جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "migration" در نشریات گروه "اقتصاد"

In this comparative study, an attempt has been made to compare the population and several related indicators at the global and continental levels with population indicators and the position of Iran. This descriptive-analytical study used various sources such as books, articles, research reports, and related documents. The study evaluated the country's population outlook by analyzing birth and death rates, fertility rates, age structure, and migration patterns. T-tests and chi-square tests were employed to examine these variables in comparison with statistical data from other countries. Furthermore, population growth rates were compared between the country and continents such as Europe, Asia, and America, and the consistency among these rates was analyzed. While the country's urbanization rate has shown a steady increase over the past sixty years, rising from 31.4% in 1956 to 74% in 2015, this growth has been primarily concentrated in a few large metropolitan areas, especially Tehran. This trend is likely to persist, exacerbating the population density of metropolitan areas. The imbalanced growth of population and density, particularly in Tehran and a few other major cities, poses a significant challenge. It is therefore recommended that all national planning efforts be focused on mitigating this imbalance.

Today, the word creativity has found a very important role in the literature of urban and regional economics. The creativity of an area becomes a factor to attract people to that area. Also, the phenomenon of migration as an important issue is the concern of many researchers of different sciences; such as economics, sociology, statistics, geography and environment. The reason for the importance of this topic is that immigrants can have different political, economic, social, cultural, environmental, etc. effects on the host society and region. Immigrants who enter a region can bring economic prosperity and capital inflow to a region, or can cause various social and environmental crises. Along with the creativity of the region and migration, the issue of environmental pollution is another important issue in today's world. Therefore, due to the great importance of this issue, in this research, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of economic and environmental factors on migration, as well as factors affecting environmental pollution in the provinces of Iran. For this purpose, cross-sectional data was used in 2016. Considering the very important relationship between migration and environmental pollution, a model with two equations (net migration and CO2) as a system of simultaneous equations has been designed and estimated with the 3SLS method. The obtained results show that environmental pollution has a negative effect on the amount of migration. The results obtained in this research prove this issue. On the other hand, more immigration to a province, due to the increase in population, causes more pollution in that province. Also, the results show that the provinces that have moved towards industrialization have more CO2 emissions.

The formation of the spatial employment pattern in a region is influenced by various geographical, economic, social, and climatic characteristics. In this regard, this paper analyses the effective factors on employment rates in 31 Provinces of Iran over five years (2011-2016). For this purpose, the spatial autocorrelation with direct and indirect effects (spatial spillover) of Factors on employment rate in provinces of iran has been estimated using the panel data and spatial econometrics method (Spatial Durbin model). The results of spatial estimation showed that there is spatial autocorrelation in the provincial employment rate. Other results indicate that the GDP of the provinces has a significant positive direct and spatial spillover effect on the employment rate. On the other hand, energy intensity has a significant negative direct and spatial spillover on the employment rate. The amount of rainfall does not directly affect the employment rate. The study finds an inverse U-shaped relationship between direct and indirect effects of net migration, population density variables, and the employment rate. Therefore, by increasing in immigration and population density, the employment rate increases in the studied provinces and neighboring provinces, and it decreases after crossing the threshold.

Increasing economic integrity and expansion of trade across countries have caused international movement of production factors in order to achieve higher income. According to Mundell's theory (1975) and based on traditional theories of trade, unequal and different endowment of factors of production in countries cause the establishment of trade and the movement of factors, until reaching the equalized factor endowment. In other words, factors movement is a substitute for trade, although in most cases the empirical evidence reveals different and sometimes contradictory results to Mandell's theory. The present study investigates the effect of trade liberalization on the international movement of skilled and unskilled labor in Iran. Accordingly, trade liberalization is stimulated through four scenarios of import tariffs reduction of 5%, 10%, 25% and 50% in agricultural, industrial and the whole imported goods by using Global Trade Analysis Project. The findings of this research indicate that there is a complementary relationship between the liberalization of industrial and all imported goods with the mobility of skilled and unskilled labor. However, trade liberalization in the agricultural sector and skilled labor mobility are a complement, they are substitutes in terms of the unskilled labor movement.

Migration is a complex and multi-dimensional phenomenon that always has been of interest to many researchers in various sciences. In this study, the migration issue from an economic standpoint has been studied. The main purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship between unemployment and net migration. To this aim, using the data of all cities in Iran during the period of 2007-2017, the relationship between the two aforementioned variables has been examined via a spatial causality approach, and afterwards the migration model has been estimated through the spatial econometric method. The obtained results confirm the existence of causality between net migration and unemployment so that the direction of this causality is from unemployment to net migration. Moreover, the derived results from the estimation of migration model using spatially lagged explanatory variables model (SLX), specify that unemployment rate, industrial employment share, GDP per capita, the young population share of total population, and education play the most crucial role in the net migration model, also these variables have significant direct and spillover effects on net migration. It is noteworthy that unemployment, as the key variable of this study, has a negative direct effect and a positive spatial spillover effect on net migration. In other words, however rising unemployment in a city can decrease the net migration in that city, the net migration in the nearby cities will be increased.

Migration has always been existed between human settlements at every level. But this issue has intensified in Iran after the 1960s and has increased in the following decades for various reasons, especially economic factors and climate change. The destination of these immigrants were often the metropolises of the country. Mashhad is one of the major metropolises that has always been attractive to the immigrant population, especially from the eastern half of the country. One of the dimensions of migration is immigrant’s accommodation pattern in the destination cities which can affect service delivery, quality of urban environments and even socio-economic context of the city. This study as an applied research is trying to investigate immigrant’s accommodation pattern in Mashhad metropolis and also its relation with marginalization and urban poverty using Descriptive Analysis. According to the results, immigrant’s accommodation pattern in Mashhad is clustered and south-west (regions 9, 10 and 11) and also north-east area (region 3, and region 4 and 2 to some extent) have been immigrant absorbent clusters in Mashhad megacity. Also the results indicate that the immigrants’ residential locations doesn’t match perfectly with city’ margins and there is no meaningful relationship between urban poverty and immigrants’ accommodation pattern.

Appropriate planning for choosing the location of residential units by urban managers, housing construction companies, and urban and rural property organizations involves understanding the preferences of the homeowner's households in this area. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors affecting the choice of house quality and residential location and the extent of the impact of each of these factors on the probability of choice. Choice Experiment Method (CEM) was used to determine the factors influencing housing choice and valuation of housing features. To this end, the desired values were used based on Random Utility Theory (RUT) of a discrete Multinomial Logit Model (MNL) and randomly selected from 300 households in Isfahan city. The data were collected using questionnaires of empirical and face-to-face interviews and analyzed using EXCEL and STATA software. The results showed that the final effect of the variable of increasing the facilities and facilities outside the interior of the home has the greatest impact on the choice of housing, and then the size variable in the choice of housing is very influential. Based on the findings of this study, it was found that the preferences of different households, mainly by prioritizing residential location indicators, could be very important in urban planning.

The present study, using ordered multilevel model, examines Intention to stay of young people in Villages in selected cities of Kermanshah province for 1396. Three cities of Qasr_shirin, Paveh and Harsin and one village from villages of each city were randomly selected using two stage stratified sampling method. Dependent variable is Intention to stay of young people in Villages to five years. The results of study confirmed existence of inconsistencies between villages and studied cities. Gender variable was effective on Intention to stay of young people in Villages. On the other hand, accuracy of multilevel model compared to other old model showed that variables of education and age were insignificant unlike other studies. The variables of rural facilities, population and distance from village to city were also significant at village’s level and finally, population variable in level third. Based on research results, improving rural roads and increasing rural facilities can affect survival of rural youth in the study area. Therefore, it is possible to reduce migration of young people by increasing basic welfare facilities and infrastructure of motive road. On the one hand, with increasing in amenities, other services and non-agricultural jobs associated with the variable subdivisions of rural facilities are created. Hence, income gaps between rural and urban areas will be reduced, thus preventing from evacuation of villages. Regarding confirmation of heterogeneity in surveyed community, it was concluded that the implementation of general policies to reduce migration of young people has always failed. Therefore, it is suggested that in the policies related to the decrease of rural population, villages of each village and each city are separately analyzed and not provincial.
JEL Classification:C81, D04, O12

This paper investigates the effective factors on migration network formation among Ardabilian who migrate to Sari. Instead of using proxy variables for relationship, direct relational data are recognized by conducting survey. By employing the valuable data and based on econometric model of network formation and applying logit method for dyadic data, effective factors on network formation are studied. According to strategic view on network formation, it is expected that form a star shape network among migrants. Moreover, it is expected that migrants not only make connection based on strategic behavior, but also based on economic and social similarities. Therefore, variables such as time of arrival, distance at birthplace are used as explanatory variables as well as variables such as age, education and income as proxy for homophily are employed as control variables. Results show that time of arrival, distance at birthplace, age, education and income has significant effect on probability of making link.  Based on results, migrants don’t tend to linking with earlier migrants. The probability of linking increases among migrants who migrants between 6 to 28 years, specifically between 11 to 16 years. This means that earlier migrants are important in migrants’ network, but earliest migrants are not attractive for making connection.

We are embedded by our social networks. Social networks or connections has had important role in shaping of agents behavior. “While the importance of embeddedness of economic activity in social settings has been fundamental to sociologists for some time, it was largely ignored by economists until the last decade”.(Zenou, 2016). The role of social networks in shaping behavior and formation of networks has received increasing attention recent years. Some central questions in the area of economics of social networks are as follows. How agents are affected by their social networks’ member? How our connections can improve our output? Why there are different shape of networks? Which factors are important in formation of network? Which networks are efficient and stable? Migration, by nature, is a phenomena that is involved in relationship and contacts. In this regards, migration is an attractive area in economics of social network. While there are several economic theory about migration, from theories of initiation and perpetuationofmigration to theories of migration’s welfare effect, some economists has done research about economic, social and cultural assimilation of migrants. In this line of research, formation of migrants’ network is a new open issue. Which factors are important in formation of network of migrants? Which shape of network would emerge in short run and long run? And so on.
The paper aims to find essential factors which are important factor in shaping network. Moreover, optimal level of effort migrants to link with central migrant is investigated and developed to heterogeneity condition. To do so, a survey among Ardablian who migrated to Rasht is conducted and run dyadic regression based on theoretical background.
Theoretical Background, Method and data : Social network, as an unofficial institution, can improve our understanding from social and economic phenomena. Generally speaking, there are three scopes of research in the field of social networks. Network effect (also known as games on network), network formation, topology and structure if network are the ongoing area of research. The paper is categorized in the network formation scope. Network formation models are modeled by two different approaches: strategic network formation and stochastic network formation. Obviously, economists are more interested in strategic approach. There are different methods of model of strategic network formation. Table 1 shows a comprehensive classification of strategic network formation models.
Table 1- Strategic network formation models
Cooperative and Noncooperative models
Farsighted and Myopic models
Dynamic and Static models
Complete and Imperfect Information model
We followed Brueckner (2006) and Epstein and Heizler-Cohen (2016), which is a complete information, myopic and noncooperative model to as a basis for our econometric model. We applied logit method for dyadic data to detect effective factors on network formation. Based on our theoretical model, several variables such as time of arrival, distance at birthplace are used as explanatory variables as well as variables such as age, education and income as proxy for homophily are employed as control variables.
Finally, equation (1) estimated, following Fafchamps and Gubert (2007) method to correct standard errors to overcome inference problem.
Lij = a ¦zi-zj¦ (zi) ¦dij¦ 먨 (1)
Where zj and zi , dij and dij are nodes’ (migrants) specification (such as time of arrival), specification of link (such as distance at birthplace) and error term, respectively. Lij stands for relationship matrix, including 0 and 1.
Moreover, in order to focus on importance of time of arrival, two another form is specified. Equation (2) is a second degree model and equation (3) is a model with dummy variable for different time of arrival.
Lij = a ¦zi-zj¦ (zi) ¦dij¦ 獟鶊㶾먨 (2)
Lij = a ¦zi-zj¦ (zi) ¦dij¦ δD먨 (3)
It is noteworthy that, the models are reestimated after adding control variables such as differences in education, age, income as proxy for homophily. In order to gathering data, a purposeful questioner designed and a survey conducted among Ardablian who migrated to Rasht. Finally, 411 members and 400 links are detected.
As mentioned before, optimal effort of migrants to making link is investigated.
Bi=(P(esi,1))u P (esi,1)(∑h=2 P(esh,1)v)-esi,1 (4)
Where is cost or effort in a star network. P(esi,1 ) stands for the intensity (or strength) of the relationship between i and j depends on the investment e. Bj , u and v stand for benefit or payoff from the friendship, utility of making direct connection and utility of indirect links, respectively.
The optimal effort of individual i who is invested in the linking with the central agent can be obtained as follows:δBi⁄δesi,1 = 0 →δP(esi,1 )⁄δesi,1 = 1⁄u ∑h=N P(esi,1 )v (5)
In the formation of a star network, the intensity of the agents’ relationships with the central agent increases in every period not with homogenous utility but also with heterogeneity in direct and indirect utility.
Finding: According to our estimations, distance at birthplace (suggesting that migrants who are born in close by locality are more prone to making link), sum of arrival time and differences between time of arrive have explanatory power (Table 5, Panel a).
Moreover, according our second model estimation, squared arrival time has significant effect in linking. It means that there is significant U-shaped relationship between the probability of linking and time of arrival to destination such that new migrants prone to link with old migrants and also tend to making connection between themselves (Table 5, Panel b). Our final estimation shows that migrants are more likely to connects with their cohort (who migrants less than 5 years) and link with older migrants (who migrated more than 23 years) (Table 5. Panel c).Adding control variable does not have a significant effect on the mentioned results. In other words, although some our control variables are significant, the main finding does not change (Table 6, Panel a, b and c).
Results show that time of arrival, distance at birthplace, age, education and income has significant effect on probability of making link. Furthermore, there is a U shape relationship between probability of making link and time of arrival, which indicates tendency of migrants for linking to cohort migrant also earlier migrants. Another finding which stems from our contribution is that optimal level of effort increases in each period and this finding hold at special level heterogeneity.

International labor migration is one of the most important and effective socio-economic phenomena that exists in different countries. This phenomenon can have economic impacts on the destination and sending countries. Assessment of these effects can be useful for economic decision making. So, in this paper using a regional computable general equilibrium model (base year 2011), we have addressed the impacts of international labor migration with special attention to the issue of worker’s remittance. To this purpose, we analyzed two different scenarios: 1) ten percent outflow of skilled labor from Iran and 2) ten percent inflow of skilled work force to Iran. The results of the first scenario show that labor outflow negatively impacts on production and exports and positively impacts on prices and imports at the macro and sectoral levels. The negative effects on economic variables will be reduced if the work force outflow combined with remittances. Quantitative results also indicate that remittances improve the income and welfare of households. According to second scenario, inflow of labor increases the sectoral exports and production and decreases imports and prices (macro and sectoral).

During the 8 years of Iran-Iraq war, there were 26 million Iranian in 16 provinces of the country under Iraq army bombings. Besides 127 cities were attacked during the war. Abadan city with 1017 times equaling 21.3 percent of all attacks, was the most attacked city. Ahwaz and Dezful cities with 316 and 241 attacks ranked second and third on this matter. The impact of these attacks to Khouzestan on migration from this province during the war is a subject of concern. This paper aims to study the socio-economic impacts of Iran-Iraq war on migration from khouzetan province. The method of research is descriptive and the type of it is applicable. The data gathering tool in this research are documents, interviews and questionnaires. There are six hypothesis in this study which were analayzed by the answers captured from the questionnaires. Results show that the destruction of buildings and infrastructures had the most impact on migration. In fact 56.3 percent of the whole migrations were due to this factor.

This article examines the impact of governance quality on the migration of highly educated persons. Using human capital and social transition theories of migration, two hypotheses are proposed. The cross-sectional data (for 1990 and 2000) have been used to test the hypotheses via the framework of a random utility model. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is used to build a composite index of governance quality. Testing the hypotheses denotes that the significant gap between the selected Asian and European-American countries as for their quality of governance, has intensified the migration of highly educated persons from the selected developing countries to developed ones. Accordingly, the main policy insight of this paper is that in order to moderate such migration, the developing countries should take some measures to improve their transparency and accountability, rule of law, political stability, state effectiveness, and better rules. In short-term, developing countries need to take some measures in order to employ the capacities of their own educated persons. This insight is more important for Iran, because as for the migration of highly educated persons, it has recently been ranked as very high among the developing countries.

Chaotic and disorganized development of the cities with a fast and unplanned process can lead to urban marginalization. This is one of the problems of urbanism in the third world countries. So this paper is trying to explore economic causes of marginalization in Isfahan, using four indicators and their welfare effects on the households. For this purpose, different regions of the city are divided into two groups: marginalized & other. Then four economic indicators of unemployment rate, illiteracy rate, land prices and migration rate are included as variables in treatment effects model. For studying welfare effects, 9 sub-indexes are used with different weights. Finally models are estimated by raw data of census questionnaires in 1390. According to the results, land prices and unemployment rate are negatively related with marginalization, and illiteracy rate and migration have a positive relationship with marginalization. For estimating the marginalized group's treatment effects model, this group is considered as the treatment and the non-marginalized is considered as the control group. Welfare is considered as the outcome variable in the model. According to the results, migration rate, illiteracy rate and marginalization have a reverse relationship with welfare whereas the price of land and unemployment rate is directly related to it.

Nowadays, Emigrants play an important role in the development of their origins. Some rural emigrants with formation of migrant organizations in large cities such as hometown associations use them to improve the wellbeing, viability and development of their hometown. So their activities and efforts to enhance the viability of rural areas and that makes it belong to the community, participation and stability of rural areas be promoted. The aim of this research is looking for how and through what mechanisms and implications the emigrants impact in promotion of rural wellbeing and rural development. Methodology of this article is based on qualitative research methods. In this qualitative study, data has been collected through techniques of interview, group discussion and oral histories in the hometown associations in Tehran, especially Shabestaries hometown associations (Daryan and Benis), Center of Kurds living/ residing in Tehran, foundation of Khouzestanies living/ residing in Tehran, Association of Mahdi-Sharies/ Sangsaries living/ residing in Tehran; the data has been analyzed by thematic analysis, And the findings have been presented in general. Immigrants and their organizations with strategies such as: “remittances”, “investment in hometown”, “regular travel to hometown”, “transfer of innovations, ideas and capital”, "living as a second home in the village", "rural development measures/ development efforts ", “sending gifts”, “entrepreneurship in hometown”, “trading with hometown” and cases such as such as that mentioned changes the structure and functions of the rural community and thereby lead to rural development. These changes in various areas such as "enhancing various facilities and services in the village", "improving business and employment in rural areas", "local agricultural and economic development", "social vitality of the village", "helping young stability and population increase", "improving living conditions in the village", "rural constructions improvement" and " feeling of peace and tranquility in the village", affected on the development of studied villages. So government agencies can support the establishment of immigrant permanent institutions and hometown associations also they can even encourage immigrants to form these institutions, to be able to use the potentials and forces these institutions and structures to use them for local development and rural well-being.

Migration of highly talented people (brain drain) has increased sharply in recent decades. In the past, it was supposed that brain drain just had negative effects on the origin countries. But, it is confirmed now that migration might have positive effects on those countries, too.We examine the effects of the brain drain on the formation of human capital and economic growth of the origin countries (developing countries) during 1975 to 2000 by using panel data method. Our results show that the prospect of migration has a positive and significant effect on the formation of human capital via the incentive mechanism. On the other hand, the direct effect of migration of highly educated people on human capital accumulation of the country of origin is negative. Our findings imply that those opposite effects cancel out each other. Therefore, the net effect of migration on human capital accumulation is zero. Also, we examine the effect of brain drain on economic growth in the country of origin. Our findings indicate that migration of skilled or highly educated people has a negative and significant effect on the economic growth of those countries. So, our results do not imply a brain gain for sending countries.

Migration and redistribution of population that are some of the basic factors in the country for crowd control، displacement and leading of populations toward the economic poles so always have been considered by social and economic policy maker. So acquiring scientific knowledge about immigration phenomenon is the base of policy making and management of the country. The general population and housing census of is one of major statistical source to investigate population and its demographic characteristics. Based on general 2011 population and housing census data this paper investigates factors affecting interprovincial migration by using gravity models during 2006-2011. The first part of this paper has been investigated net migration، in-migration and out-migration of some provinces in Iran in 2011. Alborz، Tehran، Esfahan، Gilan، Mazandaran in-migration provinces and Khuzestan، Kermanshah، Lorestan، Sistan & Baluchistan and Chaharmahalvabakhtiyari have been main out-migration provinces in period of (2006-2011). In total، Iran has had 22 in-migration provinces and 9 out-migration provinces during (2006-2011). In the second part، gravity model by applying ordinary least squares (OLS) have been estimated for all provinces except for of Alborz province (due to data limitation). The result show that the migration from point I to point J based on the gravity model could be explained. Selected variables، including population، unemployment rate، geographic distance، neighboring، urbanism level، GDP and price index in the region of destination and origin as an explanatory variables have reasonable relationship with migration flows.

Convergence hypothesis includes two types of beta and sigma. In this study, we examine convergence hypothesis among Iran’s provinces and discuss the effect of internal net migration in that context since 2000 to 2007. The results indicate that poor provinces grow faster than rich ones and there is beta convergence in Iran. About sigma convergence, we found that the dispersion of GDP per capita increase among these provinces over the years. Immigration is one of the factors that could influence economic growth of provinces and convergence among them. The results show a direct relationship between net immigration and per capita GDP growth of provinces. When the variable of net migration is included into convergence equation, it increases beta coefficient. So, net migration has a negative effect on convergence. Immigration flows more from the poor provinces to rich provinces and increases the gap among them.