جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "توسعه شهری" در نشریات گروه "علوم پایه"

The purpose of this research is to design a model for evaluating the impact of environmental indicators on green infrastructure in the construction industry with a sustainable development approach. In terms of method, the current research is descriptive- analytical, and the method of collecting data is field and survey. The data collection tools were questionnaires and interviews, and a seven-point Likert scale was used to design the questionnaire. A total of 50 people have been selected based on their full knowledge of the subject and work experience of three years or more, of which 30 people have actively and effectively participated and answered the questionnaires completely. Among these 30 people, male gender with 77%, master's degree with 57% and related work experience of 6 to 10 years with 50% have the highest relative frequency. The statistical population of the research is academic professors and experts and engineers of environment, green space, urban design and urban planning of Tehran city, which was selected by using electric bullet technique. SPSS software was used to analyze quantitative data and Cronbach's alpha was used to check the reliability and in the inferential statistics segment, the Analytic Network Process (ANP) network analysis process has been used in order to rank the relationships between the effective criteria on the evaluation of environmental indicators in green infrastructures in the construction industry with a sustainable development approach. The effective criteria obtained from expert opinions include 12 items, namely the Australian National Built Environment Assessment System (H), Building Research Environmental Assessment Method (A), Comprehensive Assessment System to Create Environmental Efficiency (F), High Quality Environmental Standard (G), Building Environmental Assessment Method(D), Green Star(E), Leadership in Energy Design(B), Building and Construction Administration(J), Green World(C), German Sustainable Building License(L) Green rating for integrated habitat evaluation (I) and three stars (K). The research results showed that "Australia's National Built Environment Assessment System (H)" has the highest rating with a final weight of 0.19028 and "Three Stars (K)" with a final weight of 0.009240 has the lowest rating determined from the factors related to the components affecting the evaluation of environmental indicators in green infrastructures in the construction industry with a sustainable development approach.

Identifying and measuring sustainability through social, economic and environmental aspects is a priority in strategic decisions of policy makers. Also consideration of local context in urban sustainability assessment is important for the developing countries because of the varying stakeholder needs and priorities. The present study aimed to develop a practical framework consisting of GIS and MCDM using fuzzy logic to measure the sustainability of Karaj, a city in the west of Tehran, Iran. First, seven criteria and 24 sub-criteria of urban sustainability were identified based on literature review, interviews with experts, and Delphi technique. Then, the criteria were weighted and prioritized using Group fuzzy BWM. Fuzzy logic and Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) method in GIS were used to determine the sustainability potential of Karaj. Based on the results, the socioeconomic and employment criteria weighting 0.383 and 0.182 were the most important, and biological criteria and distance from the military lands with weight of 0.0383, 0.00337 were respectively the least important in the GF-BWM method. In terms of spatial distribution, both methods estimated that about 30% of the entire study area was highly sustainable. The integrated application of multi-criteria decision-making method and GIS provided a more flexible and cost-effective tool for decision making in urban planning and managemen.

Cultural ecosystem services, as one of the components of ecosystem services, are intangible human benefits from ecosystems that play a fundamental role in promoting human well-being. Rapid changes in land use with damage to ecological assets in the Ilam urban watershed have reduced the capacity of ecosystem services, including aesthetic quality. Therefore, the evaluation of the supply of aesthetic ecosystem service, which shows the biological diversity in urban areas and favorable conditions for life, is considered essential for inclusion in the improvement plans of Ilam city in line with appropriate management measures. In this vein, in the current research, an integrated approach to prepare an aesthetic map with the aim of showing the spatial distribution of the supply of aesthetic services in the Ilam urban watershed has been presented, the results of which can greatly influence planning and managerial decisions regarding future development towards urban sustainability by preserving natural ecosystems.

Spatial distribution of providing aesthetic ecosystem services in Ilam urban watershed using 12 visual and ecological criteria including: slope, Elevation, geomorphology, land use, habitat characteristics, visibility of various areas, visibility of roads, visibility of residential areas, visibility of the river, visibility of the park, type and density of vegetation were investigated. To prepare visibility layers, Viewshed function was used in TerrSet Idrisi software. Then, the input layers were integrated using fuzzy membership functions and using the weighted linear combination method in the ArcGIS 10.8 system. Among the multi-criteria decision-making methods, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used to prioritize the criteria.

Based on the results of the hierarchical analysis process and according to the results of the experts Among the input criteria, visibility of the river, type of vegetation and visibility of diverse areas were assigned the most weight with values of 0.14, 0.127 and 0.116 respectively. On the other hand, the least importance and weight was observed in the measure of road visibility. Based on the final map of aesthetic quality, the best quality of this service is in the parts of the north, east, southeast and west of the Ilam urban watershed, where these places have the best visibility of the river, visibility of various areas, high to medium altitude and with dominant forest cover.

The results of this study showed, that areas with forest cover and areas with human uses have the highest and lowest capacity of this service in the study area, respectively, which denotes the importance of natural green uses compared to artificial uses and human-made is in providing aesthetic service. These results indicate that the capacity of the watershed ecosystem of Ilam city in providing aesthetic services varies in different places and is influenced by various factors, especially topographic changes and land use patterns. That is to say, prevent land use change is an important factor for maintaining ecosystem services. Because the land use Changes pattern affects the capacity of the ecosystem to produce goods and services. The results of this research also, by presenting the spatial distribution model of aesthetic service potential can be useful for decision makers, managers and urban planners in order to monitor and protect aesthetic values and it is important and useful to adopt urban landscape management strategies and plans in the landscape of the studied area.

Urban studies in Iran are mainly focused on metropolitan areas and the least attention is paid to the management structure of middle cities. In this study, while addressing this gap, policies and practices that stimulate the growth of inclusive, safe, flexible and sustainable urban management in mid-sized cities are examined.

The purpose of the research is applied, which is a descriptive-analytical method based on library studies and field studies. Statistical sample size using available sampling, 30 specialists with purposive sampling method was performed. SPSS software and structural equation modeling with partial least squares method were used to analyze the data. Smart PLS software was used to evaluate the conceptual model of the research.

The analysis of path coefficients related to the 8 dimensions studied shows that the regularity index (0.745) has the highest impact, followed by the indicators of responsibility (0.684), participation (0.661), justice (0.641), transparency (0.529), efficiency. And effectiveness (0.429), accountability (0.356), and then pivotal consensus (0.317) have the least impact on urban management structure.

The planning system and management structure of middle cities lacks a coherent and clear approach to presenting the future perspective, which is caught in a multitude of unplanned and inefficient ones. Structurally, slowly achieve the desired development.

Land use/land cover (LULC) change, strongly affects surface water characteristics, especially in urban watersheds. The aim of this study was to determine LULC in the Samian Watershed and assessing its relationship with water quality parameters. In this study, LULC maps was obtained by ENVI software in four periods (1992 to 2016). Then, 9 water quality parameters at five river gauge stations were selected for further analysis. The Mann-Kendall test was performed to examine the trends in water quality parameters and Pearson test was used to assess the correlation between quality parameters and land uses. According to the results, rangeland decreased by 9.75%, irrigated agriculture increased by 8.45%, residential increased by 1.42% and rainfed agriculture increased by 3.29% compared to the first period. Average of TDS and EC in the study periods in Samian and Gilandeh stations, has been increased. The correlation analysis using Pearson test between quality data and LULC also shows that the EC, Ca, Cl, SO4, Mg and Na pameters of had a significant relationship with increasing residential, irrigated and rainfed land uses.

Integrating nature into the buildings through green roofs and walls is considered a sustainable strategy in current city development. However, studies on organic waste growing media that allow appropriate plant establishment in these systems are insignificant and yet challenging. This study aimed to evaluate the stability of the Frankenia thymifolia cover plant in four combinations of growing media (30% cocopeat + 65% perlite + 5% vermicompost, 30% leaf litter + 65% perlite + 5% vermicompost, 30% mushroom compost + 65% perlite + 5% vermicompost, and the typical soil used in the green spaces as the control) in the external green wall conditions. The study was a split-plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor was the different seasons in four levels, and the second was the growing media in four levels. Also, at the end of the study, the characteristics of the substrates were tested as a randomized complete block design experiment with three replications. The morpho-physiological traits of the Frankenia plant and the physicochemical characteristics under different growing media were significantly different (p≤0.01). The results showed that leaf surface features, leaf water content, chlorophyll a, b and total, carotenoid, and all the root-related traits were higher in the plants grown in the organic matter growing medium than those grown in the typical soil. Also, better physicochemical attributes (lower bulk density, porosity, less ash, more air volume, and more acidity) were observed in organic growing medium in comparison with the typical soil. The results of this research confirmed the favorable effect of using washed mushroom compost along with perlite and vermicompost instead of the common imported green wall substrates. It also suggests using the Frankenia in climates similar to Mashhad year-round in the external green wall systems.

Simulation of land-use change is very useful for governmental plans and policies. A number of models including system models, Markov chains, the CLUES-S and the SLEUTH have been developed for the simulation of land-use change. Among them, cellular automata (CA) modeling is widely applied to simulate complicated dynamic systems. In this regard, information on land use and also land cover and possibilities for their optimal use is essential for the selection, planning and implementation of land use schemes to meet the increasing demands for basic human needs and welfare.Therefore, this study was conducted to forecasting and modeling of urban development of city of Gachsaran using a CA Model for 2044.

In this descriptive study, the land use mapping, a predominantly cloud-free image of Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS, 1972), Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM, 1986), Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+, 1999), and Operational Land Imager (OLI, 2015) were used to the modeling of land-use changes of the study area between the periods 1972 to 2015, and also to the simulation of land-use changes of city of Gachsaran in 2044.

Based on the results obtained, the increasing growth of urban use over time, particularly in the northern part of the city, and the decline in natural and ecological land use, especially agricultural land were observed. Also, the results clearly suggest that the development process of the city of Gachsaran during the recent years did not follow a proper pattern and, especially the unbalanced growth could be observed in the western part of the city. On the other hand, according to the forecasting of model output, in 2044 about 70% of the extent of the study area, will be dedicated to urban use.

In general, it can be admitted that the CA model has a high ability in simulating the urban development process and can effectively be used to study the urban dynamic, especially in rapidly growing cities.

The urbanization Phenomenon is expanding rapidly in most parts of the world due to population growth. The migration from rural to urban areas and, consequently, urban development has become a significant challenge worldwide. Urban development and changes in land-use patterns cause social and environmental impacts, Such as reducing natural and agricultural land with high production capacity, water quality, and local climate change. All of these are somehow related to changes in land-use patterns due to human activities. Because of extensive effects on the environment, water cycles, and natural habitats, understanding the quantity and spatial patterns of land-use/land-cover changes is vital. On the other hand, studying these effects in coastal areas with ecotone and more sensitive habitats is more important than in other areas. In this regard, models are a suitable tool to express the complexity of development processes in simple terms.
Cellular Automata Models (CA) are dynamic tools in modeling natural and physical features of the land surface and have been widely used in predicting land-use change and urban development. In all of the CA models, the SLEUTH model is probably the most appropriate. It is a hybrid of two CA models that can model urban development and land-use change simultaneously. The SLEUTH model was developed to simulate urban growth based on automated networks. The abbreviation of the SLEUTH included its six input layers: slope, land- cover, the excluded area from development, urban areas, transportation network, and hillshade layer. There are two general steps in implementing SLEUTH: the model calibration to extracting patterns and trends in the past and the forecasting step in which past trends are used for the future. The original version of the SLEUTH model has some constraints such as the number of historical data required, memory limitation, the problem of the road search algorithm with spending time and more memory. This model also tends to the edge or organic growth, so it cannot produce a good level of dispersed growth. These constraints in the latest version of the model (SLEUTH-3r) have been fixed or improved.
Reviewing the studies conducted in Iran shows that the new version of this model has been used in none of these studies. Also, modeling and forecasting urban growth in the coastal areas of Iran has not been done so far. Overseas studies have not been conducted in coastal areas too. Therefore, this study aims to identify historical patterns and predict future urban growth and land-use change in a part of the Persian Gulf coastline.

Case Study
Parsian city is located in the southwest of Hormozgan province. The population of the city is 50,596 people. Parsian, with about 1619.5 square kilometers of area, two districts, two cities, four villages, and 42 towns, constitutes about 2.7% of the total population and 2.2% total area of Hormozgan province. Parsian coastal area includes large parts of Kushkenar, Behdasht, Buchir, and Mehregan. With an area of 1021 square kilometers, this sub-area involves about 63% of the Parsian city.

The steps for setting up the SLEUTH-3r model are as follows:• Preparation of model database and its validation
• Model testing
• Model calibration
• Prediction validation
• Model Prediction
• Preparation of SLEUTH-3r model database:In order to model the development of cities in the study area by the SLEUTH-3r model, the following maps should be prepared: Historical urban maps and their validation
 Historical land-use maps
 Historical maps of the transportation network
 Slope map
 Map of excluded areas from development
 Hillshade Map
• Model testing:The test scenario file was defined, and then this test was performed to check the model installation and ensure the layers setting in the model.
• Model Calibration:In the SLEUTH-3r model, the coefficients of diffusion, breed, spread, slope, and roads gravity affect how the growth rules are applied. These coefficients are calculated in the calibration step and on historical maps. The initial coarse calibration step was performed with 10 Monte Carlo. The SLEUTH-3r version uses two measures: Cluster Fraction Difference (CFD) and Area Fraction Difference (AFD). Then, by obtaining suitable coefficients, another execution was performed by setting 100 Monte Carlo to average these coefficients. The coefficients obtained in this step were used in the forecasting process.
• Prediction validation:In this step, the model was implemented with a historical city map in 2013 to obtain a future city map in 2019.
• Model Predicting:Ensuring the accuracy of the model prediction, the model with the historical city map in 2019 as the start year of the forecasting was implemented to obtain the city map in 2050.

Validation of historical urban maps shows that all of them have high accuracy. The accuracy of these maps in 1984, 1993, 2002, and 2019 is 99% and in 2013 is 98%. The calibration section lasted about 60 hours. Also, the value of AFD and CFD were about 0.1 means that the fraction difference between the modeled clusters and the modeled urban areas than observes one is the lowest. The distribution coefficient of 25 indicates the low probability of city distribution outside the main urban centers. According to the breed coefficient (50), about half of the city's growth will from the vacant land within the city; this means the possibility of the city's growth through its edges is low. Also, the relationship between urban growth and transportation networks is linear, and the effect of slopes on the city's development in this region is high. Also, the kappa statistic (0.99) shows that predicting urban growth has been done with great accuracy. Urban growth in the Parsian coastal area will occur with a very high rate (73.58) from 2019 to 2050. The urban area will increase to 2281.2 hectares and reach about 3481.4 hectares during these 31 years, indicating the rapid and extensive development of residential places in this area. The trend of changes in residential places over 66 years shows that the rate of urban growth from 1984 to 2019 had a slight slope, while from 2019 to 2050, increasing sharply, Which indicates the significant population changes followed by the rapid development of human settlements. Over 31 years, 47.14% of the barren lands will become urban; this confirms a breed coefficient and a road gravity coefficient of 50. Also, 4.96% of the vegetation area will be converted into urban, which indicates the conversion of urban vegetation into residential areas.

This study was performed using the SLEUTH-3r model, which is an improved version of the SLEUTH model. The pattern of urban growth in this region is most affected by the slopes, and the growth of residential places has a linear relationship with the transportation network. Urban areas will increase from 1,200 hectares to 3,481 hectares from 2019 to 2050, equivalent to a growth rate of 73.58 and 2281 hectares. Furthermore, about 47% of the barren lands area will be turned into urban. This rapid growth trend will lead to other environmental changes, and it will be accompanied by an increase in the needs of future residents. Therefore, policymakers and land planners must be fully aware of these issues and their consequences. These results can provide a practical perspective for planning land and be an essential role in guiding sustainable urban development in this region.

With consideration of the rapid growth and expansion of cities, followed by population growth and the need for land for housing, it is necessary to have a detailed plan for urban development. The present study aimed to determine the appropriate use of urban development, based on the indicators of the model of ecological potential assessment of urban development in Iran in the city of Pardis, considering 14 criteria. For this purpose, the multi-criteria evaluation method, which the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is the most important process, was used to produce and analyze the data, and the existing criteria were evaluated and integrated according to the Makhdoom model using ARC GIS. Based on results, from total area of 27,600 hectares in the study area, 120,304 hectares have very unfavorable potential, 4404.50 hectares have unfavorable potential, 9433.34 hectares have medium potential, 8684.55 hectares have desirable potential and 4119 hectares also have very good potential. Slope and fault became the most important criteria in urban development and had the highest score, respectively. Also, the southern parts of the north and to some extent the central part of the region have a better position for the future expansion of the city.

It is important to determine the ecological capacity of zones for appropriate location of urban places. In zonation these are different factor. The study attempts prioritize these factors and to develop the zonation map of the province of Mazandaran using models of ecological urban development, information value and correlation.

At first, effective ecological factors in determining appropriate zonation for urban development in the form of information layers were developed in Arc GIS environment the urban development ecological model was used for determining range of each class. However for calculating the weight of classes in each factor model of information value was used through comparing areas of cities in each class with the whole area. The weight of factors effective on zonation was calculated using the appropriate weight for each layer and implementing the above mentioned models.

Results show that elevation of 0-400 and 1200-1800 meters, slope of 0-6 percents, the northern direction, quaternary fluvial, precipitation of less than 500 and higher 800 millimeters, wet of less than 60 percents and vegetation density of 30 -60 percents are appropriate for urban development.

factors of soil, lithology, elevation, slope, vegetation, wet, rain and aspect received the highest to the lowest priority in location of urban areas and obtaining zonation map respectively. Evaluation of the models indicated the information value is of a higher accuracy.

In a natural watershed, most of the surface is impervious and covered with vegetation, so a large amount of precipitation is lost through plant interception, infiltration into soil and evapotranspiration. However, in an urban watershed due to urbanization, impervious surface of the watershed increases, which tends to increase the volume of runoff and peak discharge, the erosion of the bed and the edges in the downward of canals, and decrease in water level as well as degradation of water quality. The purpose of this research is to apply SWMM simulation for estimating runoff and runoff hydrograph and the effects of land cover changes and low impact development tools on hydrologic response of urban watersheds.

In this research, implementation of SWMM model in one of the urban areas of Qom was considered. The study area is 256 hectares in northwestern part of Qom.

In this study, it was concluded that in sub watershed of 2 and 6, the increase of 70% and 40% in impervious surfaces resulted in 30% increase in runoff volume. Also, 10% increase in impervious area of upstream and downstream of watershed tends to 6/51% and 6/87% increase in peak discharge volume, respectively. The use of storage devices has also had a significant impact on reducing urban runoff.

The results of SWMM model in urban runoff estimation indicate that in order to properly manage runoff in arid areas, the status and location effects of land use on urban runoff rate as well as the use of rain storage tools in these areas should be considered.

Rey city has experienced unprecedented urban growth in recent decades that leading to drastic changes in the land use of the region. Therefore, the purpose of this article was to investigate the changes in land use area of Rey city during the years 1988 to 2006 using aerial photographs and satellite images of Landsat and IRS. With supervised and unsupervised classification of the satellite images, 4 land uses types including urban lands, agricultural lands, green spaces and barren lands were extracted. Land use layers were compared in pairs and the rate of land use changes was extracted. The results showed that urban land use made and urban green space have increased 369.7 and 55.6 hectares, respectively, and agricultural lands and barren lands have decreased 213.8 and 211.5 hectares, respectively. The growth of residential areas during a period of 6 years from 2000 to 2006 totally with 212.7 hectares has been faster changed than a period of 12 years from 1988 to 2000 with 157 hectares. A pairwise comparison matrix of land uses was used to determine the amount of environmental damages caused by unprincipled changes in the region land uses in the studying period. The results show that the conversion of barren lands, agriculture and urban green space into residential lands with the amounts 44.65, 42.44 and 14.85 causes high degree of environmental damages. Land use change, especially the loss of vegetation, has a negative impact on the landscape.

Nowadays, many cities have caused the destruction of natural environments due to their unplanned and unlimited expansion in our country. Land capability evaluation can be an effective step in planning for the proper use of the land. In this research, Meshkin-shahr town was selected for urban development ecological capability evaluation due to exposure to environmental hazards.

Then, main criteria including slope, height, aspect, and distance from main road, distance from active faults, distance from river, land use, climate and distance from urban settlements were selected. Weighing to criteria was done using analytical hierarchy process and standardization was implemented with fuzzy method and then in the environment of the geographical information system of the layers was combined with the linear weighting process and the map of the appropriateness of urban development was prepared. Then, the layers were overlaid with weighted linear combination model in ARC/GIS and land suitability map of urban development was prepared.

Based on the results, slope and accessibility to main road have great role in urban development ecological capability evaluation of the town. Also, based on results 584.99km2 (15.62%) are not proper, 946.24 km2 (25.26%) have medium suitability, 1809.86 km2 (48.33%) have high suitability and 403.6 km2 (10.77%) have very high suitability for urban development in Meshkin-Shahr town.

Based on results central area in Meshkin shahr town have the highest potential for urban development and the other area should assign to another landuse by implementation of land use planning process.

Evaluation of ecological capability is a process which attempts to establish an appropriate and balanced development between human and nature through adjusting their relationship. The aim of this study is to evaluate ecological capability of urban development landuse in Ahar, Kalibar and Varzeghan cities.

Evaluation process of ecological capability of current study involves three main parts: the ecological capability of the underlying studied area was determined after identification of ecological resources, data analysis and conclusion. Information layers used in this study involved: soil, climate, plant cover and land shape.

Ahar, Kalibar and Varzaghan cities are located in the northwest of East Azarbaijan province with a total of 930214 hectares. The surveys show that about 300,000 are in the first floor, about 293,000 are in the second floor and about 141,000 are in the third category of urban development.

The findings indicate that the integration of information layer using GIS has the high ability to evaluate the urban development landuse. According to the result and findings and the three mentioned cities have good potential for urban development.

Natural habitats such as rangelands and forests as one of the most sensitive elements of the environment and an important role in living organisms, including humans. In the decades before the present era of urban development has been such that an imbalance in the use of urban land led and pristine converted to urban land in others. In the present study to understand the changes in urban land, pasture and forest in Behbahan, images Landsat ETM + sensor OLI 2000 and 2014 were analyzed. CROSSTAB was used to assess the changes occurred. As well as to predict the trends of the year 2028 from the transmission potential maps logistic regression and Markov chain method was used. Results of the survey area in the first period (2000-2014) shows that urban land area of 1605 hectares in 2000 to 3157 ha in 2014 has increased. The most degradation of rangelands (6233 ha) and forests has occurred. The second period (2014-2028) compared to the 2014forest area remains unchanged, but increased urban development and reducing the area of pastures in Outlook 2028 will continue. In the period studied, the destruction of agricultural land for conversion into residential areas has increased significantly so that during 2000 to 2014, 291 hectares and in 2028, 626 hectares of agricultural land for construction purposes have been demolished.

The concept of sustainable development is expanding internationally, and therefore scientists have provided several quantitative and qualitative models for measuring the sustainable development of communities and cities. One of these tools, which attracts more attention in the scientific, political and educational levels, is the assessment of ecological footprint. According to this method, the development is considered unsustainable, when the ecological footprint is higher than the biomass of the region. The ecological footprint approach has been used to measure the sustainability of major cities around the world, such as London, Liverpool, and Paris. The aim of this research is to measure the stability of Tabriz city using the ecological footprint method. Material and methods: In this research, descriptive-analytical and quantitative methods were used. The data of this research are mainly quantitative. The population under study included all households living in Tabriz. All data were obtained either from documents (e.g., library and electronic databases) or during field works. In this study, cluster random sampling method was used. The city of Tabriz was categorized into 10 regions based on municipalities and from each region several blocks were selected by sortition. A syncretistic ecological footprint method (a combination of inductive and deductive methods) was used to calculate the ecological footprint in the urban areas. The data necessary for initial analyses were obtained using the country’s statistical data. These include energy consumption, forestry, and its utility. To determine the ecological footprint of Tabriz, data from food, carbon dioxide emissions from transportation, heating from natural gas, water, electricity, and the amount of waste was used. The results show that the city of Tabriz requires an average of 10.86 trillion hectares of land per year for landfill. The required area to absorb the carbon derived from the consumption of the natural gas for each citizen and the whole population is 135 square meters and 20,795 hectares, respectively. The electric power footprint of each citizen of Tabriz is 0.17 hectares. Finally, the water consumption footprint of Tabriz city is 0.020 hectares. The results of this study indicate that the ecological footprints of Tabriz city in categories such as food products, transportation, heating from natural gases, water, electricity, and the land needed for waste disposal were 3.30 hectares. Our results suggest that the city of Tabriz relies on a region beyond East Azarbaijan Province to meet its biological needs and sustainability. The amount of consumables in Tabriz shows that food with 2.73 hectares has the highest share compared to other factors. The lowest amount of area needed for waste disposal was 0.77 square meters per person. Since Iran's biocapacity is 0.8 hectares, the ecological footprint of 3.30 hectares in Tabriz city indicates that the city allocated 125.4 times more than its share of the country's biological capacity to itself.

Before Qajar era, Tehran City located beside Rey was a borough with favorable weather. At the time, Iranian kings used the borough as a temporary residence. Gradually, kings paid more attention to the borough since it contained green gardens and areas with desirable weather. In Qajar era, announcement of the city as country’s capital enabled its further development and physical growth.
Based on works of travelers and historians published during different historical era, the word “garden” preceded the name “Tehran” to describe it. The review of historical texts shows that one of the early gardens made before civilization and urbanization of Tehran City covered Golestan Garden as well as districts between Org Square and Panzdah-Khordad St. in South, Naser Khosro in East, Khayam St. in West and Imam Square and Imam St. in North.
Based on historical documents, up to middle years of Nasser al-Din Shah’s reign Tehran City physically grew along its eastern-western sides and near Tahmasbi borderline. In late years of the era, the borderline was taken down and city grew northwards towards Alborz mountain skirts and Darvazeh Dolat. However, the mutual association between Golestan Garden and Tehran city or effect of the garden on development and growth of the city has not been studied yet. In other words, review of literature of development and growth of Tehran City showed that role of garden as natural contributor to and main factor affecting development and growth of the city has not been studied yet. From Iranian architectural viewpoint, architecture develops out of garden. This significant factor (i.e. garden) could be studied in relation to Tehran City. In other words, effect of historical garden of the city, as city was previously a borough and had a garden in it, could be reviewed further.
The studies of historical maps signified the importance of Golestan garden in Tehran village as well as effect of garden, as primary nucleus of the city, on development and growth of Tehran City.
Therefore, the present paper seeks to suggest that the main factor affecting development, growth and orientation of Tehran City is Golestan garden. In addition, it is endeavored to suggest that natural setting (i.e. garden), city and architecture are mutually related.
In order to conduct the study, the following questions should be explained.
Q.1-Could one state that Tehran City was developed out of the garden?
Q.2-Did development of Tehran city arise out of the garden?
Q.3-What is the role of Golestan garden in the association?
In this paper, it is presumed that there is a direct association between garden and development of the city. In addition, association between physical growth of Tehran City and its natural setting and gardens (especially Golestan garden) is hypothesized. Temporal changes of the garden and its internal constructions exert effect on the city and its development as long as the garden is not torn into pieces. Since garden acted as an element directing the city towards outside of its boundary wall, the gardens located out of the city, north and skirts of Alborz mountains, the present paper intends to highlight the mutual effects of natural setting (i.e. garden), city and architecture on each other.
From a natural viewpoint, analysis of natural and historical layers of the city as well as its natural setting offers a reasonable and scientific method for studying development and growth of the city. In the present paper, the method is adopted to evaluate and document the association between Tehran City and natural factors.
To real the research objectives, historical texts should be reviewed to highlight the associations between trend of urban changes and garden, garden and architecture, and architecture and decorations. Based on this method, collection and review of all relevant documents, historical documents, travel books, and relevant images are done to collect the necessary information on above associations. Then, review of those studies may offer layers of information for further analysis of trend of growth and development of Tehran City as well as its association with natural factors and setting. Consequently, data collection is followed by study of the associations of garden, city, architecture, and natural setting. Finally, a hermeneutic approach is adopted to analyze the data qualitatively.
The findings suggest that primary core of Tehran City was made up of vegetation and direction of water networks (aqueducts) at the skirts of Alborz mountains. One of the gardens exerting higher effect on the urban development is Golestan garden. Physical growth of the city is correlated with lower number of these gardens while such gardens increase in number northwards and out of Tehran City. In general, one may suggest that in its initial steps of development, Tehran had a direct correlation with natural elements and the association continued until Pahlavi era. The interaction between city and its natural setting could be categorized into three major parts: association between nature and city in a macro-scale, association between nature and architecture in a medium scale, and association between decoration and nature in a micro-scale.
In a macro-scale, the garden contributed to development of the city, its changes and future trends. In a medium scale, Golestan garden and its internal set of buildings act as a city within another city. In such a case, the initial core of the city is its garden and it grows northward. In the case of development and internal change of the city, priorities were maintaining geometrics of the garden, keeping its square and rectangular shape (principles of developing Iranian gardens) and building architectural spaces. On the other hand, change in view of inner-city gardens to skirts of Alborz mountains and remote vistas during Qajar era led to directing the growth of buildings inside the garden and development of the city northward (i.e. towards mountain skirts). In a small scale, significance of nature and natural elements such as tree, plants and water is vivid. In this case, tile and painting decorations use such elements when royal and luxury settings are concerned.

Topography of Tehran, density and height of buildings, traffic, width and direction of the passages with the climate, play a major role in the accumulation of pollutants. One of atmospheric parameters in the dispersion of air pollutants in Tehran decisive is the wind. In this research, the behavior of the wind in the current situation has been investigated using descriptive-analytical and cross-comparison and simulation techniques by software Matt ENVI, which is a software to analyse the climate. Collecting data was through library and field studies. The results show that in the north-south streets (parallel to the prevailing wind direction), the majority of septic streets has increased wind speed. This results in the emission of these streets. In streets that are perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction (east-west streets), the effect of altitude and the proximity of buildings to each other, in addition to the change of direction and wind speed, will causes the published accumulation of pollutants on the street. Based on the results obtained from this study, north-south streets, especially Besat Street in the neighborhood of Saadat Abad, has the highest wind speed. One of the main reasons for the increase of wind speed on this street can be channeled and its width. High wind speeds on this street has an inverse relationship to the amount of carbon dioxide released. So that the least amount of carbon monoxide was found in the street.

Urban development along with advances in technology and industry, In addition to the change in countenance and body of the city, have a shift in the cultural, social, economic of citizens. These fundamental changes, cause increased demand and consequently supply of goods and services. . In the meantime, the emergence of problems such as traffic has increased the requires large stores to cover all the needs of citizens. In this regard, thematic markets such as mobile phone markets, carpets, etc., including the latest methods of distribution and sale of products in the field of trade. Now days, including thematic markets in urban settings, is highly regarded both producers and consumers, is Auto Malls. Auto Malls is a place to focus on services and trading account. In addition to focusing on economic transactions, prevents from social, cultural and economic and environmental damage in scattered surfaces throughout the city. This market because of offers extensive services and the rally cars, need to locating the correct and appropriate place to prevent any damage to urban areas or increasing environmental pollution load at the city level. Therefore, in this research with studies of different projects at different levels, Environmental criteria for site selection were selected and then with help of Hierarchy Process (AHP) revealed their importance and were ranked. In this regard three criterias, natural, safety and environmental compatibility were chosen as the main criteria, and natural criteria that consists of the following seven criteria with relative weight 0.528 was determined as the most important criteria in the Auto Mall site selection on the basis of environmental criteria.