جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Fear of Crime » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

The present research aims to investigate the impact of perceptual social disorganization and the collective efficacy of deviant behaviors among University of Mazandaran students. The method of this survey research was stratified random sampling in proportion to the volume. The tool for collecting information in the current research is a questionnaire, and 411 questionnaires have been analyzed. The results of the analysis of the findings show that there is no significant difference between boys and girls in terms of deviant behavior. The results of the path analysis test have also shown that there is a positive and significant relationship between imagined social disorder, imagined physical disorder and deviant behavior. Also, there is a positive relationship between imagined physical disorder and fear of crime; And there is an inverse and significant relationship between fear of crime and collective efficacy. According to the findings, people’s perception of social disorder has an effect on crime. In other words, disorder increases fear of crime, which in turn reduces social control/collective efficacy and makes neighborhoods vulnerable to criminal invasion. Keywords: deviance, social disorganization, collective efficacy, fear of crime.

Fear of the older sibling's position in sibling relationships can lead to various negative consequences, including domestic violence within the family. Therefore, the development of appropriate preventive policies to control and reduce the fear of this position can have a direct impact on reducing domestic violence and strengthening the foundation of the family. This study, conducted in 2022 using the Q-methodology and purposive sampling, aimed to identify the influential factors in the formation of bullying resulting from the fear of the older sibling's position. The findings of this research indicate that nine factors (mental patterns) with a cumulative variance of 34.78% play a key role in creating fear of the risk of bullying from the older sibling. Moreover, the inferential results of factor analysis suggest a significant relationship between bullying resulting from the fear of the older sibling's position and factors such as "intimate relationships, discrimination among siblings, age and gender, culture, power imbalance, vulnerability assumption, lack of self-esteem, instrumental violence, and lack of knowledge and skills."

Nowadays, in the modern world, as women have gotten involved in economic fields and employment in social environments, the issue of fear of crime has become a sensitive issue in the field of women’s security. The present research is aimed to study the social contexts affecting women's fear of crime with an emphasis on police performance.

The present research in terms of purpose is of applied type, and in terms of the method is of descriptive type, and in terms of study is of qualitative research type based on the “foundation data method”. The participants in the research are 25 female students studying at Islamic Azad University, Kerman branch in 2020. Target-oriented sampling is available. A semi-structured interview has been used as a data collection tool. To reach the criterion of reliability, three methods have been used: control or validation by members, analytical comparisons, and the use of audit techniques. The data have been analyzed in compliance with the procedure based on grounded theory in three stages: open, selective, and pivotal coding.

Based on the findings of the study, factors such as: disregarding regional justice, street disturbances, witnessing the crime while it is being committed, assaults by Afghans and foreign nationals, and the state of security ecology of the neighborhoods as causative factors, monitoring news of incidents via the media, security feeling and peace, continuation of police security measures, theft prevention, as background factors, commitment of the police to the people, observance of citizen's rights, mentality towards the police, the police ability, civil indifference, the lack of support institutions and the weakness of social and individual religious beliefs as intervening factors, training on the consequences and risks, strengthening urban security, improving police performance as processes and factors have been identified. Some factors such as the feeling of fear and extreme stress from the occurrence of crime, transfer of fear to others, and loss of people's social efficiency were introduced as consequences in the research, and finally, witnessing crime and insecurity were identified as core issues.The results of the survey show that women's fear of crime is influenced by numerous factors that have social and cultural origins and have a close and broad relationship with the crime rate in the region, the city's environmental-spatial structures, and police performance.

Social security is one of the most important demands of citizens from the government. This article seeks to examine the realization of social security in Iran's criminal policy against armed drug and psychotropic trafficking. This knowledge-word is understood in the absence of threat. Requirements for achieving social security in the fight against armed drug trafficking are constantly updating Iran's criminal policy approaches in this regard, considering how to respond to this crime in the light of social surveys and the fight against government crimes in the realm of responding to it. Cognitive subcultural conflicts, distrust of the capabilities of the criminal justice system, the growing fear of crime and its spread to armed drug trafficking, and the absolute execution of some citizens in drug crimes are the most important challenges of this goal. Strategies for managing these challenges include updating the fight against armed drug trafficking, raising public awareness of the dangers of crime, and managing fear of crime. Victory in this way has had constructive consequences with the globalization of criminology. This study has found that appropriate criminal policy against armed drug trafficking leads to a clear sustainability of social security. The focus of this reaction is also on how to issue and implement the death penalty for these perpetrators by looking at the views of public opinion in this regard.

Nowadays, the fear of crime and lack of societal security feeling is an issue that has challenged the issue of security in cities and therefore has been the center of attention of social sciences and criminology researchers. Fear of crime and being victimized refers to concern of  persons  including himself/herself, family members, relatives, neighbors and networks to become a victim by vagrants, drug addicts, thieves, kidnappers, street gangs, profiteers, criminal groups and immoral people who may threaten and victimize them or one of their relatives. Based on this, the present research is aimed at sociological investigation of the fear of crime in the social structure and the factors affecting it.

The research implementation mechanism was conducted using the questionnaire technique along with interviewing the 18 + citizens in the provincial capitals of the country along with subordinate cities (428 small towns and 11 main police stations of Greater Tehran). The research samples were 15,778 people who were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling method and in a systematic and simple random manner.

The results of the findings show that the most important crimes and social harms in the province are: unemployment, divorce, industrial drugs addiction, disputes and family disorders; and the incidence rate of crimes from the point of view of women is more than that of men. And there is a significant relationship between the performance of the police and the trust and participation of citizens and the degree of security feeling and success of the police. It means that the higher the citizens' satisfaction level with the police performance, the higher will be the citizens' trust in police, and citizens’ collaboration level with the police increase, and will lead to an increase in the security feeling at the community level and the success of the police.

Adopting a penal populist approach by the criminal justice administrators and policymakers has been one of the most important damages the different systems of criminal justice have been faced with in the recent decades. By reviewing all the available literature on the issue and, using descriptive-analytical methods and library studies, the present research tried to study the penal populism phenomenon through a sociological approach. In other words, as its most important objective, the present research is concerned with explaining and analyzing sociological contexts leading to the formation of penal populism. The findings showed that different sociological contexts help in rising penal populism phenomenon in a criminal justice system and criminal policy - from which public ignorance, undeniable impacts of mass media, and ever increased public fear of crime can be mentioned as the most important ones. It seems that, controlling or decreasing social contexts which result in penal populism require ever more increasing of mass awareness, optima and consistent management of mass media, and ever more use of criminological and sociological findings in the process of fighting crimes.

Fear of crime means the concern of being victimized by vagrants, addicts, thieves, kidnappers, street intruders, profiteers, criminal groups and immoral people who may threaten themselves or relatives. Accordingly, the present study intends to explain the sources of fear of crime among the citizens of Ardabil. The research model for explaining a social event (the occurrence of fear of crime) is the theory of social disorganization.

The research mechanism is a quantitative method. The quantitative research method, by compiling a questionnaire and a survey of citizens, while measuring the fear of crime, has tested the factors affecting it. The sample size was determined by power software equal to 287 people and the validity and reliability of the questionnaire were also estimated.

Pearson test showed that there was a significant relationship between disorder (0.679), residential instability (0.446), informal monitoring (-0.484), moral anomie (0.197), crime experience (0.298) and fear of crime. Fear of crime does not differ significantly in terms of gender and level of education and job, means employed (55.34), unemployed (61.25) and student (55.60). According to the results of the multiple regression model, the adjusted coefficient is equal to (R Square = 0.363) and the coefficient of determination is equal to (R Square = 0.381).

Biosafety is a process of mechanisms in a society that defines delinquency as a way of life and a possible way of life for individuals. The aim of this study is to study juvenile delinquency in the marginal areas present in the correctional center of Khorramabad city

In this research, qualitative method has been used. The statistical population of the study is 30 adolescents of Khorramabad Center for Correction and Training in 1398. Research findings have been collected with the help of semi-structured interview techniques and background theory method has been used to analyze the data.

The results showed; Environmental margins, poor economic environment, stressful family environment and self-education and lack of attention are among the contexts and areas of crime among adolescents. Doubling shame and power, labeling delinquency and gaining prestige among delinquent peers as individual consequences, damage to family reputation and creating tension in the family environment as a family consequence, normalization of delinquency in society and increasing fear of crime in marginal areas are the social consequences of delinquency.Discussion and

Delinquency is a process that is related to the way a person lives and understands how to deal with life and social reactions to the offender.

Fear of crime Fear, social insecurity, panic and anxiety about oneself, family, relatives, friends and interactive networks (close-knit groups) in the face of environmental threats (strife, theft, murder, social harassment and victimization). They) refers. Fear of crime in Ardabil due to the prevalence of social problems and harms, more severe pain. Tunisian theory holds that the reason for fear of crime is the reduction of social belonging. The purpose of this study is to study the relationship between social belonging and fear of crime in Ardabil. The research method is survey (quantitative). The sample size was determined by sample powe equal to 278 people and was distributed among the citizens by random sampling method. The level of validity and reliability of the indicators has also been confirmed. The results show that with decreasing social belonging, fear of crime among residents also increases, as well as local cohesion with beta (-0.154), local participation (-0.203), neighborhood identity (-0.182), social awareness (-0.262) and Local trust with beta (-0.173) had a significant effect on fear of crime. Accordingly, by increasing social belonging (creating local and practical social institutions, defensible space in residential complexes and neighborhoods, creating a local board of trustees and neighborhood guards, re-creating environmental social capital and increasing interaction between law enforcement, public and private institutions with residents Creating new social control and collective defense through social commitment and collective sensitivity to social security) can reduce fear of crime.

Fear is one of the most familiar issues that every person instinctively experiences in many ways from birth to death. The purpose of this study was to study fear of crime in public spaces from the perspectives of women in the city of Babol in 1398. This research was conducted using a survey method and a uestionnaire. The research population consisted of women aged 18 to 60 living in Babol of which,  using Cochran's formula, 350 people were selected as the sample using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. To analyze the research data, correlation coefficient tests with spss24 software and confirmatory factor analysis of the second stage with Amos25 software were used. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated and evaluated using Cronbach's alpha method, based on which the coefficient of research variables and its dimensions was more than 0.7. In this study, by using inferential statistics, the relationship between  the variables social distance, the use of mass media, informal control, disorder and  fear of crime were examined and the relationships were significant.

Fear of crime among the citizens of a society is an important topic in the study of criminology and sociology of deviations, because the fear of crime, despite challenging the security of all countries, even It affects individuals' private lives, to the point where it intensifies feelings of distrust and vulnerability in individuals and divides communities. Therefore, fear of crime must be carefully analyzed. The main question is whether the residents of the 13th district of Kabul were fear of crime? In what places, what are they afraid of and why?This research has been used as a survey and Pearson correlation type. The statistical population was all residents of 13-District of Kabul, which 285 people were interviewed by multi-stage cluster sampling. The main and the dependent variables were measured with multiple choice Likert scale.The findings and results obtained from this study indicate that the total level of fear among the residents (from a minimum of 2 to a maximum of 5) was 3.43. Women with an average of 3.19 are more afraid of crime than men with an average of 2.95. There was a significant relationship between the variables of social disorganization, micro cultural diversity, neighborhood trust and neighborhood affiliation with the fear of crime variable. But there was no significant relationship between the variables of police and media practice with the variable of fear of crime.

Although the function of mass media in educating people and raising public awareness is undeniable, but the growing crime in today's societies and the influence of mass media, has led to a sense of insecurity among citizens and qualitative changes in crime. An indicator that leads criminal policymakers of the democratic model to adopt populist action measures with cross-sectional achievements in the design of crime prevention strategies.

Methodology: 

The author has used a descriptive-analytical method to explain the hegemony of the mass media and the effect of this in adopting populist preventive measures against crime.

Mass media in countries subject to the democratic model of criminal policy can selectively reflect the inefficiency of criminal control institutions in the minds of the public and the audience by selectively reflecting criminal news and depicting precriminal situations of criminals and victims and ease of crime. Adopting a strategy of maximum control tends to restrict the rights and freedoms of the individual and the community as a whole. The dominance of the mass media, especially in Western countries, has led to the reflection of criminal events leading to increased fear of crime, fear of victimization and feelings of insecurity among members of society. An indicator that achieves the conditions for advancing the rights and freedoms of citizens and benefiting from defensive forms of crime prevention by overcoming the situational preventive strategy to achieve quick-return and mass-oriented results in order to convince public opinion.

Abstract
 
According to article 279 of Islamic Penal Code enacted in 1392, the statement of: "however causes no security in environment" expresses that the essence of Muharibah is not absolute and requires the existence of no security as a result of Muharibah. In some cases of this crime, the lack of security is not because of the crime itself but is resulted from factors like selective publication in media, calling the actor of crime as Evil and Dracula, propaganda and broadcast of recorded cameras from the scene of crime. This form of no security which has been known as "fear of crime" in criminological approach, is alike because of possibility of victimization in both of these conceptions but is different from no security as a result of Muharibah, so the distinguish between these two kinds of no security will be hard and problematic. In this article, the authors try to show the necessity of this distinguish and avoid from the developing of the subjects of the crime.

Societal security is a basic need of collective life and in its absence; social order, prosperity, collective life, feeling peace and tranquility will not be available in the social space. The present study is aimed to explain the sociology of citizens' societal security using meta-analysis method to answer the question:"What is the most important factor affecting citizens' social security in social researches conducted; and to what extent do they explain societal security?"

"The research mechanism for implementation the research is of meta-analysis – quantitative type. The purpose of this method is to integrate, systematically review and standardize studies conducted in a specific field of research. The statistical population was 95 studies. 84 samples of research documents were selected from among them in order to combine and identify its impact.

The research findings show that there is significant relationship between the level of using mass media, the level of using Internet, societal capital (social participation, social solidarity, social interaction, institutional trust, generalized trust, personal trust, sense of belonging to the neighborhood), perception of crime, social awareness, social control, social support, family support, social identity, satisfaction from police performance, trust in police, police efficiency and authority in the community, police oversight, police presence in the community, social disorder, social anomie, religiosity (doctrinal, ritual, emotional, consequential and empirical dimensions), economic security, relative deprivation, clothing style, age, education, physical disorder, safe social environment, positive self-assessment, risky lifestyle and socio-economic status with citizens' societal security. In total, the above variables have explained societal security: effect size = (0.378), Z = (5.761) and sig = (0.003).

 The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between perceived support and perceived styles and attachment styles with fear of crime in the criminal society. The purpose of the descriptive-survey research method is applied. The statistical population of this study includes the delinquent women in Tehran province in year 98. The main instruments used in this study are the Tandogana and Ilhan Massage Fear Questionnaire (2016) and the Perceived Social Support Scale (MSPSS) of Zimmett et al. (1988) and the Hazen and Shaver Attachment Questionnaire (1). Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical tests including analysis of variance. Findings showed that there is a significant relationship between perceived social support and attachment styles and fear of crime (P <0.05) and between positive attachment variable and fear of crime positively and between secure attachment style Perceived social support (friends' support) was positively correlated with fear of crime (P <0.01). As a result, receiving support and feeling supportive or perceived support will be effective in reinforcing attachment and commitment to the norms of society, and ultimately reducing deviance and crime.

The aim of this study is to build and validate the scale of fear of crime, in the women. The statistical society includes a number of the employed women in Babol, and the statistical sample was chosen, on the basis of cochran formula, 200 people. For preparing the research tools, after confirming the content validity of the items, and interviewing with the scope of sociology of the social harms scope and reviewing the social issues, the intended questionnaire, was prepared after radiating the content validation of the items, to remove the ambiguity and recognize the possible problems of the test, some people were requested to answer the questionnaire and define the unclear phrases and words. Following for implementation this test, the form of some items, was changed, but not of them was deleted. For analyzing the investigation data, the exploratory factor analysis test with the software spss 24 and confirmatory factor analysis of the second stage with the software lisrel 8.8. was used. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated using cronbach Alpha method. The findings showed that the built test measures twelve dimensions. Considering the amount of earned validity the questionnaire of fear from crime in women, is a suitable tool to measure the ability and capacities for the fear of the crime in the women.

We can define fear of crime as an emotional reaction characterized by a sense of danger and anxiety produced by the threat of crime. The dynamics of fear of crime is a multi-faceted phenomenon, but you cannot say that all type of it is considered as a treat. Analyzing and reducing fear of crime is increasingly considered to be a police task in lots of countries. There are three kind of policing: classical, community based and Problem-Oriented Policing. Problem-Oriented Policing (POP), coined by Herman Goldstein, is a policing strategy that involves the identification and analysis of specific crime and disorder problems, in order to develop effective response strategies. For years police focused on the “means” of policing rather than it’s “ends”. Goldstein called to replace what he termed the reactive, incident-driven “standard model of policing”. Based on this theory SARA model for problem solving was expanded. In SARA, “Scanning” is the first step and require police identifying and prioritizing potential problems in their jurisdiction. Second step is analyzing the problem. The third step, response, has the police develop and implement interventions designed to rectify the problems. The final step is assessment, which involves evaluating the impact of the response and what good has been accomplished. In this article it was tried to look at the problem of fear of crime with this approach.

The fear of crime is one of the most important subjects of sociology, urban studies, and criminology, because of its devastating effects on the lives of citizens. The present study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the fear of crime among Iranian citizens using meta-analysis method. For this purpose, the present study examined the articles on the fear of crime in Iran.  After omitting the documentary and review research studies, 19 articles were selected as the statistical sample. To analyze the data collected from the research, after coding, comprehensive meta-analysis software (CMA2) was employed for statistical meta-analysis. The research findings showed that social organization with an effect size of 0.44, experience of victimization with an effect size of 0.40, police presence with an effect size of -0.34, social trust with an effect size of 0.23, social control with an effect size of -0.20, and neighborhood attitudes and belongingness with an effect size of -0.17 are the most important factors affecting the fear of crime in the research studies. Very little attention is given to the subjects of urban studies, geography, law, and psychology affecting the issue of fear of crime; domination of the survey method, lack of any hypothesis, lack of reports on creditworthiness of research in about 45% of the articles, and the general and impracticable strategies presented in the studies on fear of crime were the most important weaknesses of the research studies.

In today's societies, maintaining order and security is an essential point for creating an environment suitable for life. Tourism in today's world is one of the areas where there is a great deal of interaction with the issue of security and the sense of security and fear of crime because one of the main components of choosing a place to travel as well as the desire to travel to a place is the issue of security in the destination Should be. Traditional and historical textures in cities especially in Shiraz, on the one hand, have the highest historical and cultural value and, on the other hand, are grounds for crime and various types of social damage. Therefore, if a deep and scientific look at these valuable cultural areas and especially the issue of security in these areas, the crime rate will increase day by day, and the potential and huge potential of these tissues in terms of attracting tourists and strengthening Local culture will gradually disappear, because if people do not feel secure, the trend of travel, especially the tendency to visit historical sites and traditional textures will also not be. This study sought to study the safety of foreign tourists in the historical and traditional textures of Shiraz and its relationship with the orientation of tourists to retreat to Shiraz and stay in the traditional context. The observation data collection technique was a questionnaire distributed among 380 foreign tourists living in the historical and cultural context of Shiraz. The reliability of the research tool was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha, which was more than 0.7, and the content validity of the instrument was confirmed by expert opinion and the validity of the questionnaire structure was verified using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. For data analysis, descriptive statistics (mean, frequency tables ...) and inferential statistics (Kolmogorov Smirnov, Spearman correlation and multiple linear regression) were used at significant level (p≤0.05). The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between demographic characteristics of age, marriage, education, job and country of origin with loyalty to the destination (P <0.001). No significant relationship was found between characteristics such as length of stay, gender, and travel groups with loyalty to destination (P≤0.001). The Watson camera test values ​​were obtained for the mass-fearing variable of 1.951 and for the disorder variable of 2.179, which confirms the test with regression. The coefficient of determination obtained from the test output showed that the fear of the crime of 0.266 and the disorder of the sites determined 0.461 of the loyalty changes to the destination. Also, the histogram showed a mean of 0.001 and a deviation of 0.99, which confirmed the application of the regression test. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to measure the correlation and prediction of each of the predictor variables. The value of F indicates whether the research regression model is a suitable model. In other words, are the predictor variables well-versed in explaining the variations of the criterion. Detection of this subject with the meaning of the F value at an error level smaller than or greater than 0.05. The obtained value of F, 15.278, which is significant at the error level of 0.001, is less than 0.05, indicating that predictor variables, namely, fear of crime and neighborhood power of power, have a good explanation. Has been able to explain well the extent of variation and variance of the dependent variable, namely loyalty to the destination. Regarding correlation coefficients, it should be noted that the standardized regression coefficients (BETA) help to determine the relative contribution of each predictor variable in explaining the variation of the criterion variable. The fear-mass variable, with a beta-value of -0.232, affects loyalty to the destination, but the coefficient is inversely proportional. By increasing fear of crime, loyalty to tourists decreases. This also means the beta coefficient for the neighborhood variable of -0.205. That is, in relation to the loyalty of foreign tourists or the desire to reside in the historical context of Shiraz, the voluminous suburbs of the neighborhood were more important than fear of crime. The results of the research show no significant relationship between the two variables "travel size and loyalty to destination". Most foreign tourists entered Shiraz with 44.7% and 168 frequencies in group friendship. The relationship between job variables and loyalty to the destination has also been confirmed. 40% of tourists have occupations other than the category presented in the research. Also, the link between the country of origin of tourists and the destination loyalty was also confirmed. The two countries of France and Italy together accounted for 42.66% of the tourists entering the city of Shiraz. The results indicate that there is a significant relationship between fear of crime and loyalty to foreign tourists entering the city of Shiraz. That means a one-to-one increase in the amount of fear of crime will decrease the loyalty rate to 132.1 units. Individuals react in a different way to fear of crime, and they may avoid being present at specific places at specific times, procuring crime prevention equipment, crime groups and Or in order to defend themselves, change their daily routine and lifestyle, or resign from participation in social life. Fear of crime can cause restrictions on domestic and foreign travels of tourists and the desire to resettle in that city. Trust in the place of tourism can be considered as an attitude structure, and trust in the destination of tourism depends on factors that are relevant to the location. It can be argued that loyalty to a tourist destination is based on the trust that individuals in Relations with that destination are shaped, influenced. Therefore, since fear of crime makes people feel unprotected and their lack of security deprives people of trust, the loss of trust in tourists to the historical context of the city reduces the possibility of their resettlement (decrease of loyalty To destination).
It should be admitted that managers and marketers of the historic destination of the city of Shiraz should not conceive of the loyalty of tourists to the end of their activities, but the poor security of the destination and the fear of victimization, can cause even loyal tourists, such as tourists unfettered , To refrain from visiting the destination in the future and in fact become non-loyal tourists.