated the geopolitical transformation of the Middle East region from a sociological point of view with a descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the research show that there are various identities in the Middle East. There are transnational identities on one side and ethnic and transnational identities on the other. The competition between these identities and the countries' emphasis on each of them has created an interesting set of cooperation, confrontation and conflict.

will give necessary and at the same time will clarify the possibilities and limitations for them. Since there is a relationship between geographical factors and government policies, governments make policies according to the geographical situation of their country. For this reason, geopolitical studies are particularly important. In addition to examining the relationship between geographical factors and the politics of a country, geopolitics also deals with the interpretation of eventsand predicts the future and determines the political policy of the country. Today, one of the most important issues that make countries face fundamental challenges is geopolitics versus security. The security of people in a geographical space is dependent on the security of governments, and the more powerful and stable the governments are, the more secure they can be. One of the issues that has a fundamental position in relation to the discussion of international security is the discussion of failed governments, which pose a danger not only to its subjects, but also to international security and can challenge international security and This basis in the current decade is among the countries that are among the failed governments; The country is Iraq.

. This study identifies, analyzes and explains the structural divergence and convergence among the influential actors in the Middle East region through a semi-structured and expert questionnaire and using the software tool of Mactor, seeks to answer the question of how the future patterns of Middle East order will be in the future? Among the patterns of regional order,the preferred scenario for power is blocs change or continuity? The research findings indicate that a wide range of scenarios can be proposed regarding regional order, but the most probable scenario is instability and change in regional order and moving from a bipolar order pattern to a multipolar model in this region.

One of the future research methods to understand the convergence and divergence between actors is the method of structural analysis or actors' strategy. This method, which is in the category of quantitative futures research methods and is done through Mactor software, is a multi-subject-multiplayer model and is used when there are several actors in front of a number of subjects whose evolution in the future is uncertain and difficult to predict. The purpose of these models is to gain a better understanding of these situations and how they evolve by calculating and considering the interests and goals of different stakeholders and the relationships between them. The method of structural analysis and actor strategy consists of six main steps: identifying key variables (setting goals), identifying effective actors in the environment, forming a matrix of actors-objectives, forming a matrix of actors-actors, entering data into the matrix, processing and outputting the model

Software analysis of actors' perspectives and their goals reveals several basic goals:1. Despite the influence of actors on each other regarding the future of order in the Middle East, there is a conflict of interest between the actors regarding regional issues. The conflict of interests of the actors has led to a conflict in their goals in the Middle East regional order, and this conflict of interests and goals has shaken the current patterns of order in the region.
2. The majority of actors in the region and beyond, whose activism has a significant impact on the equations of the Middle East order, do not consider the current order model, ie the bipolar balance between the Salafi order led by Saudi Arabia and the revolutionary resistance order led by Iran, as their preferred order. In fact, the formation and consolidation of this order in the past decades in the Middle East has been caused by emergencies in the region, and regional and trans-regional actors have been forced to accept this pattern due to special historical circumstances. In the current situation and the complexity of international and regional developments during the transition period, each of these actors seeks to create their own role and status in the region and the cycle of global power; Therefore, it is natural for the actors in this region today to consider the current order as an imposed order and to move towards changing the current order.
3. If the existing bipolar regional order continues, the costs of other regional and trans-regional actors in balancing power will increase. Claimants of regional power in the Middle East in today's region, which has become much more diverse than in previous decades, and each of these actors who today see themselves as a regional power, their role-playing is overshadowed by two poles of regional powerand they have to play in the direction of these two spectrums of regional power in order to influence the regional equations.
4. Intra-regional and supra-regional actors seek a multipolar balance through instability in the region and changes in the construction of the current pattern. The preferred model of actors within the region, who today play a lesser role in the equations of this region, is the model of multipolar order, and in the next stage, if this order is not realized, they will follow the model of regional participatory collective order. However, for trans-regional actors, the model of regional participatory collective order is not desirable at all because it reduces their impact on regional equations and brings the region to a model of relative stability. In the model of a multipolar order, regional instability increases in the light of tensions and conflicts, and each power bloc will seek its own advantages, which will increase the involvement of transregional powers in regional equations.

are among the current characteristics of the regional and international environment. It is natural to change the patterns of regional order in the context of the transition to world order. What is unnatural is the lack of awareness of countries of their position in the set of regional order and global trends, And the principles of tools and capacities at the disposal of countries and provide an effective platform for regional and global competitors, which will lead to the loss of the position of countries in the future of regional and global order. Because one of the foundations of countries' role-playing in future global equations is to consolidate and consolidate their position within the regional order. In the general answer to the research questions, it can be said that according to the analysis of the available data, the patterns of regional order will change and the continuation of the existing order will be very costly even for the bipolar power of the regions. In contrast, Saudi Arabia tends to maintain the existing order and then the hegemony of the desired order, and Turkey and the supporters of the Ekhwans are also seeking to formalize their regional order through instability in the developments and patterns of regional order, and the transition to a bipolar order will be the only way to revive the Ekhwan. Trends and events indicate that the regional order is on the verge of change, and the actors of the regional order must adjust their policies and actions to the new conditions.

The geopolitical environment can be considered as a network within which there are different actors and actors. In this network, each of the actors has a different role, weight, importance, communication, and ability to influence and act. In such a way I can see a hierarchy of power, influence and influence in it. The geopolitical position of countries plays an important role in generating their power. Iran because of its ancient civilization. Having extensive natural resources; The population has a significant geopolitical centrality. Iran is a country whose power is greatly influenced by its geopolitical position. This study intends to make a comparative study of Iran's geopolitical centrality in the Pahlavi and Islamic Republic governments. The Middle East region, as a geopolitical network, has several sub-networks, and in total, we can name 11 geopolitical sub-networks, the most important of which are the sub-network of Islam, energy, democracy, and the sub-network of resistance.

 The research method in this article is analytical-descriptive. The data and information in this article have been done using the library method and by studying articles, books and documents.

The Middle East is a geopolitical network in which different actors compete for control and influence, and this competition takes place in several subnets. The Middle East Geopolitical Network has eleven geopolitical sub-networks Which include:  Resources, Economy and Energy, Shiism, Islam, Sunni, Arabs, Security, West, Resistance, Terrorism, Democracy, Gulf Cooperation Council Iran, as one of the countries in the Middle East region, has had a different position in these sub-networks in different periods.  In the Pahlavi era, the centrality of Iran was mostly related to the security, western and economic sub-networks but in the period of the Islamic Republic, they changed their nature and took on more ideological aspects. Before the 1979 revolution, Iran was more concentrated on the three networks of the West, security, and the economy. Under the Western network, which existed against the communist regime, and all the countries of the Middle East except Syria, South Yemen, and Iraq were present in this sub-network. Iran was highly centralized due to more advanced modernism than other countries
The security network included Iran and several other countries, including Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey in order to counter the influence of communism and to defend the West, they realize that Iran is being considered by the Western powers and is centrally managing this network. The economic sub-network includes the oil countries of the region, in which Iran is the center of energy flow in the Middle East. The occurrence of the Islamic Revolution in February 1978 is the beginning of a new chapter in the contemporary history of Iran and established a republic based on Shiite Islam under the name of the Islamic Republic. This revolution caused many changes in Iran and the region Iran subnets in this period include Shiite subnets, democracy, and resistance. The Shiite sub-network includes Iran, Iraq, Bahrain, and Lebanon, with Iran as a key player, as opposed to the Saudi-led Sunni network. The geopolitical subnet of democracy also includes countries with democratic governments, including the United States and the West, Turkey, Iran, Lebanon, Iraq, and Israel. There is a fundamental contradiction in this subnet, and that is the presence of the West and Iran together. Iran is not very central in this sub-network. Iran argues for religious democracy in the face of the Western model of democracy. Religious democracy is influenced by the form of government of the Islamic Republic and is based on the two foundations of republic and Islam. Resistance-based subnets include Iraq, Syria, Hezbollah, Lebanon, Ansar al-Yamin, Hamas . These sub-networks have been formed in opposition to the West and seek to confront the West and allied countries with the West, especially Israel.

The Middle East is one of the most challenging regions in the world today due to its strategic location and the abundance of vital resources and the intervention of great powers. As a result, most countries and their governments are in crisis or are looking for weapons and ammunition for fear of war.  Iran, as one of the most important countries in the Middle East, is no exception to this rule. This article comparatively examines the geopolitical centrality of Iran in the two Pahlavi and Islamic Republic periods. Based on the findings of this study, the influential factor in Iran's geopolitical subnets in the Pahlavi period (West, security and economy) has been the West. In 1978, the Islamic Revolution of Iran led by Imam Khomeini won and the Islamic Republic of Iran became a country that did not belong to any of the ideologies of communism and capitalism and established its government based on the religion of Islam.  The victory of the Islamic Revolution causes a change in the geopolitical sub-networks of Iran in comparison with the Pahlavi era and new sub-networks with an ideological nature are formed (democracy, Shiite, resistance).

Aerosol optical depth in 550 nm and angstrom exponent measurements with MODIS have been studied with 1-degree resolution for the period 2006-2017 in the middle east. Moreover, tropospheric aerosol optical depth and depolarization ratios measured at 532 nm with CALIOP have been studied for same area and same period of time too. These parameters have been classified seasonally. Optical depth results show high values for the region especially in spring and summer seasons. During the cold seasons, optical depth values are much less compared with their values at warm seasons. At spring, dust sources located in northern Iraq and those located in central and northern parts of Arabian Peninsula are much more active. Sources located in southern parts of Arabian Peninsula get more active by summer. Angstrom exponent results show that in arid and semi-arid parts of middle east, aerosol sizes are mainly in coarse mode. In arid parts of Iraq and Arabian Peninsula coarse mode particles are dominant during 4 seasons, but for arid parts inside Iran coarse mode is dominant during warm seasons and a modification in suspended particle sizes can be seen during cold seasons. Depolarization measurements of CALIOP show that almost in all seasons, non-spherical particles are ready in middle east atmosphere which is usual for an area inside the dust belt.

 In the literature of geopolitical studies, the convergence of two countries has always been considered as their political, economic, and strategic intermingling. International convergences can both promote the geopolitical status of a country and expand its influence on geopolitical domains. Based on the status and functions played by Islamic Republic of Iran and Arab Republic of Egypt in the affairs of the Middle East, the existence of barriers to the convergence of the two countries can bring about considerably far-reaching consequences in this geographical region. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the most significant barriers to the convergence of Iran and Egypt (in the period between 2018 and 2022). The study was applied in terms of purpose and implemented a descriptive-analytical methodology. The population consisted of all experts, specialists, and university professors in geopolitics and international relations, and Cochran’s formula(William Cochran) determined the sample size at 50. The obtained means were analyzed using SPSS(Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). The results showed that transregional, regional, and domestic factors were the most significant barriers to the convergence of Iran and Egypt, and trans-regional factors were more pronounced in this regard. In other words, Egypt’s support of the intensified military presence of the U.S. in the Middle East, the Iranian ideology of exporting its revolution to the Middle East and North Africa, Iran’s support for the resistance front, and Egypt’s approval of “Abraham Accords” have had the most significant impacts on the increased divergence between Islamic Republic of Iran and Arab Republic of Egypt.

The present study has analyzed the position of Iran's regional influence in the new geopolitics of the Middle East with emphasis on the period 2011 to 2020 and has used a descriptive-analytical method to analyze the research findings. The results show that factors such as increasing Iran's influence in Iraq, increasing Iran's influence in Jordan and increasing Iran's influence in Yemen and increasing the influence of culture through historical-cultural and linguistic commonalities in the Middle East are the highest factors of the Islamic Republic of Iran. be Factors such as increasing Iran's influence in Kuwait, reducing Iran-UAE tensions, reducing Iran-Bahrain tensions and increasing Iran's influence in Jordan are not considered as Iran's strategies in the new geopolitical structure of the Middle East. In the next article, the most important challenges facing the Islamic Republic of Iran in the new geopolitical structure of the Middle East are factors such as Saudi Arabia's economic and political support for separatist parties in Iran, increasing support for the disbanded Komula party, Mossad spies and the terrorist regime. US and Turkish economic and political support for separatist parties in Iran are the most important challenges facing the Islamic Republic of Iran in the new geopolitical structure of the Middle East.

Four different waves of terrorism have already been mentioned in the form of a historical process. In a way, it can be said that the international system in the post-Westphalian world (from 1870) to the contemporary era has four waves of terrorism under the title; Anarchist, nationalist, leftist and religious terrorism has passed; These waves have also had a significant impact on the evolution of the international system. However, acknowledging these terrorist waves, the present article introduces a new wave called the fifth wave of terrorism in the Middle East, which is rooted in the evolution of international politics and the pattern of proliferative order. The fifth wave differs from other waves in both goals and tactics, especially the fourth wave of terrorism. The most important question of the forthcoming article is what are the developments of the fifth wave of terrorism and what are the similarities and differences with the fourth wave of terrorism? And in response to the hypothesis that the fifth wave of terrorism has emerged from the new systemic structure or multiplicity order, and along with these similarities that the fourth and fifth waves are both rooted in the Middle East and has emerged from Islamist currents, And in response to the hypothesis that the fifth wave of terrorism has emerged from the new systemic structure or multiplicity order, and along with these similarities that the root of the fourth and fifth waves are both in the Middle East and has emerged from Islamist currents, t

Terrorism is currently one of the most important concerns of governments, both domestically and internationally, which has posed enormous challenges to countries, especially those in the Middle East. Thinkers, researchers and experts have expressed different views about the causes of this phenomenon and have explained its roots from different perspectives and with political, psychological, economic, social, ideological and ... justifications. In the Middle East, in spite of religious, ethnic and different types of governments, the ground for the spread of terrorism has been prepared. The results show that some regional and trans-regional actors in the Middle East need to pursue their domestic, regional and international goals through violence and terror. While there are many terrorist groups in the Middle East and each of them has different natures, the role of the countries in this region in their formation and expansion is also different and each of them has somehow sought to achieve their goals in this way. Research has been done on them.

Nowadays, international order has passed serious changes in both world and regional levels. The entrance of international order to the era of post-American transition and environmental dynamisms in regions have made some basic uncertainties inspiring changes in roles of most of actors in regions, particularly in Persian Gulf. United Arab Emirates is one of the most significant examples of the mentioned actors. Using the theory of role, this research seeks to investigate what effects have the changes and dynamisms of orders in world and region had on roles and acts of actors in the region of Persian Gulf. The hypothesis is that: dynamisms of orders in world and regional levels have changed the social structure of order and consequently this issue has provoked some regional actors like UAE to start promoting its role from a moderate and dependent actor in regional upheavals to a security, military, and political actor during the last 10 years. The research is explanatory-analytical and the method of data collection procedure is based on library and online international statistics and documents.      

The research is descriptive-analytic. Using the descriptive-analytic approach, the researcher seeks to answer why and how is established a causal relationship between independent and dependent variables, and it is attempted to describe a process and develop a concept.

Two factors at the systemic and regional levels have changed the role of the UAE. 1) Changing the regional role of the United States of America in the Persian Gulf region; 2) Regional developments such as the Arab Spring and military conflicts in Iraq, Syria and Yemen, the rise of the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran's growing influence, and competition and conflict with Qatar. In addition, to consolidate its new role, the UAE has taken actions including: 1) Intervention in the Yemeni civil war; 2) Finding new regional and trans-regional allies such as Russia and Israel.

The findings of this study show that changes in order at the systemic and regional levels change perceptions of the role of regional actors. In this regard, the role and foreign policy of the United Arab Emirates were discussed. In particular, the UAE's foreign policy behavior was largely influenced by the structure of the international system, and they traditionally followed the dominant power; but changes at the systemic level and the dynamics of order at the environmental level led the country to take on a role beyond the subordinate government at the regional level. Hence, the UAE is trying to impose its political and security order through proxy forces, military organizations and the support of affiliated politicians. But the UAE's ambitions and behavior to become an influential country in the Persian Gulf region can have a significant impact on regional order. For example, bringing Israel into the Gulf security environment could provoke a reaction from pro-Palestinian groups and lead to new tensions.

The study of the function of sociology and historical developments shows that sociology and history are two sides of the same coin. History expresses the knowledge of the social relations of culture and civilization of human society, including a period of human life that has a limited time and place. In Middle Eastern studies, the importance of historical sociology including the specific characteristics of time, place and historical agent in the developments of the region is considered, whenever groups, institutions, organizations, organizations and institutions of society are examined in historical and annual sequence. In order to find out how and why they originated and expanded and evolved, and the prevailing legitimacy, and their many and complex relationships, we have dealt with the sociology of their history. We are in the Middle East. The aim of this study is to identify the cultural and political identity that governs the Middle East. The United States' performance in the Greater Middle East shows that this plan is still on the serious agenda of the United States and the West. The world is different. The events of the 1199th are a turning point in the contemporary history of international relations. This incident has introduced new decisions and actors into the international system; It has recovered the old rules of geopolitics in international relations and introduced new concepts and rules based on power in this game; important and fundamental issues such as democratization; Identity; It has redefined the Greater Middle East Plan and terrorism as a new international agenda. In such an environment, not only have the region's past problems not been resolved, but it has faced increasing internal and external challenges. A look at the most important elements of American foreign policy, including expansionism; Democratization; Trade expansion; Increasing world domination; Maintaining the balance of power; Mass Security Pursuit; The increase in peace agreements for conflicts, etc. shows that the Middle East has covered most of these elements. In this research, descriptive and analytical methods have been used.

The formation of Islamic fundamentalist groups such as al-Qaeda, Taliban, ISIL, the Nusra Front in the Middle East has been fundamentally influenced by the political trends of this region, and this impact, in addition to the domestic dimensions of governments, can also be seen at the regional and geopolitical level. In fact, the fundamentalist groups created a new political and geopolitical equations in the region by developing its activities in the widespread Middle East territorial realm. The phenomenon of Islamic fundamentalism in the Middle East, in the form of extreme-terrorist groups, is one of the most obvious characteristics of security scanning in the Middle East. But despite the fact that these groups are examined in a general approach as fundamentalism, along with ideological similarities, the difference between extremist groups in political dimensions is seen. The pivotal question of this research is based on the fundamental funds and differentiation of the fundamentalist groups of the Taliban, al- Qaeda, ISIL, the Al-Nusra Front and Jaish-e-Islam in the Middle East and what is its impact on Iran's national security? The findings of this research show that the most important aspects of participation in these groups in the ideological religious component, and their differences in political components. And the most important effects of these terrorist groups on Iran's national security threatening Iran's strategic depth, providing the context of political and military intervention of transnational powers, weakening in sovereignty and gap in the axis of resistance, the competition between Shiite and Sunni, together Eating balance has been in favor of regional rivals in Iran's supporters of these terrorist groups. The present study was used as a comparative or comparative study using library and documentary method, corresponding books, publications and press, articles and magazines, Internet sites used and used in the map of GIS software.

The issue of balance in the global system is one of the most important factors influencing regional and international security. Therefore, global powers are pursuing special sensitivity. Certainly, their acquisition strategies are developed according to this internationally accepted principle. One of the areas where large powers from the old people have had special attention to the issue of the balance of power in the Middle East. This area was in a relatively reasonable balance of four powers of Iran, Turkey, Israel and Arab countries led by Egypt, which encountered a major challenge in the Trump government. Hence, the maximum pressure policy of Trump against Iran and the Arab-Hebrew coalition, as well as Turkey's movements in the South Caucasus, in the interest of Iran's regional rivals and to the harm of Iran, was creating instability in the region. However, with the emergence of the new government in the United States, the pattern of their traditional behavior, as well as the will of this state to restore the situation created in order to establish a reasonable regional balance, hopes and opportunities facing Iran to make new approaches Including foreign policy based on the supply of national interests from the Islamic Republic. Therefore, the present study with a descriptive-analytic approach seeks to answer the question that the recent strategic changes in the Middle East; What opportunities are made in maintaining the geopolitical benefits of Iran? Research findings show that two issues abandon the maximum pressure policy of the Trump government against Iran, as well as prioritizing diplomacy in the state strategy of Biden, have created new grounds to maintain and exploit Iranian geopolitical capacities.

Investigating and studying the political relations of countries in the international arena, especially the countries of a particular region, is of particular importance. Such studies investigate issues related to the interactions between states and factors affecting political relations between them from different perspectives. Geopolitical studies are among such studies which provide national interests and national security for countries to identify political and geographical factors and variables affecting the political relations of states and accordingly, to investigate the regional and global impacts of these relations. By looking at the political relations between Iran and Syria, as two important non-bordering Middle East countries with special geopolitical and geostrategic importance in the axis of Islamic Resistance, which plays an essential and decisive role in regional interactions and geopolitics which is significantly impacted by these relations, we can observe fluctuations due to the influence of geopolitical, political and economic factors in the interactions between them. The current study tries to examine the impact of major geopolitical factors between the two countries and finally answer the following question: What predictable prospect exists for Iran-Syria relations in the future"? In this regard, using a descriptive-analytical research method, we will test the hypothesis that "the future of Iran-Syria relations depends on the future of Syria and its future positioning." This research investigates other aspects of the future effect of the two countries' relations on the region and, like any other research studies, there were limitations and obstacles.

Terrorism is also referred to as intimidation, intimidation, and intimidation. The use of violence or the threat of violence to achieve political, religious, or ideological goals. Terrorism is the unlawful use of violence or intimidation, especially Against civilians, to pursue political goals. Of course, in today's world, there is no exact definition of the word "terrorism". In other words, it is an approach that considers the basis of the method of imposing ideas on others only through coercion, terror, war, violence, terror, rioting, guerrilla operations, massacre, genocide, torture and coup d'etat. With these interpretations, we come to the victims who, without any guilt or contribution to these interactions, must pay the penalty for the crime and not sin. In the present study, we seek to explain the rights of victims of terrorism from the perspective of legal rules and principles and political solutions. Let's be.

The main idea of ​​atmospheric circulation patterns and their classification is to convert a set of atmospheric parameters into a univariate catalog, with cases of similar characteristics grouped together. Easier interpretation of weather conditions would be the advantage of the classification.Many researchers to classify atmospheric circulation patterns have used the principal component analysis (PCA) method. Esteban (2006) in a study of atmospheric circulation patterns in Western Europe, categorized daily synoptic circulation patterns into 20 groups and showed sea level pressure and 500-hPa geopotential height configurations throughout the year. Smith and Sheridan (2018) clustered geopotential height anomalies at levels of 100 and 10-hPa and sea level pressure to study the patterns of tropospheric and stratospheric potential vorticity. In Iran, Raziei (2007) by PCA classification and clustering identified 18 atmospheric circulation patterns for the Middle East and Iran. He showed that patterns with meridional and northwest flow often cause drought and patterns with southwest flow cause wetting. Hanafi (1399) identified the air types in the northwestern region of the country (Maragheh station), and showed that the high geopotential systems of Saudi Arabia and North Africa governed by hot and dry conditions and the Mediterranean and polar cold air masses are involved in creating cold periods.Atmospheric circulation patterns identified for Iran are based on monthly average atmospheric data and with a resolution of 2.5°. Often due to the importance of winter as the main rainy season in Iran, the identification of atmospheric circulation patterns of other seasons has less studied. On the other hand, most studies have conducted regionally in a province/small part of the country. In this study, we have classified the synoptic patterns affecting Iran and the Middle East in the period of 1990-2019, using the PCA method for all seasons and with a higher accuracy using data with 0.5° resolution on a daily time scale. Then, composite maps of the MSLP (Mean Sea Level Pressure) and 500-hPa geopotential height were prepared and analyzed to obtain the frequency of monthly and seasonal occurrence of each investigated pattern. Previous studies have focused mainly on 500-hPa and MSLP parameters. However, in the present study we have used the 850-hPa moisture flux besides the already applied quantities, which can be considered a main and important quantity for the rain occurrence.

Materials and methods  :

Geopotential height data of 500-hPa received from the ECMWF (ERA5) at one hour intervals during the period 1990-2019 in the area of 20E-65°E longitude and 10N-55°N latitude. Due to the data volume and software and hardware limitations, data with 0.5° resolution extracted. By calculating the daily average in each grid, the data matrix consisted of 8281 columns (grids) and 10957 rows (number of days). Then the MSLP, 10m wind speed, and 850-hPa temperature and relative humidity maps/data were provided/extracted.The PCA analysis is a method for extracting important variables from a large set of variables in a data set. The main goal is to reduce number of components by finding the ones that explain correlations between the variables. We selected the first nine components covering a large portion of the described variances and ignored other minor components. In the present study, the R language programming were used to analyze the principal components with S array and select the components. To classify air types, K-means clustering was used, so that it presents the most alternating patterns of atmospheric circulation in the study area during the year. After selecting the main components and determining the scores of the components, all days (10957 days) were classified into 18 groups. Sea level pressure and 500-hPa geopotential height maps were prepared and interpreted. Monthly and seasonal frequency of occurrence of each pattern and relationship of spatial distribution of moisture flux at 850-hPa were investigated.

Based on the results obtained from principal component analysis, the first 9 components were selected, which explained 95.93% of the total variance of the data. According to the monthly and seasonal distribution of each pattern, it was observed that cp1, cp7 and cp18 circulation patterns occur in summer and early autumn and cp13 occur in late spring, summer and early autumn. Cp2, cp4, cp6, cp8, cp11 and cp16 occur in late autumn to early spring of the following year and cp3, cp5, cp9, cp10, cp12, cp14, cp15 and cp17 circulation patterns occur in late autumn to spring of the following year. These situations correspond to the synoptic conditions of each pattern at sea level and the level of 500-hPa.In the circulation patterns of the warm period of the year, thermal low pressure of sea level pressure map below 35° N is associated with subtropical high at mid-level of atmosphere. The maximum moisture flux in 850-hPa located in the eastern parts of Iran and the maritime borders of Yemen and Oman which is compatible with southern and southeastern flow. In cp2, cp4, cp6, cp8, cp11 and cp16 circulation patterns that occur in the cold period of the year; south and southwest flow of low pressure in the south of the Red Sea are associated with mid-level of atmosphere. There is convergence of moisture flux in the south of the Red Sea and in parts of the south and southwest of Iran, east of the Black Sea, northeast of the Mediterranean Sea and south of Turkey. In other patterns that occur in the cold period of the year as well as in spring, low pressure in south and center of the Red Sea is associated with trough in the mid-level of the atmosphere. Convergence of moisture flux was in the west, southwest, south an northwest of Iran, northeast of the Mediterranean Sea, southwest of Turkey and south of the Red Sea.

In the present study, principal component analysis with S array and K-means clustering was used to classify circulation patterns in Middle East and Iran. The results show significant differences in the arrangement of patterns, the frequency of air types and their path to Iran.

After the Cold War, NATO sought to revise its security identity through humanitarian operations aimed at preventing humanitarian catastrophes in various countries. But in fact, NATO has sought to extend its security influence to the peripheral regions, including the Middle East, by resorting to humanitarian operations. NATO has faced two major security crises on its southern borders, the Libyan and Syrian crises over the past few years, which have adopted a different security strategy in dealing with each of these crises. The Military Intervention Strategy in Libya (2011) and the Non-Intervention Strategy in Syria not only reflect practical inconsistencies in security strategies but also reflect normative inconsistencies in NATO security approaches. The contradictions are so profound that US and French presidents have been critical of NATO, calling it an "obsolete" and "brain dead" organization. Accordingly, the main question of the paper is what are the factors that create these practical and normative contradictions of NATO, especially in relation to the regional crises, including the two major crises of Libya and Syria? The paper hypothesized that the differences in the approach of major rival NATO powers, the role of emerging regional actors, and the different domestic capabilities of the target countries, have been the most important factors that have produced contradiction in NATO security strategies for coping with regional crises.