جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "تغییرات اقلیمی" در نشریات گروه "محیط زیست"

Significant changes occur in land cover, infrastructure and population density, due to urban growth and urbanization, leading to modifications in local weather patterns and climate. This phenomenon, known as the urban heat island effect, primarily contributes to urban warming. Individual urban residents have a substantial impact on mitigating and addressing the urban heat island effect. This study aims to investigate the adaptive behaviors of the citizens of Isfahan City in facing to the hot season temperature in two parts: mitigating and adapting behaviors.

To collect data from citizens, a random-probability method was used and 100 individuals from the city of Isfahan were selected for this study. Participants were asked to provide information about their perception of climate change, their access to urban infrastructure and their individual coping strategies for high summer temperatures. The level of proximity to urban infrastructure, especially the urban transportation network and green parks, and the rank of adopting two categories of mitigating and adapting behaviors to temperature were collected on a Likert scale. After collecting questionnaire data and ensuring its validity and reliability, descriptive statistics were used to better interpret the results. A linear regression model was used to investigate the relationship between the temporal distance of individuals from urban infrastructure and the rank of adopting behaviors corresponding to it.

The results showed that the largest number of individuals (29 people) were between the ages of 38 and 48. The average travel time to the first bus and subway station for the individuals was 21.65 minutes and to the first city park was 20.35 minutes. Among the obtained ratings, disconnecting electrical appliances that are not in use with an average of 2.83 had the highest average rank among the temperature-reducing factors in the 10 questions in this field. Also, the use of temperature-adaptive clothing such as hats, wearing temperature-adaptive clothes, and staying at home during the very hot hours of the day were also among the factors that were assigned the highest ranks of temperature-adaptive factors. The results of the linear regression showed that proximity to infrastructure significantly affects the ratings given by citizens to adaptive behaviors.   

According to the results of this study, optimal human performance and improved adoption of heat coping strategies in the summer require a multifaceted approach that encompasses individual actions, home design, and urban infrastructure. Isfahan is one of the dry and semi-arid cities in the center of Iran, which in recent years has faced many environmental problems, especially the lack of water and the increase in temperature in hot seasons. This has led to numerous efforts to increase temperature adaptation by social and managerial groups, from urban planning to citizens. If proper activities are carried out regarding the adaptation to the increased temperature of the city, it is anticipated that the adaptation to the rising temperatures in the coming years will be achieved with the minimal environmental footprint. However, without paying attention to the citizens' perception and understanding of this phenomenon and the lack of effort to improve it, this is very difficult.

Dust is a common phenomenon in arid and semi-arid regions. One of the factorsthat play a role in the occurrence of this phenomenon is the change in weather conditions, whichleads to drought, and the drying of lakes and rivers has caused crises such as sandstorms. Thisphenomenon leads to negative effects on agriculture, water and soil pollution, and respiratorydiseases, as well as environmental and social challenges such as reduced visibility and roadaccidents. The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between the DSI dustindex and SPI standardized precipitation drought index in Semnan Province.

The studied area of Semnan Province is located in the southern regionof the Alborz Mountain range. To investigate the effect of drought on the amount of dust, thedaily data of dust, monthly rainfall, temperature, relative humidity and evapotranspiration offive synoptic stations of Semnan Province within a period of 15 years (2003-2017) were usedon an annual scale. During a 15-year period, the drought storm index (DSI) was determined forthe synoptic stations using the dust storm index, and then the cumulative DSI index wascalculated. Afterwards, statistical and experimental evaluations was done on annualfluctuations to identify potential trends. Also, experiment and linear regression analysis wereused to evaluate the correlation of standard precipitation index and dust storms, and Arc GISsoftware was used for zoning.

The results showed that the average annual temperature in the regionhas increased from 2003 to 2017. This rapid warming has caused drought and as a result,temperature, evaporation and transpiration have also increased and led to a decrease in rainfall.A month-by-month survey of wind speed in different stations showed that there is a possibilityof dust in the province in the months of June and July when the maximum wind speed prevails.On the contrary, the months of December and January experienced the least occurrence of dust.The annual changes of DSI (2003 to 2017) showed an irregular shape and do not have a trend.Thus, in 2011, the intensity of dust was high and decreased in the following year, and the samewas observed in 2016. According to the SPI index, Semnan Province was in the normal droughtcategory with a score of 0.59. The in-depth analysis of the correlation chart between thestandardized rainfall indices and DSI showed that the DSI has increased along with the severityof drought during the study period and there is a good correlation between the DSI index andthe meteorological drought in the region, so that when there was a drought period, the value ofDSI decreased and when it was a drought period, the value of the dust index increased.However, there is no significant relationship between these two indicators (p =0.07 andR2=0.22) during the 15-year research period.

Our findings indicated an increase in dust from the west to the east of the provincedue to the increase in average dust storm days. Correlation results between SPI and DSI indexshowed that although DSI index increased during the analyzed period along with the severityof drought, the correlation between the two was not significant. However, the DSI index trendpattern was consistent with the drought pattern trend. Finally, the correlation between droughtand DSI has always fluctuated according to droughts.

Investigating the growth and ecological characteristics of trees through dendrochronology will provide essential messages for reconstructing climate models for the past and future. This research investigated the historical, ecological, and climatic characteristics of the Brant's oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.) in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces. A typical single-stem Q. brantii was selected and cut. Then, a disk sample was prepared. Dry weight and carbon content were measured using the combustion method. The number and width of the disc's annual rings were measured. In climate studies, temperature and precipitation anomalies were used. In addition to extracting all the morphological characteristics, this research showed that the amount of carbon stored in different organs increases with the woody tissue of the plant, and the amount of moisture in the plant organ decreases. The measurement of annual rings showed that the average growth diameter of the studied oak tree is 3.9 mm. The relationship between temperature anomaly and tree diameter growth data showed that the temperature variable has comprehensive control over the geographical distribution of the oak, and the Q. brantii has a more robust response to temperature instead of precipitation variables.

Urban resilience refers to the capacity of an urban system, over both temporal and spatial scales, to maintain or rapidly return to desired past functionalities in the face of disruptions or changes. Climate change essentially refers to the warming of the Earth's surface caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Urban ecological resilience refers to the capacity of ecological systems within cities to absorb disturbances and maintain necessary and intrinsic feedbacks, processes, and structures. Climate resilience is a subset of urban ecological resilience, denoting a city's potential to address problems arising from sudden weather phenomena and hazards influenced by climate change. Mitigating climate change focuses on five key factors: urban form, construction, artificial environment, urban infrastructure, transportation, and carbon production. Our research aims to contribute to current knowledge and deeper understanding and better identification of climate change and its effects on human life and urban climate quality, utilizing the features of urban green infrastructure, particularly in Tabriz city. We intend to report the effects of climate change and examine the components of resilience using previous studies by evaluating climatic elements. In this study, we employ the Park Cooling Effects method on Land Surface Temperature (LST) using urban green infrastructure. As an example, we sampled from the Bagh-e-Fajr in Tabriz, located in the city center. We have concluded that the presence of green spaces and urban green infrastructure plays a significant role in climate resilience and reducing land surface temperature.

Today, metropolises play a very important role in environmental pollution, increasing population is associated with increasing consumption of fossil fuels and energy resources, which increases greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. The effects of increasing greenhouse gases with the occurrence of greenhouse phenomena cause climate change. Due to the high energy loss in residential buildings, The purpose of this study is to select an appropriate solution to optimize the building and reduce energy consumption in this sector.

In this research, first, the annual energy consumption of a type of 8-storey residential building in Tabriz was simulated using Energy Plus software. Then, the annual energy consumption of the building was simulated with the weather conditions of two different climates of Yazd and Rasht to compare the energy consumption of the building in all 3 cities. Then, with JePlus simulation software, the energy consumption of different building modes (orientation, position, temperature, climate) was simulated in all 3 cities to study the behavior of the building in terms of energy consumption. Finally, the amount of heating and cooling energy consumption of the building was selected as the target functions and optimized by JePlus + EA software.

According to the variables defined in the input of JePlus software, 432 energy consumption modes were obtained for the building. And according to the selection of heating and cooling energy consumption of the building as target functions, optimization was done by JePlus + EA software. The optimization results showed that according to the same parameters considered for all three climates, building energy consumption in Rasht has decreased by 16%, Yazd by 14% and Tabriz by 12%.

The results showed that if the building is built in the right direction and position according to the type of climate and weather conditions (for sunlight, temperature, humidity, etc.) and the heating and cooling temperature inside the building is set to comfort, The energy consumption of the building is also significantly reduced As a result, the share of each building in the amount of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, which is the most effective gas in climate change, is reduced.

The increase of greenhouse gases and the resulting increase in temperature have caused the balance of the earth's climate system and climate changes in most areas of the earth. Therefore, adapting and dealing with climate changes in the water resources sector along with reducing their reflection should be seriously addressed as part of a comprehensive regional response to the vulnerability caused by climate change. In this study, using LARS-WG exponential microscale software and the HadCM3 oceanic atmospheric general circulation model in the form of different scenarios defined in the fourth IPCC report (basic scenarios), including scenario A1, A2, B1, B2, which are more related to regional issues. And the world is concerned from an economic and environmental point of view, the amount of temperature changes and precipitation in the next 100 years of Bashar river basin was predicted. Then the fifth report scenario (RCP) was used and the results were compared with the basic scenarios. The results showed that in both scenarios in the coming period, we will face a large increase in average air temperature, but the decrease in precipitation will not be significant. In the climate change scenario section, RCPs until the end of the 21st century indicate an increase in temperature and a decrease in precipitation in the coming years. The amount of temperature changes in RCP2.6 was estimated between 3 and 13% and in RCP8.5 between 4 and 14%; This increase in temperature on a large scale increases evaporation and prolongs drought periods.

One of the most important international instruments to deal with climate change is the Paris Agreement 2015. For over three decades, states have begun long-term talks and negotiations on climate change, which is always on the international agenda. One reason for not concluding an international instrument is that states are not willing to adopt binding commitments on mitigating Green House Gas emission. The failed experience of the Kyoto Protocol 1997 reflects this approach. The piece analyzes the nature of states obligations in the Paris agreement on climate change. This research is based on a legal inductive analysis method. According to this method, the Paris Agreement and some related legal instruments on climate change have been analyzed and assessed. This article while identifies various defining elements of legal character of the Paris Agreement, illustrates that even though the Paris Agreement is an “International Treaty within the meaning of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties” which contains a mix of hard, soft and non-obligations is an important step forward to address climate change, but still has legal and normative inefficiencies.

As climate change has shifted from a marginal issue to a global priority, it has been nearly three decades since the United Nations brought together most of the countries on Earth for the Global Climate Summit, called the COP. The purpose of this study was to investigate the goals and achievements of COP26 and its impact on Iran's macro decisions.

This study was a study on past COPs and COP26. In this regard, previous and current articles were studied along with the lectures and achievements of the COPs, and the course and evolution of this summit, its strengths and weaknesses, and its results were studied. Finally, the impact of this summit on Iran's decisions has been analyzed and some suggestions have been made to improve the policy-making process in Iran.

Given that most power plants in Iran and the steel industry typically use fossil fuels as sources of input energy, the issue of reducing carbon emissions from industries using renewable energy and the use of global aid to help reduce emissions It will have greenhouse gases.

Fields of work inside and outside Iran are in two parts: mitigating and adapting to climate change, and in this regard, there are several international organizations for the allocation of financial assistance.

Today one of the issues and essential crises of human societies is incidence of dust phenomenon. Therefore, in researches, the dust concentration has been compared in relation to climatic variables in Sanandaj, Khoramabad and Andimeshk cities located in different geographical areas in the western half of Iran.

Inactive sampling was done for measuring dust density. Menkendal test and Pierson cohesion were done for assessment of changes process and their relation with some meteorology parameters.

Results showed that the most average density of dust in Sanandaj, Khoramabad and Andimeshk cities were (1.45±0.48, 1.14±0.84 & 1.65±1.07) mg to m2. Checking changes process of dust density showed that Sanandaj station has decreasing process in meaningful level 95 percent (P-value=0.047) between different station. Results of cohesion assessment among dust amounts in 3 stations with metrology parameters showed that in Sanandaj station there was positive relation between dust density and temperature average (p < 0.05, r = 0.61), but there was negative relation between dust density with comparative damp (p < 0.05, r = 0.71) and downfall (p < 0.05, r = 0.61) In Khoramabad (p < 0.05, r = 0.61)  and Adimeshk (p < 0.001, r = 0.72) stations there was positive and meaningful relation between dust density and wind speed. Discussion and

By these findings it can be concluded that dust amounts in different areas depends on geographical condition, topography requirements, continental, metrology parameters and also their origins are various.

In the present study, it has been tried to investigate the climate change effect between current and 2050 on three critically endangered lizards in Iran. For this purpose, three species has been selected Phrynocephalus horvathi, Eremias pleskei, Darevskia kopetdaghica that distributed in northwestern and northeastern part of Iran. Ecological niche modeling indicated that current distribution range of all three species is relatively smaller than predicted models, but during 30 years ahead (till 2050) these suitable areas will be decreased about 50% for E. pleskei and 30% for Ph. horvathi or more than 50% for D. kopetdaghica. Minimum temperature of coldest month and coldest quarter are the most important factors for this variation. Increasing the global warming for next 30 years (till 2050) will change the temperature in different seasons and this event may have direct effect on the lizards that categorized as cold blood animals. Conservation management and evaluation the protected areas can prevent the extinction of animals in face of climate change effects. However, increasing the public awareness about the importance of biodiversity conservation is essential.

Distributional range shift of Amphibian populations especially toads are tightly related to enviromental changes and their survival are threatened by ecological and anthropogenic factors. Talysh toad Bufo eichwaldi occurs in a limited area through the southern margin of the Caspian Sea including north Iran and the southeast of Azerbaijan and has recently considered vulnerable by IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. In this study, 52 occurence records and 20 bioclimatic variables were used for modeling of habitat suitability of B. eichwaldi using maximum entropy algorithm implemented in MaxEnt software package. The results showed that Mean Temperature of Coldest Quarter, Temperature Seasonality, Minimum Temperature of Coldest Month, and Precipitation of Coldest Quarter are the most important predictors for B. eichwaldi suitable habitat. The MaxEnt model indicted that the habitat of B. eichwaldi has been fragmented in the Hyrcanian forest of the south Caspian Sea, which may cause its populaton decline. It is deduced that distributional range of B. eichwaldi in the south of the Caspian Sea experienced contraction due to climate change and human interference comparing to last decades indicating need for conservation programs to protect the Talysh Toad population in the Hyrcanian forest.

Concern about climate change and its effects on various aspects of human life in general and agricultural production in particular is growing. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to assess and predict of climate change induced temperature and precipitation of Kermanshah township.

The calibration and validation of the HadCM3 model was performed 1961-2001 of daily temperature and precipitation. The data on temperature and precipitation from 1961 to 1990 were used for calibration whereas data from 1991 to 2001 were used for model validation. SDSM version 4.2 as a downscaling model used to downscale general circulation models to station scales.  

 The least difference between observed data and simulation data during calibration and validation showed that the parameter was precisely modeled for most of the year. This study under A2 scenario, three time periods (2020, 2050, 2080) were simulated.  

According to our simulated model, precipitation showed a decreasing trend whereas temperature showed an increasing trend. The result of this study can also be used as an optimal model for land allocation in agriculture.

Climate change is recognized as one of the largest threats to biodiversity and is expected to result in shifting species distributions and increasing extinction risk of populations that are unable to adapt or relocate to suitable habitats. In the present study, habitat suitability of the yellow-spotted mountain newt was modeled to identify the current suitable habitats, to predict the expansion or contraction of the distribution of the species under future climate change scenarios, and to determine the main environmental variables.

The studied species inhabit 57 highland streams of the Zagros Mountain range in western Iran and eastern Iraq. In the present study, species distributions were examined using the maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) for the current and the future (2050 and 2070) climate projection under two optimistic (RCP2.6) and pessimistic (RCP8.5) scenarios.

Based on the results, precipitation of the coldest quarter (BIO13) was the most percent of contribution to predicting species distribution. Comparison of suitable habitat areas in the current and future climate conditions showed that suitable habitats area for the species will not significantly decrease under the optimistic (RCP2.6) scenario in 2070 and an increase was also observed in 2050. Although, a reduction in suitable habitats area (more than 50%) was observed in 2070 under pessimistic (RCP8.5) scenarios. The results of the model supported the hypothesis that due to future climate change, the species distribution range is likely to be conserved in the refugia located in the center and south of the distribution range and by shifting to higher altitudes.

Results obtained from the current study supported the hypothesis that the Zagros climatic refugia play an important role in conserving populations as well as habitats suitable for the Yellow-spotted mountain newtduring climate change.

Cannibalism is an aggressive behavior in which the living organism eats whole or part of its body. In amphibians, cannibalism is done by feeding on its own eggs or larvae. The increase in temperature resulting from global warming, by affecting on the rate of intraspecific interaction and intensifying water level fluctuations and change in density, can alter the rate of cannibalism with a high coefficient in amphibian populations. In this study, independent and interactive effects of temperature (high and low), water level (hydroperiod) (high, low, and decreasing water levels), and density (low and high) factors on the cannibalism of Levant green frog Pelophylax bedriagae larvae was investigated in within 10 months. By considering the independent effect of the factors, the highest rate of cannibalism was observed in high temperature (56.6%), low water level (47.5%) and low density (53.33%). Due to the interactive effect, the highest percentage of cannibalism (including biting and whole body cannibalism) was recorded in the high temperature/low water level/low density treatment with 90%. In contrast, the lowest rate of cannibalism was recorded in two treatments: low temperature/low water level/low density, and low temperature/high water level/low density with 20%. The results of study showed that temperature and density had significant independent effects on the cannibalism but water level fluctuations are not significant. Also, interaction of three factors included temperature, water level and density had a significant effect on the rate of cannibalism.

Although the effects of climate change are threatening to the living conditions of a large part of the world, different groups of activists have failed to improve the climate regime. It is natural that those countries which are more vulnerable to climate change should find some ways to improve the climate by using both legal methods and other less formal methods such as identifying climate change as a security and environmental problem. Climate change and global warming are regarded as two factors, which play a significant role in threatening human security since food shortages, water scarcity, environmental degradation, poverty, disease outbreaks, and mass migration can separately lead to national security, which will undermine and contribute to the failed government scenario. In the domestic and global arena, the security of the modern government becomes meaningful with respect to superior power, and the society is considered insecure even if it faces with a lack of threats. In the modern national security discourse, we see an increase in security software, in addition to its hardware. In the wake of the development of the concept of security, especially the development of a range of national security threats, critics have suggested that civilian threats such as economic and environmental threats can, in turn, be as serious as military threats. Therefore, these threats should be considered as security threats. This article tries to provide an analysis of the impact of environmental dimensions of climate change on national security from the perspective of international environmental law, using an interdisciplinary approach.

 Human ability to transform the environment raised a new environmental concern all over the globe, namely climate change. Today, global warming and sea level rise resulted from polar ice melting are the most immediate, definitive, and visible effects of climate change. One of the effects of these changes is the likelihood that coastal states, especially small island states, will be deprived of their former maritime zones. Since the baseline is the basis of determination of the maritime zones of the coastal state, with sea level rise, the validity of previous baselines and countries' eligibility for making use of maritime zones have been challenged. It raises the question of whether such countries are still eligible to use the existing baselines or should redraw baselines based on changes. The purpose of this paper was to examine the effects of climate change on baselines of the coastal and archipelagic states and to provide solutions to these countries to counter such effects.

 In order to examine the impacts of climate change on coastal countries, we first discussed the effects of climate change on the oceans. Research shows that the most important of these changes is global warming and sea level rise. Then, the impact of such consequences on the normal and direct baselines of the coastal and archipelagic states was analyzed.

 We concluded that the most important effects of such changes on the oceans are global warming and sea level rise. Then, the impact of climate change on the baselines and the authenticity of this legal challenge were assessed. It was concluded that however the Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 neglected the potential of future changes to base points, by interpreting the drawing of baselines of unstable coastlines and continental shelf, it is possible to accept the right of coastal and archipelagic states to preserve the existing baselines and maritime zones despite sea level changes.

 This study concluded that the consequences of climate change undoubtedly lead to widespread changes in baselines, and by interpreting the provisions of the convention, it can provide solutions to counter these changes, and eventually, acknowledge the right of coastal states to preserve their former baselines.

The climate becomes warmer than ever before, as evidenced by numerous observations and modeling that has in turn created a warming climate in cities. Therefore, various climate change projects and attention to heatwaves in recent centuries have been considered and the increase in population and its activities in various fields have caused problems such as heatwaves around the world. In addition, changing the pattern of occurrence of these changes and their unpredictability has led to an increase in the number of them in cities and to reduce concerns and adapt to these risks in various aspects of urban life, especially human health, to create sustainable urban forms. This phenomenon has caused the death of thousands of people in the world, and one of the important reasons for this is the flaw of the cities to deal with the increase in heatwaves. While different changes and global warming can affect urban areas, urban areas can also exacerbate these changes. Rising urbanization rates and people's desire to live in cities have led to higher urban temperatures than their surroundings. Studies show that a city with a population of one million people has experienced an increase in temperature between 1 and 12 degrees. This increase in temperature is due to the structure of cities, which has many negative effects and consequences for cities, so urban environments should be planned and designed in such a way as to improve the health of individuals and thus the presence in public spaces of cities. Urban forms such as urban canyons and vegetation at the pedestrian level are among the factors affecting the reduction of urban temperatures in urban areas and neighborhoods, the impact of these factors on the outdoor thermal comfort of humans by few research in Iran has been considered. A review of the research background of the subject shows that no serious attention has been paid to the native urban forms of Iran as a factor for reducing urban heat and promoting human health; However, local urban planning helps architects and planners to address urban problems by identifying needs in indoor and outdoor environments to provide the most effective way to reduce the severity of outdoor environments using all design elements. Given that there is still, no place to pay attention to how urban forms change in order to reduce the effects of climate change and outdoor thermal comfort professionally, so the present study focuses on the impact of urban forms on informal settlements and old textures on outdoor thermal comfort. The ambient air temperature and the creation of outdoor thermal comfort in the city of Mashhad, which is one of the cities that experience the most urban forms of informal settlements. The present article, firstly, examines the research done in the thematic field of the article and then in the next part, the theoretical framework is extracted by using articles, dissertations, and books. In the third part of this framework, using simulation in Envi-met software and PET index output in Rayman software and analysis in Leonardo to identify the effects of urban forms on air the temperature in microclimate and outdoor thermal comfort using physiological equivalent temperature index (PET). Studies conducted in the summer and on August 26, 2019, have been selected due to the high heat of the sun and its effect on creating outdoor thermal comfort in open urban spaces.

Due to the nature of the subject, the research method is applied and based on two parts. In the first part, the documentary method is used to formulate the theoretical framework. Thus, by referring to articles, treatises, and books by taking notes, the information needed to understand the thematic literature as well as studies conducted in the field of research has been collected and then using descriptive and analytical methods to prepare and compile the conceptual framework of research. In the next part of the research, the case study was studied and the maps were extracted using GIS. The method of survey and harvesting of climatic information from the Mashhad Climate Organization has been used to collect climatic data. In order to identify the effects of the influential components of the urban form, the Envi-met 4 and Leonardo software collections as well as Rayman have been used. In this study, most simulations were performed in summer (August) and based on data from Mashhad Meteorological Station. This simulation was selected on August 17, 2019, and at sunrise and sunset between 6:00 AM and 8:00 PM local time due to the high temperature of the sun and its effect on ambient temperature and surfaces in open urban spaces. This simulation lasted for 156 hours for three urban forms.

The present study investigates the outdoor thermal comfort in informal settlements in Mashhad. Various studies have shown that lowering the ambient temperature in summer can reduce environmental thermal stress and thus improve outdoor thermal comfort. The results in this paper suggest that as the height-to-width (H / W) ratio increases, the sun's access to the environment decreases, and the amount of shading on the surfaces increases resulting in a decrease in ambient temperature. Therefore, it can be said that the height-to-width (H / W) ratio is inversely related to the ambient temperature, and urban form factors such as the height-to-width ratio (H / W) and its shading play an important role in reducing the ambient temperature. On the other hand, the simulations performed to show the temperature difference, so that the difference between the mean indexes (PET) during the hours of thermal stress are 0.68 ° C, 2.53 ° C and 3.27 ° C. The heat stress of the Hojjat fabric is greater than that of the other two fabric and there are more hours in the absence of outdoor thermal comfort, which indicates the temperature difference in all three fabric; but the same the difference stems from different environmental parameters in the three urban forms. One of these parameters is the coverage of outdoor surfaces and materials used in the outer shell of buildings, which is indicated by the Tmrt average temperature index as an important parameter in creating thermal equilibrium in the environment. Studies show that the average temperature index of radiant temperature (Tmrt) is directly related to the PET index and the higher the average temperature index of radiant temperature, the higher the PET index, and vice versa, therefore, the high average radiant temperature in the texture of Hojjat compared to the texture of the agent and the Ghale of the building in the peak hours of heat shows the high rate of heat reflection to the environment in the texture of Hojjat compared to the other two textures. Higher average radiant temperature (Tmrt) in the texture of Hojjat means reflecting more heat than urban levels and can be closely related to the materials used in this texture and the amount of sun access and thus the effect of height to width ratio (H / W) on the ambient temperature. And have levels. Due to the color and texture of the brick, it absorbs less heat and gradually releases the hidden heat and its heat exchange with the environment during the night hours when the air cools down. On the other hand, the temperature a difference of 0.68 C in the first and last hours of simulation in the operating tissue shows that the use of brick materials can reduce the heat exchange with the environment and thus reduce the ambient temperature.

Cities should be resistant to a wide range of shocks and pressures, including climate change (Leichenko, 2011).Therefore scholars and planners try to reduce the damages of natural disasters based on different approaches and patterns through the development of appropriate plans. One of these approaches is to investigate the resilience to natural disasters. Today, most natural disasters occur due to climate change. Climate change is a globally widespread phenomenon that is happening in the whole planet (Childers, 2015) and has created serious problems for humans and the environment. Resilience is a new concept that is mostly used when facing the unknowns and uncertainties such as climate change (Adhern, 2011). Resilience means that the urban system is able to withstand severe natural disasters without suffering from casualties, damages or loss of production capacity or quality of life (IPCC, 2007)). The resilience regarding the climate change reduction and adaptation is addressed in this study. Among the resilience types, what is considered in this research is the climate resilience that is a subcategory of urban ecological resilience. The climate resilience is the urban resilience to climate change (Carter et al., 2015). In this respect, the review of existing literature shows that few studies so far have addressed the concept of climate resilience, and most studies in the world and Iran, have only focused on the urban resilience and its assessment on the urban and regional scale. A very limited number of studies have addressed the resilience to climate change on other scales, especially the neighborhood scale. As a building block of cities, neighborhood is of great importance, and a resilient city can be achieved by a resilient neighborhood. On the other hand, one of the important factors influencing the climate resilience is urban infrastructure, especially green infrastructure. However, the main question and objective of this research is how to achieve a methodology or principles to examine the current situation of the infrastructure in cities to improve and ensure the climate resilience in the neighborhood by improving such situations. To answer the questions of this research, by selecting a case study and the GIS software to collect data about the status of vegetation and green infrastructure and to analyze the data based on the characteristics of green infrastructure’s resilience potentials and by providing the base and analytical maps, it was attempted to propose and develop a method for interfering with the quantity, quality and location of green infrastructure to increase climate resilience. Research Question: The main question here is: How are UGI and Climate resilience connected in cities? With which method or pattern can urban planners intervene urban green infrastructures in order to increase climate resilience in neighborhoods? And what are the effective urban green infrastructures resilience potentials? The main purpose here is to find a method to intervene UGI’s quality and quantity to increase climate resilience in neighborhoods. Also to find climate change adaptation strategies based on UGI and their effect on the city’s climate resilience in order to maintain, create and increase climate resilience. Research Goals: The general purpose of this research is to, extract principles of intervention or to find strategies for adaptation to climate change using green infrastructure (quality, quantity, their location, way of design and so on) and their impact on urban climate resilience and promoting climate resilience through the green infrastructure in city and neighborhood scale by enhancing the existing UGI and also by introducing climate resilience UGI and climate resilient green species for new urban projects. Terminology: Climate resilience in neighborhood scale Climate resilience includes the capacity of an independent unit or a group or organization to respond to climate change in a dynamic and effective manner, while still continuing to daily activities in an acceptable level. This feature includes the resistance to change, recovery after the shock, and reorganization to prevent the destruction of the system, that is the city (Dayland and Brown, 2012). In general, "climate resilience" is the urban resilience to climate change. Various literature has classified the climate resilience as a subcategory of urban ecological resilience. The studies conducted by Miller et al. (2009) emphasized the importance of urban infrastructure as an effective factor in creating climate resilience. However, the importance of green urban infrastructure is also considered, which is further discussed in the following. The climate resilience on the neighborhood scale includes the ability of the neighborhood in the physical-infrastructural, social, political and economic systems and the resistance and efficiency of settlements and buildings to tolerate the hazards of climate change to quickly return to the previous situation under these tensions and pressures, and to embrace and confront future threats. One of the greatest impacts of climate change can be found in cities, and especially in neighborhoods. As one of the most important urban segments, neighborhoods are no exception to these adverse effects. As a result, it is necessary to provide solutions on neighborhood scale for dealing with the climate change (Sasanpour et al., 2015). Urban green infrastructure in neighborhood Urban green infrastructure is a type of ecological social system that results from the interactions of various elements, especially humans. The components of green urban infrastructure can be considered a combination of open and closed spaces and a mixture of natural plant habitats, which are of great ecologic, social and economic significance. As a result, the proper design in these spaces can have a profound effect on the everyday life, and the resilient design is considered one of the most appropriate principles for the design of such spaces (Oliver, 2014). In general, green infrastructure includes green roofs, permeable green surfaces, green paths and streets, urban forests, public parks, neighborhood gardens, and urban wetlands (Demuzere et al., 2014).

Iran is one of many countries that has been hit by climate change negative effects in the recent years. The main climate challenges that many big cities in Iran are facing are drought, air pollution, low annual precipitation, increasing temperature especially in summer, decreasing water resources quality, water shortage and so on. Based on these challenges the city of Tehran was selected as one of the big cities in Iran with the most climate challenges. The main climate challenges that Tehran is facing are, air pollution, water resources contamination and shortages, drought and extreme heat in summers. To find answers to the research’s main question, to reach the research goals and also to put to the test, the UGI climate mitigation strategies that were extracted from the literature review, ‘Yousef Abad’ neighborhood in Tehran was selected as the case study. The method used here was, studying various library and Internet sources, books for reviewing the existing literature. After this step, GIS, field studies and aerial photography, will be used as the main tool for developing different base and analytical maps such as: existing urban green and grey infrastructure maps, thermal maps of the selected neighborhood, building height and street width and direction maps, green species maps with the focus on their health and location. Also maps of existing patch, corridor and matrix will be developed and analyzed to measure climate resilience based on landscape ecology theories. After doing the above mentioned analysis, this research was able to achieve an extensible methodology to increase climate resilience through urban green infrastructure in the cities of Iran in the neighborhood scale to guarantee climate resiliency in the city scale. Also, by using landscape ecology language (Patch, corridor, matrix) as a method to interpret the existing eco-resilience conditions of green infrastructures, a method was introduced and also by using this method, the ecological characteristics of specific plants were analyzed and plants with better resilience potentials to drought, heat and air pollution were suggested for the study area. This was important characteristics of green infrastructures were introduced as factors for future analysis of ‘urban climate resilience’ in cities.

Asiatic Cheetah, which is critically endangered subspecies has survived only in arid habitats of the central plateau of Iran to less than 40 populations. The species population in the center of Iran, which mainly includes Yazd Province, has had the highest population decline and has lost the population dynamics. Hence, 2.9 million hectares of Yazd province’s habitats in which the species has been extinct locally were investigated for climate change over a 14-year period, from 2001 to 2014. In this study, firstly, we used the Maximum Entropy method to model the Asiatic Cheetah suitable habitat. Then, by using the Modis time series method, we identified the maximum land surface temperature and the weather stations data were used to finding the total annual precipitation changes. Assessment of the maximum temperature changes in the cheetah habitats showed that the average temperature increased by 24 percent of the study area during this period. Also, some parts of the southern part of the study area had an obvious reduction of the total annual precipitation. However, the study results showed that climate change factors, including changes in the maximum land surface temperature and total annual precipitation variations, during the study period, were not significant. Therefore, the most important reasons for the reduction of Asiatic cheetah population dynamics in the study area, during the study period are non-climatic factors.