جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS) » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

In the present study, the seismic vulnerability of the northern Tabriz (regions 1, 5, and 10) has been assessed spatially. The evaluation process goes through five distinct phases: spatial evaluation of criteria affecting seismic vulnerability, fuzzification, determination of criteria weight using AHP, integration of all maps for evaluation criteria, and finally, damage coefficient calculation. The results of the AHP model indicate that distance to the fault residential density (with a weight of 0.229) and population density (with a weight of 0.162) are the most important criteria affecting the seismic vulnerability of the northern regions of Tabriz. Seismic vulnerability zoning shows that almost all the northern regions of the city have high to very high vulnerability to earthquake hazards. More than 16.6% and 5.6% of the study regions are located in the high and very high seismic vulnerability class, respectively. These spaces mainly include residential land uses in the western neighborhoods of Region 1 and the central neighborhoods of Region 10. Based on the seismic vulnerability coefficient for an earthquake with a magnitude of 10, the amount of destruction in these regions will be between 65 and 100 percent. Proximity to the great fault of Tabriz, high population and residential density, lack of urban open spaces, a significant part of fine-grained buildings, worn-out urban texture, and marginalization are among the reasons for the high seismic vulnerability of the western parts of Region 1 and the central parts of region 10.

In order to know the site, obtaining soil strength parameters is necessary and at the same time costly and time-consuming. In this research, using 135 geotechnical boreholes drilled in Kermanshah, zonation of soil shear strength parameters (friction angle and cohesion) using ArcGIS software and ordinary kriging interpolation method (with spherical, exponential, and Gaussian semi-variograms), Up to a depth of 9 meters in three-meter intervals has been done and using the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE), the best model for predicting the characteristics has been selected. Based on the error evaluation indicators, the best variograms for zonation friction angle and cohesion at depths of 0 to 3 m is Gaussian, 3 to 6 m is exponential and 6 to 9 m are Gaussian and spherical, respectively. According to the results, mainly with increasing depth, angle of friction and cohesion (shear strength) has increased and the northern and southwestern parts of Kermanshah, compared to other regions, have soil with higher friction angle and lower cohesion (coarse-grained), and the northwestern parts of the city have clay and alluvial soils that the results are confirmed by the passage of the Qarasu river through this area and the location of the northern and southern regions of Kermanshah at the foot of the mountain.

The greatest environmental threat today is global warming and Climate Change. Climate Change deined as dramatic and long-term change in the distribution of Atmospheric patterns in the long-term periods. What distinguishes the current Climate Change is that humans have played an important role in the global warming process. The issue is that human activities increase the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This will increase the amount of intense absorbed radiation, and the amount that is emitted again to the Earth causes the Earth to warm up. The weather model forecasts in the summary report showed that during the 21st century, global temperatures increased from 0/3 to 1/7 degrees Celsius to 2/6 to 4/8 degrees Celsius (4/7 to 8/6 degrees Fahrenheit), and its amount depends on the amount of greenhouse gases and the effects of Climate feedback. (NASA, 2017)The main effect of Climate Change is the increase of global average temperature. The average surface temperature could increase from (approximately 1/67 to 5/56 degrees Celsius) by the end of the 21st. This causes a variety of secondary effects, namely, changes in patterns of precipitation, rising sea levels, agriculture pattern changes, extreme increase of weather events, the expansion of the range of tropical diseases, and the opening of new marine trade routes. Potential effects include sea level rise from 110 to 770 mm between 1990 to 2100, agriculture consequences, possible slowing of the ocean heat circulation, reductions in the ozone layer, increases of intensity and frequency of extreme weather events, lowering of ocean pH, and the spread of tropical diseases such as malaria and dengue fever (IPPC,2013). The country Iran, which is a spatial political unit in Southwest Asia, is not excluded from the Climate Change impacts. Undoubtedly, Iran will face the consequences of the Global Climate Change today or in the very near future. Environmental impacts of Climate Change in Iran, considering that 90% of Iran's land are dry and semi-arid lands, leads to destruction of the agricultural industry. For this purpose, the following questions have been asked: Which indices of sustainable development in Iran are subjected to and how is the status of these indices validated by the country? What are the indicators of the effects of Climate Change on the sustainable development of the country and what is the status of these indicators in the provinces of the country?

Historically, Iran has always been exposed to the consequences of Climate Change, given its Geographical location. Iran's location in the Earth's desert belt and the availability of a quarter of its water resources (precipitation and surface water) have revealed the need to pay attention to the various dimensions of Climate Change in Iran. The purpose of this study is to zoning the country's regions based on Sustainable Development indicators, the effects of Climate Change, and to provide a model in different regions of the country. The present study is descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose, application and method. Data collection and documentary and survey information have been done with questionnaire tools. Data collection and documentary and survey information have been done with questionnaire tools. The statistical population of the research is purposeful and includes experts and specialists in the field of Climate Change working in meteorological, environmental and passive defense organizations. To ensure the validity of the questionnaire, the opinions of 3 professors of Climatology and Political Geography of Tehran University and Research Sciences were used and after making corrections and adjustments, 48 questions were compiled for the final questionnaire. To measure the reliability of the questionnaires, Cronbach's alpha test scored 0/8 out of 16 questionnaires as a pretest. The questionnaire was designed based on the indicators of the effects of climate change and after distribution, 60 questionnaires were collected. The data were then entered into the SPSS software and Friedman's comparative test was used to prioritize the Sustainable Development indicators of the effects of Climate Change.

Then, Friedman's comparison test in SPSS software prioritizes the effective parameters of Climate Change on Sustainable Development, which arerespectively, they are: 1- Vulnerability to livelihood, poverty and weak government 2- Sustainable Agriculture and combating desertification and drought. 3- Health, Public Health 4- Maintaining the balance of the natural ecosystem.5- Justice and social security and citizenship will have the greatest impact on the sustainabledevelopment of the country. Then, using GIS software, the country's zoning was drawn based on the effects of Climate Change in the country's regions.Country zoning based on poverty and social anomalies (misery index), Sustainable Agriculture (Strategic Products), drought and agricultural destruction, public health indicator, ecosystem balance, Social Justice (Distributive Justice)

The results of this study show that the provinces of Sistan and Baluchestan, Hormozgan, Qom and Alborz are in line with the highest percentage of weakness and fragility against the effects of Climate Change in the country, which will have the greatest challenge with drought and agricultural degradation These challenges will increase the process of importing agricultural products to Iran, and Iran will become an importer of these products, and on the other hand, will cause migration, unemployment, poverty and increase social anomalies in Kermanshah, Sistan and Baluchestan provinces. The government is also authorized to use educational services and the ability to reconsider using the revision and change in re-status using the revision in the library of Sistan and Baluchestan, Bushehr, South Khorasan, Alborz and Qom. To this end, the government can use a well-written plan to reduce the challenges posed by the effects of climate change in these areas. Finally, the need to implement effective methods such as watershed management and clean energy use to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to adapt to Climate Change impacts is emphasized.

Urban green space is deemed as a kind of application which its distribution and diffusion across cities bear a great deal of significance and is regarded as the breathing lungs of cities. Green spaces should sport such components as facilities, easy accessibility, suitable distribution across cities and proper area to be able to perform their roles properly.

Purpose of the research: 

This study wants to identify suitable places for the construction of new green spaces by locating urban green spaces, using by GIS and AHP model, in region 3 of Kermanshah, based on standard criteria.

This is an application-oriented kind of research being undertaken through descriptive-analytical methods endeavoring to identify the optimal locations for establishing new green spaces in the third division of the metropolis of Kermanshah according to the principles of positioning. For this purpose, such criteria as proximity to lands with residential applications, street networks, training applications, cultural applications, proximity to rivers, existence of wastelands, distance from green spaces, workshops and factories alongside multi-criteria decision making method (AHP) in the environment of Arc GIS have been utilized.

Geographical Territory: 

The study area is Region 3 of Kermanshah which is located in the southeast of Kermanshah, with an area about 1886 hectares and the population of about 165023 people.

The results demonstrate that per capita green space of the third division of Kermanshah is very low compared with a suitable and optimum standard and additionally, the manner of green spaces’ distribution, diffusion and their function radii in the before-mentioned region show that they are not in line with the condition of the region, in such a way that more than 20% of the population of the before-said region are deprived of an appropriate coverage by green spaces. The final map shows that the western, southern, central and eastern parts of the region are the best locations to establish green spaces in the third division of the metropolis of Kermanshah.

By analyzing the mentioned parameters, suitable places were identified for the construction of new green spaces considering that AHP Model be used in future studies to evaluate green space in regions of Kermanshah.

Soil is one of the most important natural resource and a place for cultivation. Soil erosion is the main cause of the decline in global available land resources. Water erosion is a major problem because of its socioeconomic impact and the reduction in the agriculture productivity by soil loss, leaching of organic matter, and soil nutrients as well as by reducing water availability and water retention. Quantitative estimates of soil erosion by water are a key component of land-use management plans, which are designed to protect and recover soils. The impact of soil erosion and related sediments decreases dramatically water quality and reservoir capacity in a quantitative and qualitative way. Empirical models such as the Erosion Potential Method (EPM, Flanagan and Nearing 1995), the Modified Pacific Southwest Interagency Committee Model (MPSIAC, Pacific Southwest Interagency Committee 1968 or the most commonly used Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE, Wischmeier and Smith 1978) and its reviewed version (RUSLE, Renard et al. 1997).Water erosion is one of the most important of soil loss as one type of land degradation and desertification in many part of Iran. In this study we have applied the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model in Alamarvdasht watershed in the south of Fars province in Iran. This study area is actually effect by different type of water erosion (sheet, rill and gullies). In this study we have applied RUSLE model in Alamarvdasht watershed with focus on gully erosion to produce a potential risk map of water erosion for the whole area.

Our study area in this research is Alaamarvdasht watershed in south of Fars province. This area is actually effect by different type of water erosion (sheet, rill and gullies). For evaluating the severity of soil loss in our study area we have applied the RUSLE model. The input layers of the this model are, Rainfall erosivity (R-factor) is an index that describes the power of rainfall to cause soil erosion, the soil erodibility index or the K factor is defined as the rate of soil loss, the combined LS-factor describes the effect of topography on soil erosion, C is the cover-management factor, is used to reflect the effect of cropping and management practices on erosion rates and management practice factor (P-factor). The R factor has been prepared by the annual perception from the near climate stations of the study area. For K factor we have collected 23 soil samples from different part of the area and then we have determined the soil texture for each sample in laboratory and in sequence the K-factor for each point have been calculated. We have then interpolated the K-factor for whole the study area (by IDW). For C-factor also we used the Sentinel-2 data for making a LULC for the study area and then for each land use the proper score has been given. LS factor has been prepared from SRTM-30m digital elevation model (DEM) in SAGA-GIS. P-factor in this research because of any soil conservation practice in the study area assume score 1 for the whole of this layer. In the next step, by using resample function in ArcGIS10.8, all the layers have been resampled into 30m resolution then with using the raster calculator we have multiplied all the layers for generate the potential soil erosion map.

The results of the final map showed that the largest areas of the study area (54.44 %) is in the category of very high erosion class (more than 75 tons / ha/y), which includes many parts of the northeast, east, and parts of the center and southeast of the study area. While 32.22% of the total area of the basin is in the class of less than 20 tons / ha/y, these areas are mostly located in the low slope and central areas. In the end, due to the weakness of this model in estimating the low amount of erosion in areas with gully erosion, the gully density map was prepared using the Kernel Density function in the Arc GIS10.8. Finally, this map was merged with the water erosion map, and then areas with gully erosion were also classified in severe erosion class. According to the results of this research, it is very necessary to carry out soil protection and watershed management works. The RUSLE model and it combination with the index for assessment of gully erosion can be useful for evaluating of water erosion rate especially in area with deficiency of available data.

Empirical soil erosion models, though relatively simple, are easy to interpret physically, need minimal resources and can be worked out with readily available inputs to precisely the area with high level of soil erosion and degredation. This paper demonstrates the application of empirical soil erosion model such as RUSLE integrated with GIS and Gully density to estimate soil erosion potential and the potential zones in Almarvdasht watershed in south of Iran. The erosion severity map revealed that about 49% of the area comes under high and very high erosion category. The result would help to take appropriate erosion control methods in the severely affected areas. The results acquired from the study can assist in developing management scenarios and provide selections to policy makers for managing soil erosion risks in the most effective method for arrangement of different areas of the study area.

Regarding the geographical position and appropriate environmental situation, solar energy is regarded as one of the most efficient renewable energies in Iran. This study seeks to provide a model for identifying the optimal locations of the establishment of solar panels in the urban setting. High potential and appropriate space of the buildings' roofs with high altitude and their placement subject to direct sunlight and non-optimal use of these spaces has necessitates the optimal location of the establishment of solar panels for the production of easy and cheap energy. In this study, first, the feature of locations suitable for the establishment of solar panels in the urban environment and the source of production of required layers were identified. The required layers for access to the appropriate locations of the establishment of solar panels were prepared and were spatially modeled. The final objective of this paper is to provide a scientific and practical model for replacing renewable energies instead of fossil fuels in Iran. Based on the fuzzy Delphi method and its integration in the geographical information system in this study, a suitable method was provided for the evaluation and selection of the best place for the exploitation of renewable energies.

Given the potential negative environmental impacts linked with wild landfills in the central part of the Kangan Region, there is a significant need to accelerate the development of controlled inter-municipal landfills. The study area with daily production of 92 tons of waste, due to lack of recycling equipment and incorrect locating landfill is faced with numerous environmental, health and social problems in open sites and unsafe. This study is aimed at identifying suitable sites for solid waste disposal by considering all essential factors and rating criteria by integrating Fuzzy-AHP and GIS with multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) in Kangan county. Standards for siting a landfill formulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) were employed in this study. The criteria that are considered herein are land use, slope, elevation, distance to drainage, groundwater and dams, distance to faults, soil, geology, distance to the residence and road, industrial and infrastructure accessibility. These criteria were assigned fuzzy membership classes based on their importance in siting a landfill. The fuzzy members of all criteria were overlaid to generate the final landfill site suitability map which was classified into five: not suitable (53.3%), less suitable (39.1%), moderately suitable (5.4%), suitable (1.4%) and highly suitable (0.6%). The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique was employed in the selection of the landfill site with reverence to multiple criteria and the fuzzy membership classes in accordance with the standards of the EPA. The results of this research in the management of the urban environment and also in the plans of the optimal disposal of urban solid of this area will be useful.

Today, taking into account the growing urban development and the imbalance in the distribution of land uses, urban land use management is of great importance. Now that all cities are made up of different uses, all these applications should be in accordance with the rules of urban planning and principles. In the major cities of the world, the provision of urban land use plans is essential in order to balance and interact in the development of different parts of the city. How to deal with these urban urban challenges is an important part of spatial development planning. Some of these challenges specify the requirements for making changes to approved programs, especially in relation to land use.

In this regard, the present study aims to reveal the urban land use challenges with an emphasis on inefficient city uses in the eight district of Kerman. For this study, the analytical-deductive research method has been used. The way to collect documentary, library and field information has been. And the GIS are used to analyze the data. The results of this study show that there is a significant percentage of inefficient use in the Kerman area,

the conditions of Kerman's eight urban areas, the major challenges of inefficient land use were identified as follows: occurrence of various types of pollution and potential damage to human health and the environment; In the area, reducing per capita area and lack of access to standard per capita, reduced security and insecurity and some social anomalies, sporadic growth and horizontal development of the city and lack of endogenous development in Kerman.

which, along with the social, physical and environmental challenges There are many capabilities that can be used optimally, such as landscaped, abandoned and abandoned land in these spaces that are very low in terms of compatibility, desirability and dependence, an important part of the need for land is due to population growth In the city over time, with the development of endogenous in the city, the horizontal growth of the city of Kerman That has caused a lot of problems.

Energy is one of the primary human needs to pursue its goals. Traditional energy sources such as fossil fuels are exhausted and cannot be accessed everywhere. They also pollute the environment and cause irreparable damage. Decision-makers and planners should replace traditional energy sources with non-harmful environmental sources. Renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy and Biomass can be a potential alternative to traditional energy sources. Solar energy is converted into electricity using solar panels. but one of the most important things to be considered in this case is finding an optimal location for the deployment of solar panels. Geographical information system (GIS) enables researchers to perform various spatial analyses in a graphical environment and allow appropriate visualization of the results. There are various important factors and criteria that affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of solar panels so it is necessary to compare these factors together. Multi-criteria decision-making methods are one of the ways that allow researchers to make a preferential comparison at the same time on different criteria affecting a decision. The best-worst approach is one of the multi-criteria decision-making techniques. B-W is a new and efficient method and can effectively determine the priority of criteria on each other. Also Artificial Neural Network (ANN) capabilities can be used to solve site selection problems because it has been proven that ANN is capable of solving many decision-making problems.

East Azarbaijan province in northwest of Iran which is a mountainous region with no oil and gas reserves was selected as the study. The fuel needed for domestic and industrial uses of the province is supplied by pipelines of oil and gas extending from southern Iran. In this study eight climatic, orographic and economic criteria including GHI, distance from cities, distance from main roads, altitude, slope, slope direction, mean annual precipitation and mean annual sunshine hours were used. The GHI Criterion Layer for East Azerbaijan Province was extracted from the Iran Layer. Height, slope and aspect layers were also produced using the DEM product of ASTER sensor. The layers of sunshine hours and mean precipitation were also interpolated using the values of synoptic stations for the entire province using IDW algorithm. The values for the distance from the cities and the distance from main roads raster layers were also obtained using the Euclidean distance function. Since the defined criteria had different units and nature the criteria values were normalized between 0 and 1 using different functions. The best-worst method was used for weighting the criteria and determining the relative priority of the criteria. After calculating the weight of each criterion, the initial suitability values were obtained by multiplying the criteria by the weight obtained. Then, 751 samples were taken from the whole study area for ANN training. The values of each sample in the criterion layer as “input” and the values obtained by multiplying the layers in their weight as “Target” entered the ANN. Also, according to the laws and regulations, some lands such as rivers and their margins, cities and their suburbs, protected areas and fault lines are places where solar power plants cannot be installed. Hence, in this study, these places were identified as restricted sites.

The BW results showed that the “GHI” criteria and the “distance from city” have the highest weight and the “average precipitation” criterion has the lowest weight. Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm was used to train the network. 75% of the samples were allocated to network training and 15% to testing and 15% to validation. The number of hidden layers was set to 15. After 344 iterations mean squared error value for the network training data reached its optimum. Also, the regression value between the network inputs and the Targets was 1, indicating that the network training was performed best. After the network training was completed, the output values were obtained for the entire study area using the “net(y)” function. The results of ANN showed that 2,622,975 hectares of the province have a suitability of less than 0.5 for solar power plant deployment while only 92075 hectares of land in the province have a suitability rate of over 0.75. To make the results more accurate, the binary constraint layer was applied to the results obtained from the neural network. The results showed that this time the proportion of lands that have suitability of less than 0.5 reached 3,315,093.75 hectares and the proportion of land suitability rate of over 0.75 included only 69762 hectares of land area. This indicates that some of the initially high suitability locations for solar panels were located in areas where it is not reasonably possible to deploy solar power. So relying on the values obtained for "land suitability" without regard to the constraints in the areas may be misleading.

In this study, suitable locations for installation of solar panels were identified using a combination of multi-criteria decision making methods and artificial neural network. The best-worst method that is a novel and efficient MCDM technique was used for weighting the criteria. The results showed that the areas that are located in the proper distance with the cities and the main roads, provided they have a high GHI value, are more suitable for other solar plant deployments. In order to improve the results, constraints including rivers, cities, protected area and fault lines were defined and applied to the land suitability layer. In general, the western regions of the province were more suitable than the eastern regions, due to the proximity of the cities to each other, the high density of the main roads, the suitability of elevation and slope and aspect, as well as the high amount of GHI and sunshine hours and low amount of mean precipitation. Due to the high accuracy of the results, we can say The procedure used in this study can also be used in other mountainous regions of Iran to produce reliable results.KeywordsArtificial Neural Network (ANN), Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM), solar energy, Renewable Energy (RE), Geographical information system (GIS)

Floods are one of the most abundant and destructive natural disasters that every year are caused heavy losses of life and property. Due to human activity in river systems and construction in rivers, flood damage has an upward trend. One of the most important actions to reduce flood damage is the provision of flood hazard zoning maps and their use in spatial planning. In this study, the risk of flood in the Nirchay River Basin that located Ardebil province was investigated. For this purpose, the HEC-HMS model was used to simulate rainfall-runoff and to identify flood zones and fuzzy logic in order to overlay the layers and prepare a flood hazard zoning map.The simulation results show the high performance of the HEC-HMS model in simulating rainfall-runoff of the Nirchay River Basin and estimating peak flood discharges. Rainfall conversion to runoff at the Nirchay River Basin controlled by slope and land-use.The most runoff height and peak flow in Nirchay River Basin are located in the upstream sub-basins. This is due to the steep, low permeability soil, frequency impervious surfaces and high CN. The combination of layers using fuzzy logic has shown that about 8.6% of the surface of the basin are located with a high risk of flooding. These zones are located mainly on the floodplain of the Nirchay Basin. Due to the Low valley width and low slope, these lands are always at flood risk. Most settlements in the study area are located at downstream of the basin. This has increased the risk of flooding.

The purpose of this study are to locate suitable areas for green space development in Gorgan by combining AHP method and fuzzy logic in GIS. In this study, the gamma function with a value of 0.9 has been used. After these steps, the final map of the proposed zones for locating green space in Gorgan has been presented. To implement fuzzy operator in GIS environment, first the effective criteria in spatial organization according to the results of library studies have been extracted and also entered into GIS environment, which are: distance from communication routes, distance from industrial centers, distance From the available green space, distance from commercial use, distance from cultural use, distance from educational use, distance from city center, distance from medical centers, distance from religious use, slope, distance from fault. After standardizing the effective criteria using the fuzzy region method in GIS environment, each of these criteria is assigned a weight based on the AHP method. Then all these criteria were combined and finally a zoning map of lands prone to urban development was produced. Using natural fracture method, the map was divided into five categories: very suitable, suitable, medium, inappropriate and very unsuitable, and it was found that about 13.79% of the study area, which is equivalent to 1895.88 hectares, which is in the very class Conveniently located. This amount is 23.74% equivalent to 3263.356 hectares of the area for the class with suitable capability. About 26.21% of the city area, which is equivalent to 3603,234 hectares, is in the middle class. Also, about 22.40% of the area of Gorgan, which is equivalent to 3080.141 hectares, is unsuitable for green space development. Finally, about 13.87% of the area of the city, which is equivalent to 1906.501 hectares, is in a floor with very unsuitable potential for the development of green space in Gorgan.

Recognition and determination of ecological susceptible regions for proper bedding is importance and vital affair for regional planning and specially agriculture part. Climate and topography are main environmental components which altitude and cultivation product generation capability are depend their in every region.  So , studying of effective climate factors and elements on agriculture have special importance. In current study , in order to agriculture ecological homogeneous geographical regions determination ; satellite images of Geographical Information Bases (GIS) were used which they are provider of new horizon and dimensions for effective discovering and fields resources management and we try to show Rapeseed cultivation ecological zoning usage development by combining modern tools , instruments and methods at Ardebil plain region. In order to recognition of mentioned susceptible regions in studied case climate data statistics were used that they include ; temperature degree , precipitation, relative humidity and environmental capability data such as ; inclination, height and multi-criteria decision making based on Analysis of Networks Process(ANP). Then layers were prepared by weighting and according to criteria and they were combined and also layers overlapping were done on GIS environment and ultimate layer of fields proportion was prepared for Rapeseed cultivation. Based on results analysis , studied region fields for Rapeseed cultivation include 33/38% without limitation ; 02/10% of fields with low limitation; 96/33% with medium limitation ; 71/17% of fields with high limitation

Today, the world's greatest environmental threat is global warming and climate change. The consequences of climate change are water and food shortages, disease, unemployment and migration, poverty, resource crises and instability. The aim of this study is to zoning the country's regions of Iran based on geopolitical indicators of the effects of climate change. The present study is descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose, application and method. Data collection and documentary and survey information have been done with questionnaire tools. The statistical population of the research is purposeful and includes experts and specialists in the field of climate change working in meteorological organizations, the environment and passive defense. The questionnaire was designed based on the indicators of the effects of climate change and geopolitics and after distribution, 60 questionnaires were collected. Friedman's comparative test then prioritizes the impact of climate change on geopolitics, which are: 1- Poverty and Unemployment, 2- Dryness, 3 - Social security 4 - Production of strategic agricultural and livestock products 5 - Health and public health and 6 - Maintaining the balance of the ecosystem will have the greatest impact on the country's geopolitics. After that, the country's zoning was drawn using GIS software to validate the effects of climate change in the country's regions. According to the research findings, according to the prioritized geopolitical indicators, the effects of climate change in Sistan and Baluchestan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces, Qom, Bushehr and Alborz will be most affected. For this purpose, the government can use a medium-term and long-term plan to reduce the geopolitical challenges caused by the effects of climate change in these areas. Finally, it is necessary to implement effective methods such as watershed management and use of clean energy to reduce Greenhouse Gases emissions to adapt to the effects of climate change.

The purpose of this study is analyze the spatial distribution of health services in the country Iran and compare the level of health services in 31 provinces of the country.In this research, the current approach is descriptiveanalytical and applied in terms of its purpose. The data are derived from the secondary type and from the data available in the statistical journal of 1394.Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Expert Choice software have been used to weig the indicators. The TOPSIS model has been used to analyze the distribution of the level of the provinces and their ranking.The results of this study showed that the provinces of Yazd, Semnan, Fars, Ilam, Zanjan, Mazandaran, Tehran, Hamedan, South Khorasan and Chahar mahal Bakhtiari and East Azarbaijan provinces were the highest in terms of level of health services, And the rest of the provinces are in the next ranks.The results of the research indicate that balanced health services are not distributed in different provinces of the country.

Marginal areas are that have long-lasting characteristics in terms of physical, economic, environmental, social and cultural dimensions. These areas are automobile without planning and are generally of low security due to the presence of characteristics such as economic challenges, demographic groups, migrations, unplanned and organic tissues, and the challenges of providing security to the force. Police have created. The city of Bumehen has also been one of the areas encountered with the phenomenon of interstellar marginalization. Special features of the city of Bumehen , both from the environmental and economic and physical aspects, have caused the security of the city to be encountered by the police. Hence, the purpose of this article is to site selection Police station in the marginal settlements of the city of Bumehen , in order to locate the favorable locations for the establishment of security centers in the city of Bumehen, in view of the variables that affect the law enforcement. This is an applied-theoretical study and its method is descriptive-analytic. For this purpose, after extraction of variables by studying relevant documents and setting up a fuzzy questionnaire and using the Fuzzy Hierarchy (FAHP) method and GIS software, conceptual maps Production and integration were carried out. By laying the layers, the areas of the Bahonar Street on the north of Damavand road and the limits of Asgari Street in the south of Damavand Road were the appropriate areas for the establishment of security centers in the city of Bumehen .

One of the important problems in terms of sports spaces in Iran is not paying attention to locating. The aim of this paper is to investigate the place distribution of sports land uses in Ilam City and to determine proper arenas in order to present a good pattern. The method is analytical-descriptive and the research is an applied one. The data is gathered from the libraries and by the field study and also the questionnaires and GIS maps were used. The population includes the experts of urban management and physical education in all 4 districts of Ilam City that 20 of them were chosen as the sample by Convenience Sampling and were surveyed. To analyze the data, GIS and AHP softwares were used. The findings reveal that the sports spaces are improperly distributed in Ilam City. Moreover, there has been lack of attention to the important norms and standards of sports spaces’ locating in building sports facilities. Furthermore, the views of the experts in the norms of the population density are of high importance in the norms of determining the sports spaces. In this research, 11 hectares of Ilam City’s land pieces were introduced and suggested as the best places proper for building the new sports spaces based on the determined norms and standards. .

The purpose of this study is to investigate the changes in land surface temperature and evapotranspiration in relation to the standard vegetation cover index using GIS in Minoodasht city. In this study, we used satellite images of the Terra Modis satellite for the years 2001–2016. The satellite image is from January 1, 2005 to January 31, 2016. To evaluate the Seabull model, evapotranspiration was calculated using Penman Monteith and Hargreaves Samani methods and calculated using vegetation growth coefficient and compared with the evapotranspiration obtained from the Seabull algorithm and also to estimate the ground surface temperature of the images. Landsat 5 band 6 satellite which is thermal or thermal band was used. The results showed that the parameter of the coherent vegetation and the surface temperature of the earth changes in the opposite direction to evapotranspiration. So that in areas with good and dense vegetation and low ground temperature, evapotranspiration is more than other areas.

A flood is an unusually high stage in a river. It is an overflow of water outside its normal course. A flood results when a stream runs out of its confines and submerges surrounding areas. Among natural catastrophes, flooding has claimed more lives than any other single natural hazard. In the decade from 1986 to 1995, flooding accounted for 31% of the global economic losses from natural catastrophes and 55% of the casualties. The damaging effects of flooding are likely to become more frequent, more prevalent and more serious in the future. The burgeoning population of our planet is leading to the increasing exposure of people and property to the hazards of flooding. Today, river behavioral studies and engineering activities are one of the most important concerns of engineers involved in this field. The flood is an unusual stage in the river bed, which is an overflowing stream of river hydrologic power. Because of the placement of many urban and agricultural communities near the river this one great threat around the world. One of the important discussions of river geomorphology is the analysis of the effects of flood on the duct and sediment transport. Flood hazard maps for different return periods is one of the most popular maps that are used to show the potential hazards in floodplains. Management of the floodplain of the river is felt more than ever. Improved data collection and real-time modelling of flood events allows emergency services and relevant authorities to make more-informed decisions about where they direct their attention. In some instances, the areas where explicit reports of flooding are received are not those requiring the most urgent attention .The purpose of flood management was to maximize the benefits and reduce damage and casualties. The study area is River Dare Ourt one of the permanent rivers in Ardebil province, which during recent years has always faced major flood events.

This research is based on filed studies and 1:2000 scale topographic maps that provided by Ardabil regional water authority. The 1:100000 scale geological maps, satellite imagery such as IRS and Google Earth and also hydrometric data, considered as essential data. The HEC-RAS model could calculate the water surface profile in stable flow gradual variable in rivers and artificial channels in the subcritical, supercritical and complex regimes. The calculation of water surface profile carried out from one cross section to other cross, step by step, solving energy equation in standard way.

The present research has identified the risk of flooding in a range of 70 km. HEC-RAS is a one-dimensional steady flow hydraulic model designed to aid hydraulic engineers in channel flow analysis and floodplain determination. The results of the model can be applied in floodplain management and flood insurance studies. HEC-RAS is based on the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ HEC-RAS water surface profile model used for modeling both steady and unsteady, one-dimensional, gradually varied flow in both natural and man-made river channels. HEC-RAS also allows sediment transport/mobile bed computations and water temperature modelling in this research, after simulating the flow of the river in the HEC-RAS software environment, the output of this software is included in the Arc GIS software, and detailed maps of flood zones for different return periods are depicted in this software. In this research, the risk of flood occurrence in this river has been simulated and analyzed using the HEC-RAS hydraulic model in the GIS environment. The main data required for this research are topographic maps 1: 2000 of the Dare ourt River and hydrometric data and river boundary conditions.

Field analysis showed that due to the encroachment of farmers in the area, a lot of changes occurred across the river's active bed. This action causes narrowing of the duct and causes the flow of water from the main duct to enter the flood plain. The outflow of spatial distribution of flood simulated in the region showed that in the event of a flood with a return period of 25 years, about 1743 hectares of flood plain lands will fall under water and cause many damage to farmers. The results also showed that the maximum width of the catchment for flood with a return period of 25 years in some parts of the river will be about 896 meters. Accordingly, the need to pay attention to the liberation of the land of the land and the privacy of the river in the Dare ourt for the proper management of the flood plain of the river is felt more than ever.

Sports sites per capita can be considered as the area exist for each member of statistical population. The purpose of this study istoanalyze and Geo-locate sports sites in Golestan Province using GIS

this was descriptive survey, which was carried out in the field. The statistical population included all sports sites (721 spots) in Golestan province, Iran. Geographical coordinates of sports sites were collected. Then, the database was created and imported into the GIS so as to prepare the required maps.

The results showed 179out of 721 total sports sites, are located in rural areas and 542 sports sites are in cities of Golestan provinces, Iran. 145 sports sites are outdoors and 578 sites are indoors. The analysis showed that the total sports space per capita is 76 square meters per person in Golestan, the rural sports space is 86 square metersper capita while, it is 71 square meters in rural areas. According the vision of the fifth development plan, the optimum sports space per capita is 2.1 square meters for Iranians. Therefore, the provincechr('39')s sports space per capita is far lessthan the minimum suggested per capita. Among the cities, Kordkoy has the largest sports space per capita (with 69.1 square meters) while, Maraveh Tapeh has the smallest space (with 0.45 square meters).

Therefore, it is suggested that areas with less space per capita should be the top priority in the construction of new sports. Sites Moreover, considering the fewer number of indoor sports sites per capita in rural areas, new sports fields ought to be built in such areas as much as possible.