جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Urban Form » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Automobile-based travel is one of the most important factors in the air pollution of Iranian cities. So, variety policies have been adopted to reduce the urban air pollution that are without spatial planning. In low-carbon cities, reduction of air pollution is noticed through spatial planning as changes in the urban form to achieve low automobile-based travels. The automobile-based travels in Zanjan, is changed greenhouses gasses emission to a huge problem. The problem that will adjust by changes in spatial planning and urban forms. In this paper, influence of urban form in the automobile-based travels are assigned by Spatial statics methods. To achieve the aim of this paper is hypothesized urban forms measures –as land use mix- has the most influence in the automobile-based travels. The type of this paper is Applicable and the used methods are Analytical and regression. The results of the application of the Moran method shows that the criteria are in clustered pattern and therefore have spatial autocorrelation and using location-based regression methods such as geographical weight regression is very useful. The results of the geographical weight regression show that the population density with significance coefficient of 0.31 has the minimum importance in the urban travel pattern and the criteria of mix land use and street density with the coefficient of 0.46 and 0.49 have the highest importance in the urban travels pattern. So, as a result, urban form criteria are more important in forming the urban travel patterns and it should be given more attention in urban management

Over the past few decades, the increasing growth of cities has caused extensive changes in different regions of the world. This trend in industrial cities and metropolises, with the provision of comfort facilities, has led to the expansion of their physical dimensions and has brought various consequences. Changes of initial form of the urban area’s is one of the most important factors of the physical growth of the cities which has a direct impact on the surrounding environment. In the past, mankind has tried to examine, plan and even adapt preventive methods for cases where environmental changes took effect suddenly and in a short period, such as floods and storms, based on historical data and records, the causes and conditions of its occurrence to predict. But only during the last few decades, those changes that have had long term effects, such as climate change, without any objective representation, have been measured and investigated with different methods and found its harmful effects. Mankind has not yet found a special solution for it.

The purpose of this research is to study the orientation of theories focused on the Urban Form and Climate Change, with a descriptive-analytical method and using systematic review’s of data which the output was 39 selected sources out of 705 selected articles from the Scholar Google, Scopus and Web of Science database, determines why and how they are specified and which one is distinguished from the other. Due to the contrast of two variables and the multidisciplinary nature of this research, the issue of urban form has had more weight in opinion raised. Due to a better review, references from 1960 to 2020 were selected and the main keywords were considered without any specific geographical restrictions.

in this research, the urban form has been examined as the physical part of a city, considering all its details and conditions. Studies show that the researches conducted in the filed of the Urban Form have longer history than Climate Change, but these studies are not consistent with the opposition of these two variables and no proper planning has been done in this regard. The findings of the research indicate that in the proposed theories, the physical development of cities has an inverse correlation with the climate, it has become more serious over the past 30 years, and the urban form theories have not been a deterrent factor in changing the physical form of the cities to control climatic conditions. In order to investigate the mutual effect of urban form and climate change, two important points should be considered. First, the basic changes of the city should be examined in specific period that had the most impact, and secondly, the climate change process should be examined in the same time frame. These points help to better analyze what is needed to reduce climate impact.

The most important factors in examining the mutual effects of changing the urban form and climate change include knowing the geographical location, the physical shape, size of cities, the distance between cities, development process and challenges. It is believed that many theories based on urban form could act in a way to propose a preventive plan regarding the climate change challenge. The components of this research have gained importance over the past years with the intensification of climate change effects, but it still has an unknown part of a puzzle that if there is a change in the from of today’s cities, can we imagine better condition for the climate in the future?

Turbulence and unexpected events have significantly impacted cities, accelerating the process of urban growth and development. In this ever-changing urban landscape, utilization of scenario planning tools is crucial for urban planners. The northwest district of Mashhad is a key area within the master plan of the city. Notably, this area is characterized by rapid and extensive construction. The following research question guided this study: "What are the potential future scenarios for urban development in the northwest area of Mashhad?" The research was purposefully applied in terms of methodology and employed a descriptive and analytical approach. Both documentary and field methods were utilized for data collection, while the Delphi method and Smicprob Expert scenario planning were employed for data analysis. The results of scenario development indicated that the third scenario held the highest probability at 17%. According to this scenario, 4 events were continuous with only one event not occurring.

There is a wide body of literature indicating a strong link between urban form and carbon emissions in the transport sector, this is done through the impact of city form components on citizen’s travel behavior. Therefore, in urban low carbon development theory, the reduction of cavalry production through changes in urban form elements is considered. This paper investigates the effects of urban form components on Tabriz Metropolitan travel behavior. Tabriz’s single-engine city form makes maximum use of personal cars for city trips resulting in increased carbon emissions in Tabriz’s urban air. Therefore, the impact of urban form elements on car-driven travel behavior has been selected as the most fundamental pillar of low carbon studies in Tabriz. The results of   the   application   of the Moran method show that the criteria used are mainly clustered and therefore have spatial autocorrelation and it is very useful to use location- based regression methods such as geographic weight regression. The results of this method show that access to metro stations in Tabriz metropolitan area the coefficient of importance of 0/40 have the least relationship with urban travel behavior, respectively and the two factors combining urban land use and business center access with a factor of importance of 0/54 are most important in urban travel behavior. It was therefore concluded that the components of urban form are more important in urban travel behavior and it needs to get more attention form city managers and planners in shaping a low-carbon city.

The concept of resilience has been considered in academia in the last decade. Given that cities are always exposed to constant and sudden dangers, urban resilience is a new path and strategy for urban development. Urban form resilience is a subset of the urban resilience discourse, and although research and articles on urban form resilience and how to evaluate it have been written over the past decade, it is still in the conceptual and exploratory stages. This article tries to make a comparative comparison between urban form resilience assessment tools by explaining the different dimensions of the resilient place assessment toolbox, which is derived from the spatial resilience framework. In this context, urban morphology is defined as the spatial and physical manifestation of human activities resulting from the complex interactions of various social, economic and environmental factors that affect the city's response to natural and man-made hazards. Urban fabrics that do not have the capacity of resilient place are at risk of deterioration of environmental qualities in the process of urban development and extensive changes, and the quality of viability and vitality of these areas declines in the long run. In this regard, the three dimensions of fabric and structure, place and image, environment and behavior as the main dimensions are justified by comparison with other frameworks and toolboxes. By measuring the resilience of urban forms, especially in emerging contexts, this tool can enable urban planners, designers, and policymakers to intervene more effectively against change and risk.

The concept of the urban form has always been hotly debated by the urban development researchers, who mostly have addressed it adopting a physical-functional approach. However, to gain a clearer understanding of this concept, it is necessary to consider a series of factors affecting urban development.

This study aimed to examine urban form dimensions, criteria, and indicators and their relationship to supporting theories in order to provide a comprehensive understanding of the urban form.

The study used the meta-synthesis method to fulfill its objectives. In Stage 1, 61 out of 30 relevant resources were screened and selected via the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP). Then, these resources were encoded and analyzed in Maxqda 2222 in terms of the research questions.

After the data analysis, 12 codes were identified, which were then classified and examined in four categories of different types of contemporary urban forms, form dimensions, intelligibility, and supporting theories.

The present study tried to provide a relatively complete understanding of the urban form by going through the resources of the recent 22 years. The analysis showed the urban form to include overt and covert dimensions. The overt dimension addresses external, tangible features, and the covert dimension addresses internal, intangible features. Over recent years, scholars and researchers have tried to address a greater number of the covert dimension features. The covert dimension needs more attention in order to attain the ideal urban form because covert dimensions and indicators drive urban development and have long-term effects on urban systems.

The form of cities in Iran, especially in metropolitan areas, is sprawl. But traditional urban planning in Iran has always been shaped by the compact spatial structure associated with its context (geography, culture). Compactness in urban form and structure is a concept that is used to organize cities from a state of confusion and dispersion and broadly in sustainable urban planning and development, the compact city is seen as a profound interpretation of what a sustainable city should be. In studies related to compact cities, one of the topics that has been considered is the discussion of the acceptability and feasibility of compact cities. Social acceptability is an important factor in feasibility. Due to the importance of studying the acceptability and feasibility of urban forms, especially the compact form from the perspective of the public and residents and due to the lack of investigation of the impact of the compact city on the realization of sustainable urban development This research investigates the social acceptability of compact city in Ahvaz.

The present research is applied in terms of purpose which is in the category of descriptive survey research. In terms of philosophy, this research is a deductive research that is based on the paradigm of positivism and quantitative approach and is considered as a cross-sectional research in terms of time index. The data collection tool in the present study is a questionnaire. Thus, to measure the theory of the compact city, four indicators including density, diversity, intensification and transportation and the theory of sustainable urban development, three environmental, economic and social dimensions have been used. The Likert scale was used to answer the questions and the numbers 1 to 5 were used to score the answers. The questionnaire was completed by two groups of citizens, experts and managers. The statistical population is the first group of citizens of Ahvaz who were selected as a sample using Cochran's formula 384 people. And the second statistical population is experts and managers of Ahvaz city, which was purposefully selected 30. The structural equations method in Amos was used to analyze the citizen-related questionnaire and the structural equations in Smart-pls software were used to analyze the questionnaire of experts and managers.

Compact city assessment in previous studies has been done retrospectively with methods such as survey method, objective data and interview. In this research, a survey method has been used to investigate the feasibility and social acceptance capacity of the compact city and its impact on sustainable urban development in the city of Ahvaz. The variables and indexes that have been selected for the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable urban development are most evident in the city of Ahvaz, and these indicators are the consequences of sprawl growth and unsustainable development of the city in recent decades. Since the compact city has been proposed as a suitable solution in sprawl studies and urban sustainability, the indicators of the compact city have been selected as an independent variable. From the citizens' point of view, the highest coefficient of the route is related to the effect of transportation on the environmental variable, after that, the effect of the diversity variable on the economic variable has the highest coefficient. The impact coefficients of all hypotheses are higher than 0.60. The results of the experts' research indicate that the effect of density variable on three environmental, economic and social indicators is 0.870, 0.890 and 0.900, respectively. The coefficient of diversity path on environmental, economic and social indicators has been calculated as 0.830, 0.865 and 0.864, respectively. The intensification variable with path coefficients of 0.810, 0.853 and 0.872 has a significant effect on environmental, economic and social indicators, respectively. The coefficients of the variable of transportation on environmental, economic and social indicators are 0.790, 0.837 and 0.880.

The results indicate that the indicators of the compact city including density, diversity, intensification and public transport have a positive and significant effect on the indicators of sustainable urban development including environmental, economic and social in Ahvaz city. Therefore, citizens and managers consider the use of the compact city as the basis for the realization of sustainable urban development in Ahvaz.In addition to the fact that all indicators of the compact city must be implemented at the same time, it is necessary to pay attention to the issue of spatial planning and migration control in Khuzestan province and Ahvaz city in order to reduce problems and .obstacles in its implementation

There are many ambiguities in determining the shape of a sustainable city and obtaining its indicators. Researchers can choose their desired indicators from a wide range to measure the urban form quantitatively. One of the types of urban forms that has been studied a lot is sprawl. Urban sprawl is in opposition to the Smart Growth Movement, with the aim of guiding urban development towards compactness. The difference of opinions on the two main and conflicting debates about the sustainability of the urban form (compression and sprawl) shows that although the compact city idea has been criticized in some cases, it has finally attracted many ideas. Certainly, in order to achieve sustainability, the future urban form should not act against the principles and rules of the compact city. In this research, by reviewing previous studies regarding different definitions of compactness and urban sprawl, without giving superiority to one of these forms, each of the urban forms and their effects on different aspects has been examined. The research method is analytical and finally, it comes to the conclusion that according to the physical, economic and social conditions of each city, urban compaction should be considered only as a solution to achieve urban sustainability instead of focusing on a specific urban form.

With the increase in the number of people living in urban areas, urban expansion is increasing all over the world. The rapid expansion of cities as a major factor in the evolution of urban forms in recent decades has become an important issue in spatial planning and urban management. Spatio-temporal measurement and analysis of urban forms can provide a good basis for making decisions about cities and regions with rapid physical growth. Urban form as spatial configuration of fixed elements in metropolitan area has significant effects on physical and mental activity and health, transportation patterns, social interactions, environmental quality, climate change, and human well-being. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is to analyze the Spatio-temporal evolution of urban form in metropolitan areas of Iran.The General Census of Population and Housing from 1986 to 2016 and Landsat satellite images in 1987,2000 and 2017 have been used in this study. The general population and housing censuses were used to study demographic changes and Landsat satellite imageries were used to generate urban land maps in the study area. 24 Landsat TM and OLI images were used to generate urban land maps using the Maximum Proximity algorithm in ENVI software.

Neighborhoods are one of the main pillars of urban structure and play an important role in achieving the goals of sustainable urban development, so recognizing the physical pattern of the neighborhood and achieving the desired form is one of the basic issues in order to achieve sustainable urban development. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The data collection method was done by filling out a questionnaire with a volume of 400 items. To measure the city form, first 12 related indicators have been operationally defined, then with the help of the SAW model, neighborhoods have been classified into three forms: intensive, intermediate, and scattered, and questionnaires of each neighborhood have been distributed and completed by random clustering method. The results showed that there is a significant difference between stability in different forms, and the degree of stability in the compact form is more than the intermediate and scattered form, and neighborhood No. 10 is the most stable and neighborhood No. 25 is the most unstable neighborhood in the city. Neighborhoods are also categorized in terms of sustainability into 4 homogeneous groups. According to the results, the neighborhoods in the first group have a lower level of stability and the fourth group, which includes dense neighborhoods, is more stable. Also, among the dimensions of stability, the social dimension was in an unfavorable condition and the physical dimension was in a favorable condition.

The design of the built environment plays a key role in confronting health challenges.

The present study aims to evaluate the impact of the urban form objective measures on the residents’ physical activity of two objectively different neighborhoods.

In this study, the quantitative research method was applied based on analyticaldescriptive techniques. The theoretical framework related to the built environment and physical activity was discussed. Objective measures of the built environment including residential density, land-use mix, and street connectivity combined into a walkability index were developed within a geographic information system in the District 14 of Isfahan using Arc GIS. Two neighborhoods were selected based on differences in the objective index of walkability while controlling for socio-economic variables. The physical activities of 100 residents of both neighborhoods were measured using the IPAQ questionnaire through faceto-face interviews.

In this study, 63% of individuals in the high-walkable neighborhood with a walkability index of 9.52 met the≥30 minutes of physical activity recommended, compared to 36% of individuals in the low-walkable neighborhood with a walkability index of 5.30. Urban form variables directly supported residents’ physical activity and walkability. People in the neighborhood with a higher rank in the variables of residential density, land use mix, and street connectivity had more walkability than the neighborhood with a lower rank in the mentioned variables. Innovation: The present study used a technical quantitative approach to investigate the effect of urban form variables on the residents’ physical activity of two neighborhoods in one of the deprived areas of Isfahan, Iran. These variables were studied separately and explained in terms of indicators reflecting the walkability index in the neighborhoods.

Numerous studies have examined and analyzed the urban form. In these studies, discussions of the urban form generally focus on the contrast between scattered, and compact forms. Although scattered, and concentrated forms are the two dominant models in this regard, but a comprehensive study and analysis of other dimensions of the urban form and its relationship with other urban dimensions such as social and economic characteristics have rarely been done. In this paper, ten spatial measures in the form of five distinct dimensions of compactness, diversity, porosity, density, and complexity have been used to study and analyze the urban form and the relationship between urban form and demographic characteristics of neighborhoods with different social, and demographic characteristics have been studied. The results of spatial measurements show that there are significant differences in the dimensions of the urban form of urban case studies. The urban form of city Zahedan has high compaction and density, low complexity and porosity, and moderate diversity. Also, the results of the relationship between urban form and demographic characteristics of Zahedan city show that although there is a direct positive and significant relationship between demographic characteristics and the combined score of spatial measures of urban form; This relationship does not apply to all spatial metrics.

Urban form is based on environmental conditions and planning decisions in the context of time.The study of urban forms,is important due to its effects on urban functions,including the quality of citizens access to services located in the city.Each of the urban forms is compact or scatter are impact in the access of citizens to services.The purpose of this research is to identify the urban form of urban neighborhoods in Maragheh and how citizens access to urban services.Research in terms of the nature of the descriptive analytical type that has been done through the documentary library study.in data analysis from Fuzzy method and GIS and SPSS software were used.The research findings show that the Maragheh urban form pattern has been developed intensively and scattered. That way,the city in the center and the old textures have compact and dense patterns and in the periphery and marginal tissues are scattered and semi-dispersed.On the other hand, the results of the correlation analysis between the dense form and the access index indicate is a significant correlation between these two variables.So that the access to neighborhoods and central areas is better than the marginal and the new ones.On the other hand,some accessibility indicators such as the ratio of communication network in central neighborhoods have a lower share than marginal neighborhoods. This factor,along with the establishment of many activities and facilities in this part of the city, has led a large amount of intra-city trips to the city's central neighborhoods,resulting in heavy congestion and traffic problems.

Understanding the problems of cities and also their physical pattern and form at different scales are very important. In addition, urban structure planning requires the use of localized data at the appropriate scale. Choicing of the optimal scale in studies is one of the principles that can make the results of studies more accurate and practical. The purpose of this study is investigating the effect of scale on urban spatial and environmental studies of 1 and 3-district in Tehran. The present research approach describes the effects of scale on urban land scape by using ecological land scape pattern and satellite images in meso-scale (Landsat satellite) and micro-scale (Quickbird satellite). Comparing the results of land scape quantification in the meso and micro scales in 1 and 3-district in Tehran, indicates the difference in the results. In the first scale 1747 green patches and in the second scale, 36516 green patches were distinguished, which both of them are used. Also some differences are in the size and density of the edge as well as the shape of the patches in the two study scales. In addition, the results show that the characteristics of patches in micro-scale of 1 and 3-district in Tehran are closer to the natural state of green space of these deistricts and more applicable in urban and local planning but they arrangements are less. This less order has nothing to do with the destruction of such space. The importance of arrangement of patches is important in regional studies. At this level, mid-scale images survey are recommended. In general, by guiding studies based on the principles of scale, the uncertainty of the results can be minimized and the quality of decisions will be improved.

One of the major challenges in recent years attracted the attention of urban planners and urban designers and researchers in medical science, is the public health community. The increasing importance of intensifying health problem in urban areas, led to scientific circles, on role of disigning of physical aspects of the environment is provided, on the walkability and physical activity. In this case, the scientists agreed that the physical structure of urban sprawl, encouraging more car use, walking and other physical. In this regard, a review of previous studies on the relationship between urban form and mobility, factors influencing urban form in the context of walking, were studied and seven indexes, household density, diversity, connectivity, proximity, block size, sidewalk, Retail Floor Area Ratio (FAR), using Geographic information system (GIS) and software space syntax analysis (Depth map) were measured. Results of Initial analysis of objective walkability indicators, main goal of this study, ranking of 27 neighborhoods, in 1th region's of Rasht city, in terms of the overall index were obtained. According to the results, ability to walk of neighborhoods reduced by distance from the city center to the border areas, and this index is at the lowest level in rural-urban neighborhoods of suburban. Also according to the urban form, neighborhoods with initial design and texture orderly, are at the higher levels of the index Compare to traditional organic and rural organic neighborhoods.

Social sustainability is a subject that has attracted the attentions of researchers since the early years of 21st century. Social, economic, and ecological sustainability are considered as the three components of urban sustainable development. On the other hand, the urban form, as an important component of the city comprises communication networks, public transportation systems, pedestrian and bicycle accesses, spatial structures, spatial distribution of activities, housing and settlement size, natural phenomena and non-spatial aspects which all are important for studying and analyzing a city from different viewpoints. Considering the interdependence of the components of this concept with different dimensions of the city, its role on different aspects of sustainability, including social sustainability, would be indisputable. The emergence of urban sustainable development concept pushed the international NGOs and planners to introduce new frameworks for redesigning and reorganizing of cities in order to achieve the sustainability. A critical review of these approaches suggests a disagreement upon the most desirable form of urban sustainability. Social sustainability, due to its intangible nature as well as its focus of mankind and his interactions is subject for such contradictions. The present study was seeking to explain the relationships between the components of urban form and social sustainability in 22 districts of Tehran using a descriptive-analytic research method. Quantitative models such as factor analysis and linear regression as well as resident’s questionnaire (2200 questionnaires were completed among 22 districts of the city) and SPSS software helped the researchers to navigate this route. The findings of the present research showed that there is a significant relationship between the main factors of urban form and the factor of combined social sustainability indicators in all 22 districts of Tehran. Social sustainability indicators included citizen’s access to local services, social security, participation rates in social and group activities, interaction with other residents or social groups, residence satisfaction, and access to affordable housing for citizens. It was also determined that districts 5 and 6 had the highest scores in terms of social sustainability in Tehran.

Building density, which is defined is the ratio of total area of a residential building (in all floors) to the area of its lot, is an important issue in land management and urban planning. Today, the scarcity of financial resources and the need for reducing the costs of urban development and providing more suitable and economical services have directed the attentions toward the potential advantages of denser housing and has consequently led to cities’ increased building density. The present paper seeks to conduct a spatial analysis on Babol city to assess its building density, and a descriptive-analytical approach is used to achieve this objective.
The research findings show that the density pattern is not uniformly distributed across the city, and is scattered at some parts of the city in the form of multiple cores, and that building density in western and north-western parts of the city is more than other parts. The findings indicate that the middle and southern parts of the city have an old and worn-out fabric.
The optimized distribution and balancing the building density through the reuse of land and upgrading it to the required residential standards will provide the residential space needed in the next 10 years for population housing without the need for expanding the city limits.

Nowadays, the importance and role of energy in the life and development of communities are more evident than ever and at the same time, sources and types of energy used by humans exposed to serious changes. Energy problem in our country is not worthy of attention and the government explicit and implicit subsidies always has unaware us of the real value of energy in its various form. However, the growth rate of domestic consumption of energy is to some extent that the present petroleum resources development process, perhaps over the last few years and the other half are not able to export oil. However, more than a third of country energy consumption is also dedicated to the construction sector and heating and cooling systems, are the largest consumers of energy in buildings. Potential relationships between household energy consumption and its impact on urban form, in terms of residential density pattern, urban elements locating, other cases are seen. Density linked to type and pattern of housing. The point is that if we all live in apartments and row houses with high density, what will be its impact on energy consumption and in fact, what kind of link will be exist between energy consumption pattern and size of the house? Urban form affects the household's lifestyle (for example forced to work at home because of the long distance urban commuting). This potentially can affect energy consumption patterns (Non-city daily traffic). Generally, it can be acknowledged, related studies to examine the relationship between urban form and energy consumption patterns, at the level of what can be called the local aspects affecting the pattern urban form, are still in the early stages. This study is applied and in the formulation of this research, descriptive-analytical and documentation-survey methodology has been used. Data related to energy consumption and building quality were collected through questionnaires. Sampling method in this study is a multi-stage cluster, in this way, the questionnaires were randomly distributed among the citizens of the neighborhood based on the number of houses per neighborhood. To determine the sample size due to the limited statistical population, Cochran formula is used and 375 sample is obtained. For this study, data analysis software (SPSS) and (GIS) is used. In order to classify neighborhoods form, the method of simple additive weighting (SAW) was used. Also, to analyze the relationship between form and energy, Pearson correlation test, Two-sample t-test and ANOVA test was used. 3.1. Determine Babolsar city neighborhoods form
In order to assess and determine the form of Babolsar city neighborhoods, Six main indexes of the form including: mixed-use, density, connection, focus, access to infrastructure and car ownership is used.
3.2. Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) Method to Classify City Form
This model is one of the easiest ways to multiple attribute decision making. At first, the rating is calculated for each neighborhood. Whatever the rating increase, the neighborhood is more compact and on the contrary, whatever the rating is lower our neighborhood is more spread. Hemmat Abad neighborhood with a score of 0/551 have the maximum amount. Also Ali Abadmir neighborhood has the lowest amount among 22 neighborhoods of Babolsar.
3.3. Building Form and Energy Consumption
The results show that there is a positive and meaningful correlation at 0/001 significant level between total household members (independent variable) and the dependent variable energy consumption (0/234), power consumption (0/234), gas consumption (0/339), water consumption (0/488), the cost of fixed phone (0/218) and the cost of households mobile phone (0/262). Namely by increasing the number of family members, energy consumption in various sectors increases. Also, check the relationship between variables indicates that the number of floors (-0/107) and the number of residential units (-0/127) has a significant and negative correlation with energy consumption (the dependent variable). That is mean, there is an inverse relationship between the number of floors and the number of residential units with energy consumption. As shown in the tables, study shows that there is a positive and meaningful correlation between the number of rooms of housing units (0/153) and energy consumption, and the number of windows (0/139) and energy consumption. Namely by increasing the number of rooms and windows in residential units, power consumption also increases.
3.4. Compare Energy Consumption in Various Forms of Babolsar City Neighborhoods
Comparing energy consumption in various forms of Babolsar city neighborhoods shows that in compact form, the energy consumption is at its highest level. That is, the energy consumption in parking, Sharak Saheli, and Hemat Abd neighborhoods is at their highest level. However, the reality is something else. If we put aside Hemmat Abad neighborhood that has the highest energy consumption among the 22 urban neighborhoods and is one of the oldest neighborhoods in the city of Babolsar and has much old fabric, energy consumption average has the lowest amount in compact form among different forms. So we can conclude, the energy consumption in compact form has the lowest amount among different forms. After compact form, there is an intermediate form and then dispersed form that has the largest share of the city's neighborhoods energy consumption. Checking the relationship between energy consumption and residential buildings form and quality in the city of Babolsar show units that have more rooms and windows, have more energy consumption too, Of course, these two variables can also be attributed to the residential floor area. Residential units with an area of less have less energy consumption compared with the residential units with more area. Checking the relationship between energy consumption in buildings and urban form has shown that the main relationship is likely to belong to building form. Finally, it should be acknowledged homes with high efficiency in energy consumption, provide a better environment for life and lead to reduce the destructive effects on the natural environment.

city's form, is a container in which urban activities take place. The importance of the city's form is due to the functions that has for resident; including Its important functions are the amount of access. The purpose of this study, is measure the relationship between the form and the level of access at the neighborhood level of Babolsar. Research in terms of nature is descriptive-analytical and according to the purpose is practical. Data and information are extracted from the statistical blocks of the Statistics Center and land use maps of the municipality SPSS and GIS have been used to classify them. To measure the form three density, congestion and mixing indicators and 10 related variables were used and Hansen's attraction model was used to calculate the access indicator. The results of Pearson correlation test showed a direct and significant relationship between the form and access (r = 0.668) and compaction has a direct impact on the increase in access rates. This issue is most visible in the central regions of the city; so that the more densely populated areas are, the amount of access increases dramatically. Based on the results, the three main indicators of form have a direct and significant effect on the access indicator, due to their differences in different locations, the result was an imbalance in the spatial structure of Babolsar. Another interesting finding of this study is the high proportion of ownership of automobiles in densely populated areas of Babolsar over peripheral regions, this can be contradicted by the principle of the pedestrian, which is one of the important principles of achieving the city's sustainable form.

By introducing the theory of sustainable city, ecological city, smart city, and green city in recent decades, Special attention to design in harmony with nature, ecological sustainability and climate issues are considered urban designers and the planners. Thus, issues such as energy saving, control the energy exchange between human and artificial and natural environment and provide thermal comfort for urban spaces users, become an integral part of urban design studies. Therefore, the present study is aimed at address the issue of energy management in urban scale with emphasis on the role of the urban form on thermal comfort and microclimate, by using a descriptive-analytical method and review researches and similar experiences. This study investigates the impact of urban form on microclimate and find the components of urban form affects the local climate and thermal comfort in urban open spaces in the hierarchy of urban scale (the individual buildings up to urban fabric). The results show Spatial, physical and environmental dimensions of elements of urban form in different scales, for example geometric characteristics (shape, height, size, orientation), the occupation and density, pattern and form layout, materials (type, color) of roof, wall, and floor, H/W (ratio of height to width), the sky view factor (SVF), pattern (structure) of street network, vegetation (type and density), land use influence the thermal comfort of urban open spaces that notion to them in the process of planning and urban design, could lead to the creation of spaces that provide thermal comfort for users in all seasons.