جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « منابع طبیعی » در نشریات گروه « محیط زیست »

The governments of developing countries noticed that environmental taxes, in addition to helping to achieve environmental goals, also make it possible to achieve other economic and social goals such as reducing the unemployment rate. In the past, policies aimed at minimizing the unemployment rate have a negative impact on other policy goals because they reduce private incomes, especially for people on government benefits. Therefore, it is politically difficult to implement environmental policies. However, for green tax reforms to be socially acceptable, complementary policies such as public spending cuts should be minimized to reduce the burden of green taxes on the private sector.

Green taxes lead to a decrease in social welfare and have a greater impact on endogenous public expenditures. Therefore, minimizing public expenditures as a complementary policy to promote the labor market effects of green tax reforms in developing countries will fail. Was.

As a result, policymakers in these countries should look for other ways to help them reduce the green tax burden on business, which in turn will enable them to implement environmental tax reforms.

In the present study, Spss26 software is used to describe the statistical population and research data, Excel software is used for the Dimtel technique and fuzzy Delphi analysis and fuzzy ANP software. In the second level, the fuzzy Delphi method is used using Excel. In the third level, Fuzzy Network Analysis Process (FANP) was used based on the constituent questions and variables. At the last level, Dimetal technique was used to check the relationships.

AbstractIn the years to come, the extent and severity of dust storms in southwest regions of Iran has been caused by the geographical location and specific climatic conditions. This phenomenon is one of the major environmental hazards in these areas and Khuzestan Province as the main focus of dust every year has incurred a lot of heavy costs. To this end, to deal with dust, But the major problem of this project is the lack of public participation Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the barriers of participation of local communities in natural resources projects to deal with dust in Khuzestan province. The statistical population of the study consisted of experts in the field of natural resources and watershed management and agriculture Jihad in Khuzestan province. Data analysis was done by Expert Choice software. Analysis of data based on paired comparisons showed that the most important criterion for examining the barriers to participation is based on the stages of participation in the decision-making phase afterwards, the steps are implemented, shared, and evaluated. In addition to comparing options on the basis of all criteria, the results showed that the most important challenges for local communities' participation in natural resource designs to deal with dust include educational obstacles. Therefore, in order to achieve sustainable participation, educational barriers should be removed, social-cultural barriers, economic barriers, technical and technical barriers in the next ranks.

In this study, we examined the knowledge, attitudes and behavior of different students of Shahrekord University on the importance of protecting and preserving natural resources and the environment. We also investigated the factors influencing this knowledge, attitudes and behavior. The research falls in the category of documentary-field analyses and data collections was supplemented by questionnaires. The statistical sample included 490 students in all seven semesters of Shahrekord University. Using random-cluster sampling method, 180 students were selected who completed questionnaires. The results of this research indicated good knowledge, attitude and environmental behavior of the students in Shahrekord University. We also found knowledge, attitudes and environmental behaviors of the students in different faculties were significantly different with students of the faculty of Natural Resources and Earth Sciences standing higher than the others. Based on the correlation analysis, the environmental knowledge of individuals was affected by marital status, the environmental attitude was influenced by gender and ultimately, the environmental behavior of students was affected by their city of residence. We also showed the type of high school diploma affected knowledge, attitude, and environmental behavior of university students. According to the results, with increasing environmental knowledge of individuals, we realize improved attitudes and environmental behavior.

The stakeholders and natural resources are not discrete and independent. Therefore, natural resource management needs to explore the dependency on natural resources. One of the best methods for the study of social relations is social network analysis. Kalaleh village is in the Arasbaran biosphere reserve, which is one of the sensitive and unique regions in Iran. The natural resource management plans of this region were incompetent as yet and so the rate of deforestation is high. The main goal of this study was Social Network Analysis in the highest level of users for Planning and Forest Co-management in the Kalaleh village of Arasbaran region. For implicating this study based on quantitative network analysis methods, network analysis questionnaires and linkages of interpersonal trust links, collaboration, kinship, and neighborhood were gathered. The results of the present study showed that density, magnitude, transferring and bilinear indices of collaboration and trust level of bonding ties are low and very low. Statistical results showed in the highest level of users, collaboration and neighborhood links have a significant and high correlation. Finally, the results of this study indicated stakeholders of Kalaleh village are not good enough about cohesion and stability, and before management plans in this village, collaboration and trust level of bonding ties have to be amplification.

Nowadays, new crimes involving the environment and natural resources are also referred to as green crimes. The main purpose of this paper is to identify and evaluate the scope of criminal law in this area in terms of sustainable development goals. The method of this research is content analysis. Initially, an attempt was made to give a general description of the subject by examining the types of such crimes and the environmental punishment approaches. After reviewing the statuary laws and previous researches, the initial findings are explained and analyzed to determine the scope of criminal law in the environment and natural resources and to find the relevant legal challenges. Consequently, the applicability of the criminal laws to the Sustainable Development Goals has been examined. It is concluded that although the environmental criminal law in terms of the diversity of laws, has been generally able to cover relevant issues, because of multiplicity of regulatory policies, lack of an appropriate enforcement mechanism on the one hand and failure to resolve some legal uncertainties such as unnecessary dependency of environmental crimes on their results on the other hand, it has not been successful to fully achieve the goals of sustainable development. Therefore, the success of criminal law in protecting the environment requires complementary and effective measures, including determining an appropriate approach to environmental punishment, recognizing criminal liability for legal entities violating environmental laws, and establishing and strengthening modern and advanced regulatory bodies.

International Environmental Law, which is a Branch of public International Law, is Primarily Based on Preventive and Precautionary Measures, and its Ultimate Goal is to protect the Global Environment from Pollution and Damage to Human Health. The Principle of Deterrence is a Fundamental and Universal Rule in Development-Oriented and Sustainable Policies Related to the Exploitation of Natural Resources and Ecological Aspects of Countries, Which on the one Hand Focuses on Pollution Prevention and Precautionary Measures in the Face of the Environment and Natural Resources. On the Other Hand, it includes Systematic Protection Measures and the Cooperation of Countries and Other Persons under International Law with Regard to Environmental Activities and the Exploitation of Natural Resources, Under National Sovereignty and Jurisdiction. Therefore, Violation of the Principle of Deterrence, Due to the Limited Environmental Resources and the Long Process of its Replacement, Leads to Improper Use of Natural Resources and Causes Numerous Damages to Environmental Components, Including Water, Air, Soil, Plants, Wildlife, etc. Which are Sometimes Irreparable and Ultimately Threaten Human Life and Health, Although Repairing the Damage and Compensation Requires Exorbitant Costs and Long Periods of Time, Sometimes Intergenerational

The corona virus has affected all aspects of human life, including the environment, since the epidemic. Certainly, definitive statements about these effects require more and longer data on a large scale. However, since the days of the Corona epidemic, arguing about its effects on the environment has been highly controversial. The aim of current study is to investigate the positive and negative effects of corona virus on the environment and natural resources on national (regional) scale. In order to conduct the research, open or unstructured interviews and purposive sampling method were used to select informants. Through the release of informants, the issue of corona impacts on nature was explored from various perspectives, with respondents commenting in any way they could, on the effects of corona virus on the environment and natural resources. The interviews were conducted individually and by person, all conversations were recorded and then transcribed, and some numbers of comments were collected via email. The results showed that the most important positive effects of Covid-19 on the environment and natural resources include revising the human relationship with the environment and changing human paradims, increasing social interaction, reducing traffic, travel, air pollution, reducing fuel consumption, relative ozone repair, reducing deforestation and the environment by the general public, reducing pressure on wildlife, reducing water pollution and noise pollution. Also, the most important negative effects of Covid-19 on natural and environmental resources include c energy consumption (water, electricity and gas), increasing the production of sewage and food waste, increasing the production of infectious and hospital waste and their release into nature, increasing the consumption of plastic products. Rubber and disposable utensils and washing and disinfection of urban roads with disinfectants and increasing of pollution caused by it, reducing the segregation of waste, aggravating poverty and increasing unemployment, and reducing the physical protection of forests. In general, the positive impacts of the corona virus on natural resources and the environment have been undeniable and significant, but compared to the cases leading to the impact on nature and its destruction in the many years ago is temporary and short. Therefore, in addition to the ongoing efforts to control and defeat the corona virus, it is necessary to emphasize to have economy with a dynamic and healthy structure and being aware of the opportunities and threats posed by the corona virus to provide targeted education and culture to treat the environment and protect nature actions.

The main purpose of this study was Factors influencing the use of environmentally sustainable operations. The statistical population of the study was all wheat farmers in Khorramabad County (N= 22500). Using Cochran’s sampling formula, 240 of them were selected as a sample. Using Cochran's sampling formula, 240 of them were selected as a sample (N=240). The main instrument in this study was questionnaire which its validity was confirmed by the panel of experts and the reliability of it was also calculated by using a sequential alpha test and through software. Data were analyzed by SPSS18 software. The results showed that the studied farmers do not have a favorable knowledge and attitude towards sustainable environmental practices. The results of the discriminant analysis showed that the six variables of Attitude towards sustainability, knowledge of sustainability, environmental concern, spatial attachment, social capital and non-farm employment have the greatest impact on the separation of agricultural groups (accepting and rejecting environmental sustainable operations). In summary, the discriminant function from these six variables is able to accurately differentiate the studied persons with 87.28% accuracy in accepting and rejecting environmental sustainable operations.

Over the past few decades, development policies and strategies in Iran have been fraught with various developments. Prior to the 1930s, Iran lacked a clear planning and development strategy. Gradually, with the growth of development ideas, the need for planning became more apparent. Since then, two long-term and 12 medium-term development and development programs have been prepared and presented. In each of these programs you can search for traces of natural resource programs. With the use of descriptive and comparative methodology, this study aims to trace the evolutionary position of desertification in the process of planning before and after the Islamic Revolution. This tracking reflects the fact that in almost all development programs, especially since the 1940s, the goals of natural resources and desertification have always been addressed with different orientations and approaches in the portfolio and priority of governments, but due to the lack of a comprehensive program (Hollestic Plan). With a strong theoretical foundation, project-oriented governance, weak structural and research infrastructure, lack of accurate knowledge of events, lack of accurate statistics and information in this area, unfortunately, despite many efforts that took place during the current century from 1330 to 1390, the process And the intensity of the ejaculation It is still going on.

The recent water scarcity and decrease of precipitation have led to considerable changes in the ecosystem of Urmia Lake. The main objective of this study is to investigate the management strategies regarding Urmia Lake based on economic valuation.

 Methodology & Material:

 In this study (2016), the existing library and Internet documents as well as field studies were used. The statistical population in this study included the stakeholders, locals and tourists in Urmia. Sampling was done randomly and the sample size was determined after pre-tests using Cochran’s test. The method and data analysis tool in this study was contingent method, and Excel software and E-views were used to determine the economic values ​​of Urmia Lake. GIS software was also used to express the changes occurred in the lake.

Considering changes of water level in Urmia Lake in recent years, the inadvertent extraction of water from the wells and cultivation of crops that consume water content at high level in farming lands are assumed as important factors for drying Urmia Lake.

The willingness to pay for protecting different values ​​of Urmia Lake was estimated as totally 52.496 USD per person, monthly. The proper management of resources, the right of water for each river in the Urmia Lake basin, cessation of constructing new dams on other rivers entering the lake, changing the pattern of cultivation, and increasing water productivity are among the measures that must be taken to balance the fluctuation of water level in this lake.

in the recent years, natural resource's degradation in the Lorestan province has been alarming. Therefore, assessment of students' knowledge to natural resources is essential as future users of natural resources.

To conduct the study a questionnaire was designed regarding to the professors and experts comments. Validity and reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient that the 0.75 represents acceptable reliability. Then, among 800 individuals of students, from 10 schools of Khorramabad city who were trained as oral, poster installation and educational films, 250 individuals were selected to fulfill questionnaire and to investigate their view before and after education.

The descriptive results of educational level, father's job, mothers and father's education, household income and the time of television watching on the attitudes of students towards natural resources were presented. Inferential results also showed the following

significant and positive correlation between the variables of knowledge, recognition, attitudes and environmental behavior with education, ii) significant and positive correlation between environmental behavior and environmental knowledge, iii) significant and positive linear relationship between environmental knowledge and environmental behavior of students. Moreover data analysis demonstrated that chi-squared and binomial test confirmed the positive effect of training on increasing recognition and promotion of Natural Resources.
Discussion and

  Education as the most available and efficient tool can have an important and critical role in promoting attitude and recognition of students toward natural resources and preserving national capital.

Today, regardless of the legal issues of natural resources and the environment especially in rural planning policy is not possible to achieve sustainable development in the debate over the country and to understand this fact that the natural resources in our country has been limited the process of renewable done slowly or sometimes cannot be restored because of degradation. Therefore, a set of different executive agencies in the development process should be done in accordance with commensurate with status of resources. This paper, With a view to past and present status of the country's natural resources, has tried in the laws governing the exploitation of these resources, especially in rural and tribal communities that has described the relationship between rural and nomadic farmers, livestock and natural resources, and the past and present these resources, including forests, grasslands, deserts and watershed management and land property rights system in Iran and then stated in detail the issue of transfer of land and its effect on the degradation of natural resources and the phenomenon of land speculation and finally referred to the Pathology department of natural resources legal policy in relation to rural and tribal society and its difficulties and problems of this sector and the weakness and ambiguity in these rules and need for its revision.

Constructing reservoir dams for water storage has been proposed as one of the main approaches for managing water shortage challenges in recent decades, but these programs can have various positive and negative impacts on local communities. The purpose of this paper is to examine the views of local communities towards the potential environmental impacts of dam construction and the inter-basin water transmission on natural resources and capitals and the vulnerability of the dependency of these communitie's households on these capitals. The research was conducted in the BeheshtAbad Watershed, located in the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province through studying rural and urban local communities of the watershed who would likely be affected if the dam were constructed. In this survey, a sample of 200 out of 3514 households was selected using a multi-stage sampling technique and the data were collected through a structured interview technique using a questionnaire. From the perspective of local communities, the dam construction would cause the destruction of natural resources, reducing natural capitals of local household livelihoods and increasing their vulnerability. These views were significantly influenced by the extent of household's livelihood dependency on natural resources, having main employment in agriculture sector, land area, animal number, and the quality of existing natural capitals. This shows that from the perspective of local communities, if the dam is constructed, it is expected that natural resources are degraded and farmers, livestock holders and other households dependent on natural resources are faced with much more vulnerability.

The cryopreservation of plant genetic resources could preserve their viability for many years, even centuries. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands has had successful achievements on practical protocols for preservation of a wide range of forest, rangeland, desert and medicinal species during the past two decades and established the cryobank of natural resources species. The natural resources cryobank of Iran is a national long-term strategic plan, promising a very long-term, cost-effective and safe protection of plant genetic reserves of the country. This strategic action and prioritizing endangered, threatened, rare, and endemic species would hopefully prevent the specie's extinction of the country's natural resources in future. Also, if necessary, the extinct species could be brought back into nature.

Forests and rangelands are the most important natural resources of a country. In addition, they have a special position in the ecosystem of the earth, and, thus, they play an essential role in soil conservation as well as climate moderation. However, serious and, sometimes irreparable, damage has been ocuured by both natural and man-made factors. One of the areas where degradation of rangelands and forests could clearly be recognized over the past years is the central District of the Dena County. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to identify and analyze factors affecting the degradation of rangelands and forests in the central District of Dena County. A mixed research method including qualitative and quantitative methods was used in two phases, using interview and questionnaire as instruments. In the first phase of the study, the population comprised the villagers and officers of the Department of Agriculture, Dena County and also the Provincial Department of Natural Resources in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province. In the second phase, the population consisted of the academic faculty members of local universities who were native and were familiar with the region. Snowball sampling technique was adopted in both phases of the study. Factors affecting the degradation of rangelands and forests were identified in the first phase of the study. These factors comprised organizational factors (monitoring, supportive and administrative), infrastructural, socio-cultural, legal, economic and natural factors. Following that, in the second phase of the study, the participants were asked to rank the factors identified based on AHP procedure principles. The results showed that lack of grazing management in monitoring factors, less governmental support for natural resources in supportive factors, administrative corruption in administrative factors, road construction in infrastructural factors, poor cultural patterns in socio-cultural factors, lack of appropriate legal actions when faced with illegal possession in legal factors, rural poverty in economic factors, and finally drought in natural factors were the most important factors contributing to the problem of degradation. Finally, out of the recommendations made to prevent the degradation of forests and rangelands, one can mention the employment of native people to improve the management of rangelands and forests in areas of guarding and conservation affairs of natural resources. In addition, for the purpose of constructing roads, building power plants, etc. it is necessary to seek the expert advice of engineers with expertise in road construction, civil engineering and rural development

The purpose of this study was to identify the barriers of local people's participation in forest conservation plans. The research population included 240 Local rural households in Gilan – e – Gharb, Kermanshah. A number of 144 people were randomly selected using Morgan's sampling size table. A questionnaire was used as a main tool in this study. The content and face validity of the questionnaire was verified by a panel of experts. The reliability of the questionnaire estimated by Cranach's alpha coefficient (0.737). Factor analysis was used for finding the most important barriers. Four key factors were identified as the most important barriers in people participation programs in forest conservation plans. These factors were socio-cultural, economic, organizational and educational barriers.

The young population of Iran and increasing graduated youth requires job-creating opportunities to tackle with unemployment and social-economical deterioration. Today, ecotourism development is one of the tourism branches which is connected to local population development, and local population participation is considered to be the principal factor in ecotourism development. Therefore, development of this industry can lead to employment of the youth. This study was carried out to investigate the strategies for development of ecotourism in the Natural Resources Cooperatives. From objectives point of view this study is classified to be practical, and from methodology point of view it is classified to be descriptive. Statistical population of the study were 123 members of Board of Directors of the Natural Resources Cooperatives in Golestan province which were selected by census. A pilot test was carried out to measur the validity of the questionnaires. Result of Alfa-Cronbakh for the questionnaires was obtained to be 87%. Results of regression test showed that territorial population training in the Natural Resources Cooperatives, communication and territorial population participation in ecotourism development programs have positive effects on ecotourism development. Totally, these factors address 50% of the factors affecting ecotourism development by the Natural Resources Cooperatives.

The aim of planning and management of tourism innatural resources is to develop and conserve natural resources and their attractions. The characteristics of tourism resources and attractions provide the basis of tourism industry development in each country. To provide tourists satisfaction of tourism resources and attractions, efficient management of these areas is essential which can be achieved through quality evaluation of the attractions with conservation as the main core of the assessment. Quality of tourism attractions and resources is the most important factor when choosing a tourismdestination and heavily impacts on the tourists satisfaction. However, to provide proper context for the development of tourism by attracting visitors and increasing their satisfaction, identification of attractions and then planning and assessment for their sustainable development is necessary. This paper attempts to provide proper planning tools for recreational areas through presenting and comparing various methods of quality evaluation andmanagementof naturaltourism attractions and determination of their natural talent. Application of the appropriate methods by managers maintainsand improvesrecreational areasand eliminates limiting factors. This in turn increases satisfaction and attracts more visitors, while minimizing their effects and leads to economic growth and a sustainable development of the tourism.

Construction and demolition wastes make considerable part of the municipal solid wastes. Construction industry uses large amounts of the natural resources and produces massive quantities of construction and demolition wastes. Thus construction and demolition wastes management is one of the prime concerns especially in developing countries. Construction and demolition wastes management requires knowledge of ways of collection, recycling, and disposal of construction and demolition wastes. This study was conducted to evaluate collection system, recycling, and disposal of construction and demolition wastes of the city of Kerman in 1387. This work has been a cross-sectional research study. This study was conducted to evaluate the status of construction and demolition wastes in the city of Kerman. Initially, the required issues and matters were classified based on the research goals. Relevant foreign research papers and experiences of countries in the area of management and recycling of this type of wastes were reviewed. Then, a comprehensive questionnaire was designed and compiled. In Kerman 2400 tons construction and demolition wastes are generated daily, that is, 0.005kg/capital-day. The sources of the construction and demolition wastes in Kerman are construction of residential, commercial, industrial buildings, excavation, demolition and reconstruction of old buildings, parks, squares and curb forming which show a remarkable increase during last six years. Of 2400 tons construction and demolition wastes 120 tons (5%) are recycled and the rest are disposed. The predominant recycled construction and demolition wastes are scrap iron (3%), soil (2%), brick (1%), wood (0.5%) and asphalt (0.5%). At the present time collection, transportation, and disposal of the wastes are accomplished by public and private section by the means of 300 auto trips each day. Conventional method of the construction and demolition waste disposal in Kerman is stored in places which is safe environmentally, hygienically, and recreationally.The implementation of a successful recycling plan demands thorough information regarding quality and quantity of wastes as well as recycling site. Trade market conditions of construction and demolition wastes are also prime importance. Establishment of a systematic method for collection, transportation and recycling of construction and demolition wastes would be a productive step in the direction of advancement and development goal of the city of Kerman. Present research results are conformed to obtained results in Thailand in the cases of the generation rate and management of construction and demolition wastes recycling, recycling of construction and demolition waste via a mechanical sorting process in Taiwan and generation and management of construction and demolition waste in Greece.