جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « قابلیت هضم » در نشریات گروه « علوم پایه »

The current study was conducted to evaluate the interaction between different levels of protein and feed structure on performance in calves. Accordingly, a total number of 48 Holstein calves (A mixture of both sexes) were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments with 12 replicate pens, based on a factorial design. Dietary treatments consisted of 1) ground starter with % 18 CP, 2) ground starter with % 22 CP, 3) texture starter with % 18 CP and 4) texture starter with % 22 CP. In this study, digestibility of nutrients, rumen and blood parameters of suckling calves were measured. The interaction between the main effects for the amount of beta-hydroxybutyrate in the blood on the 70th day of the experiment was significant (p < 0.05). In this way, flour feed with 18% protein had the lowest amount of beta-hydroxybutyrate. The interaction between the main effects for other blood parameters was not significant (p < 0.05). The interaction between the main effects for ruminal parameters and digestibility was not affected by the form and protein level of the initial feed (p < 0.05). In general, there was no significant difference between the textured feed and coarse grinding, and the protein level of 18 and 22% was not observed in the tested groups.

The current study was aimed to investigate the effect of 1-OH-D3 on ileal digestibility of dietary calcium and phosphorus and turkey performance. A total of 225 one-day- old male bronze strain turkey with a mean body weight of 65 g were allocated to 3 treatments with 5 replications (each, 15 birds) for 8 weeks, under a completed randomized design. Diets were adjusted separately for two periods 1-4 and 5-8 weeks of age. The experimental treatments, for the first period were consisted: 1) control, containing D3 (4500 IU/kg) 2) 1-OH-D3 (0.14 gr/kg without D3) 3) 1-OH-D3 (0.07 gr/kg) + D3 (2250 IU/kg) and for the second period of experiment were consisted: 1) control, containing D3 (3500 IU/kg) 2) 1-OH-D3 (0.12 gr/kg) 3) 1-OH-D3 (0.06 gr/kg) + D3 (1750 IU/kg) in the diet. The results showed that no significant differences exist among treatments in turkeys’ body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio. However, the use of 1-OH-D3 in treatments 2 and 3 increased the ileal digestibility of calcium and phosphorus and the levels of calcium and phosphorus in plasma and bone, also decreased the activity of alkaline phosphatase in plasma, in compared to the control group (P<0.05). Our findings imply that inclusion 1-OH-D3 to the diet did not affect on growth performance in turkeys. However, it caused to increase absorption and accumulation of calcium and phosphorus in bone. In conclusion, 1-OH-D3 can be used to improve the quality of the turkey bone, alone or in combination with D3

This research was conducted in order to evaluate the use of lysophospholipid (LPL) supplement on performance, carcass characteristics, blood metabolites and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens fed with different levels of threonine (Thr) amino acid. In this experiment, 400 male broilers of ROSS 308 strain were used with 8 treatments and 5 repetitions in a period of 35 days. The experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement of 4x2 including two levels of LPL in the diet (0 and 0.1%) and four levels of Thr (100, 105, 110 and 115% of requirement). Experimental diets were used for starter (0 to 10 days), grower (11 to 24 days) and finisher (25 to 35 days) phases. The results of this research showed that during the 35-day period, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio improved in broiler chickens fed with LPL supplement (p < 0.05). However, the use of LPL supplement did not have a significant effect on feed intake in broilers. In addition, feed conversion ratio was significantly higher in broilers fed with 100% Thr level compared to higher amounts of Thr requirements (p < 0.05). The use of levels higher than 100% of Thr requirements and LPL supplement in the diet increased the digestibility of crude protein and crude fat in broiler chickens (p < 0.05). The use of LPL supplement increased the serum concentration glucose (p < 0.05). While the level of 105% Thr in the diet caused a significant decrease in serum triglyceride concentration (P < 0.05). Based on the findings of this research, it can be concluded that the use of LPL supplement and levels higher than 100% of Thr requirements in the broiler chicken diet increased the growth performance and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens.

The aim of the present experiment was to improve the quality of milk by using a change in the type of grain source and oil supplement in the diet, for this purpose, from the number of 32 Holstein cows in the third abdomen with an average lactation days of 60±15 and milk production of 36±5 kg as a 2x2 factorial experiment. It was used in the form of a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 8 replications. Experimental treatments included 1- Diet containing grain Barley + 2% fish oil 2- Diet containing barley + 2% sunflower oil 3- Diet containing corn kernels + 2% Fish oil 4- Diet containing corn kernels + 2% Sunflower oil The trial period was 45 days, the first 36 days for habit The susceptibility of cows to diets and the last 9 days were considered for sample collection.The dry matter digestibility was significantly affected by grain and oil source (P<0.05) and in fed cows Barley grain diets were higher than corn grain diets, but among blood parameters, only triglyceride concentration was affected by the interaction of grain and oil source (P<0.01) .The effect of grain source on ruminant time The total chewing time was significant (P<0.05) and this time was longer for cows receiving barley grains than corn grains, of which only milk fat percentage was significantly affected by the source of dietary grain (P<0.05) And in cows fed barley grain-based diets was lower than in corn grain-based diets. Based on the results, sunflower oil can be a good alternative to fish oil without a negative effect on production performance and milk quality.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplemented phytase and protease enzymes in diets containing 15% of sesame meal on digestibility, bone physicochemical properties, immunity and blood parameters in broiler chicken. An experiment was performed in a completely randomized design using five dietary treatments with six replicates in which 300 one-day-old Ross 308 commercial broiler chicks were reared for 6 weeks. Dietary treatments were 1) corn-soybean meal based diet (negative control) 2) a corn-soybean meal diet including 15% sesame meal (positive control), 3) positive control diet supplemented with phytase, 4) positive control diet supplemented with protease and 5) positive control diet supplemented with both phytase and protease enzymes. The results indicated that ileal digestibility for crude protein was increased in chicks treated with enzymes (p < 0.05). The ileal digestibility for calcium and phosphorus were higher in chicks fed both phytase and protease (p < 0.05). Experimental treatments had no significant effects on the viscosity of gastrointestinal ileal digesta (p > 0.05). Tibial bone breaking strength in chicks treated with both enzymes increased (p < 0.05), also treatments containing phytase (with or without protease) led to more bone calcium and phosphorus (p < 0.05). Experimental treatments had no significant effect on bursa and spleen weights (p < 0.05). Blood cholestrol concentration in chicks treated with both enzymes were decreased (p < 0.05). Phytase (with or without protease) in diet, decreased blood triglyceride concentration (p < 0.05). Lower total protein was in chicks fed protease (p < 0.05). Blood calcium concentration in chicks fed enzymes were higher (p < 0.05). Supplementing broiler chicken diets with phytase and protease containing 15% sesame meal, had beneficial effects on protein, calcium and phosphorus digestibility, bone resistance, and some blood parameters.
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Corn is the most important component of concentrate feeds in livestock which due to climate change and reduced rainfall, its price is always increasing and therefore the use of affordable corn waste, it seems necessary. After corn processing and starch extraction, by-products including corn germ, fiber and gluten are produced which are rich sources for ruminant nutrition. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition, fermentability, digestibility, ME and MP for corn fiber and corn gluten feed. Samples of Corn processing residues including germ, fiber and corn gluten feed were obtained from a company and the samples were transferred to the laboratory of Animal Science Research Institute of Iran and they were milled. Then the chemical composition, gas production and digestibility were measured. Gas production was measured using a mixture of rumen liquor from three fistulated  bulls (Taleshi cow) for different fermentation times, including 2,4,6,8,12,16,24,48, 72 and 96 hours of ruminal incubation. Also, ME, MP and DMI of Corn processing residues were obtained. Amount of Organic Matter, Crude Protein, Crude Fat, NDF, ADF, NFC and starch in corn fiber were obtained 89.3, 14.0, 3.3, 10.7, 70.2, 14.7 and 3.5% respectively; in corn germ were obtained 98.4, 9.4, 52.1, 1.6, 27.3, 9.9 and 10.7% (in order) and in corn gluten feed were obtained 94.9, 20.6, 3.5, 5.1, 53.1, 17.6 and 8.5 %, respectively. The gas production (at 24 hours of fermentation) of corn fiber and corn gluten feed were measured 37.7 and 61.5 (ml/200mg), respectively. The ME content of corn fiber and corn gluten feed were calculated 6.2 and 11.6 (MJ/Kg), respectively. OMD of corn fiber and corn gluten feed were measured 67.1 and 80.2%, respectively. The MP content of corn fiber and corn gluten feed (at maintenance level) were calculated 13 and 15.5 (g/Kg) in order. Dry matter intake (DMI) of corn gluten feed on cow, sheep and goat (at maintenance level) were obtained 4226.3, 1102.4 and 932.5 (g/KgW0.75) respectively. Due to the suitability of fermentability and digestibility of gluten corn feed, it seems this wastes is useful for feeding livestock. Corn gluten feed can be used as a substitute for the fibrous part of the ruminant diet. In general, the use of processed corn waste can reduce the cost of feed production in ruminants.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd.) is an annual plant considered as pseudocereals and belongs to the chenopodiaceae family. Quinoa has excellent properties as low water demand, resistant to drought, salinity and nutritional quality, which are the reason for the great interest in IRAN. The objective of this study was to determine nutritive value, fermentabiliy and digestibility of 10 genotypes of quinoa crop residues (Titicaca, Red Carina, Gizal, Q12, Q18, Q21, Q22, Q26, Q29 and Q31) in a completely randomized design. In the hardening stage of quinoa seeds, complete quinoa plants were harvested, were dried and then the seeds were separated. The quinoa straw samples were used for determine of chemical composition and fermentabiliy parameters via gas test production method. The concentration of chemical composition were different between different genotypes of quinoa straw. The range of variations were for dry matter between 92.44 to 94.29%, crude protein 3.53 to 11.0%, organic matter 84.25 to 89.65%, ether extract 1.20 to 2.30%, crude ash 9.90 to 15.59%, neutral detergent fiber 57.60 to 72.40%, acid detergent fiber 35.60 to 43.20% and nitrogen-free extract 9.41 to 18.09% and these difference between genotypes were significant (P<0.01), except of DM. The 24h gas production, potential of gas production (b), rate of gas production (c) were different between straw quinoa genotypes (P<0.01). The gas production in Red Carina, Q18, Q26 and Q29 genotypes were higher than other genotypes and (b) parameter in Gizal, Q18, Q26 and Q31 genotypes were higher than other genotypes (P<0.01). Furthermore, the digestibility of organic matter and metabolisable energy in different genotypes had range between 33.30 to 39.39% and 4.88 to 5.97 J/g, respectively (P<0.01). In general, the results have shown that the concentration of CP in Red Carina, Q12, Q18, Q21, Q22, Q26 and Q29 quinoa straw is higher than cereal straw and other agricultural residues and can be used as a new protein feedstuff for provide nutritive requirement of ruminants, especially ewes.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of soybean meal replacement with poultry byproduct meal on milk yield, nutrient digestibility, feeding behavior and excreted nitrogen in lactating cows 32 cows with 2 calving with average milk production of 33 ± 3.7 kg were used. This experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and eight replications. Treatments included: control treatment (diet without poultry byproduct meal), second treatment (diet containing 33% substitution), third treatment (diet containing 67% substitution) and fourth treatment (diet containing 100% poultry byproduct meal replacement diet instead of soybean meal). The results of this experiment showed that, among the experimental treatments, there was a significant difference in dry matter intake, percentage of dry matter consumption in relation to body weight and body score, daily milk production, milk production efficiency, corrected milk based on milk fat, number and somatic cell score and milk pH were observed. But density, electrical conductivity and freezing point of milk were affected by experimental treatments. With increasing levels of poultry byproduct meal replacement with soybean meal, the percentage of these cases also increased (P<0.05). Nutrient digestibility, nutritional behavior and percentage and grams per liter of fecal nitrogen and fecal pH and urine were not affected by experimental treatments. According to the obtained results, soybean meal can be completely replaced by poultry byproduct meal, which is a source of animal protein, up to 10% of dietary dry matter.

The objective of this study was to examine the influenceof quinoa seed-based diets in combination with phytase and protease enzymes on the serum biochemical parameters, nutrient digestibility, intestinal variables, tibia characteristics and immunity of broiler chickens. A total of 250 one-day-old broiler chicks (ROSS 308) were randomly allocated into 5 treatments with 5 replicate pens per treatment and 10 birds each. The experimental treatments were a corn-soybean meal diet as control group or control diet supplemented with 150 g/kg of quinoa seed alone olone or supplemented with protease, phytase and combination of protease and phytase. The results indicated a significant decrease in serum concentration of cholesterol, triglycerides and AST activity of broilers fed quinoa seed supplemented with protease and phytase than the control group (P<0.05).Jejunum and ileum length enhanced in broiler chickens which received all experimental diets compared with control (P<0.05).Nutrient digestibility coefficients of crude protein calcium and phosphorous were significantly greater in broilers fed on diets supplemented with phytase or phytase +protease (P<0.05).In tibia variables, the highest concentration of calcium and phosphorous was observed in phytase or phytase+protease supplemented diets (P<0.05).the relative weight of bursa and spleen as immunity organs was increased in broilers fed protease or phytase supplemented diets (P<0.05). In conclusion, the addition of phytase or protease enzymes to quinoa seed-based diet may be a suitable scenario to improve nutrient digestibility, immunity or some tibia characteristics in broiler chickens.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of oscillating dietary protein concentration on nitrogen balance and daily weight gain in fattening male lambs. Oscillating crude protein in the diet and feeding it intermittently at intervals of one to several days is one of the ways to use crude protein optimally. Three diets were adjusted with 14, 12 and 16% crude protein but with the same energy. 8 male lambs were used in metabolic cages in a 4x4 Latin square design (four treatments with 2 replications). The first treatment received a diet with a crude protein level of 14% constantly. The second to fourth treatments received diets with 12 and 16% crude protein at intervals of 24, 48 and 72 hours, respectively. Nitrogen balance, feed consumption, digestibility and some rumen and blood parameters were measured. No significant difference was observed in terms of nitrogen consumption and excretion through urine or feces among the treatments. The lowest total excreted nitrogen (urine and feces) was observed in the treatment with 48-hour consumption interval (P=0.031). The retained nitrogen showed a significant increase in this treatment compared to the treatment with constant feeding (P=0.055). The experimental treatments did not show any significant difference in terms of dry matter consumption and daily weight gain. The highest digestibility of dry matter was observed in the treatment with 48-hour consumption interval (P=0.027) but, digestibility of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber did not show a significant difference between the experimental treatments. The highest rumen ammonia nitrogen and blood urea nitrogen were in the treatment with 48-hour crude protein consumption interval (P<0.05). The data indicate that the use of oscillating dietary crude protein concentration strategy in the diet of growing male lambs improves nitrogen retention and digestibility of dry matter.

An investigation was carried out to find the effects of different Smizyme phytase levels on growth indices, body composition and nutrient digestibility of farmed Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baerii. One hundred and eighty fish (average weight 1.19 ± 0.017 kg) were distributed in nine concrete tanks (20 fish in each tank; area = 4 m2; depth = 80 cm) and divided to 3 treatments (F0, F1000 and F2000). Fish were fed for 62 days. Results showed that physaem addition in 2000 IU (F2000) to sturgeon commercial diet (38% protein and 12.5% crude fat) leads to significant increase in final weight, daily growth rate, specific growth rate and the decreased feed conversion ratio compared to the other two groups (p<0.05). Significant raises in protein and dry matter digestibility were observed in the enzyme-fed fish compared to control diet (p<0.05). However, no significant difference in fat digestibility was observed between experimental treatments (p>0.05). Body protein was declined in F1000 and F2000, while body lipid was elevated in F2000 (p<0.05). The highest body carbohydrates was observed in F1000 (p<0.05), while no significant difference was observed in the fish body moisture fed with different diets (p>0.05). Based on the results obtained from growth indices and digestibility coefficient, we suggest adding 2000 IU/kg Smizyme phytase in the fish diet.

Copper is one of the most important trace elements in broiler diets so this experiment was performed to compare the effect of three different sources of copper on ileal digestibility of nutrients, biochemical indices of blood, liver and bone on 600 one-day-old broilers of Ross 308 strain up to 42 days of age in a completely randomized design with 10 treatments and 5 replications and 12 chicks for each replication. Environmental conditions were the same for all groups. Experimental treatments include 1- control treatment at the rate of zero mg/kg of copper supplement; Treatments 2, 3 and 4 contain copper Nano-oxide at 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg, respectively, treatments 5, 6 and 7 contain copper oxide at 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg and treatments 8, 9 and 10 contain copper sulfate at 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg. At the end of the experiment, the data were compared with the GLM procedure of SAS software (SAS, 2004) and Duncan's multiple range tests at a significance level of 5% were used. The results showed that the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and crude ash of the experimental diets were not significantly affected by the treatments and the type and source of copper in the diets. It was shown that the amount of copper in the tibia of experimental chickens was significantly affected by the treatments (P<0.001). So that the highest amount of copper in the tibia was observed in the sulfate 30 treatment, which was significantly different from other treatments (P<0.05). In general, it can be concluded that the amount of copper in the diet can affect the accumulation of copper in the tibia and it seems that the use of cheap copper sources such as copper sulfate compared to new and expensive copper sources such as copper nanoparticles have no different on the performance of the birds.

In order to investigate the effect of different levels of energy and protein on performance, digestibility, blood parameters and fertility of 18 females and three male rabbits were selected. Female rabbits were divided into three groups individually for two weeks and from the diet of treatments containing 1- low energy (2200 kcal) -low protein (14%) 2- medium energy (2400 kcal) -medium protein (16%) and 3- High energy (2600 kcal) -high protein (18%) was used in a completely randomized design. Female rabbits were weighed at the beginning of the period. The evaluation of performance, including daily weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were measured in every 15 days. The apparent digestibility of dry matter, fecal sampling in the last 3 days of the experiment from 3 rabbits in each treatment measured using acid-insoluble ash method. Blood samples were taken before morning feeding to determine the blood parameters including triglycerides, blood urea nitrogen and blood glucose. After this period, a male rabbit was placed in the group for mating and the next day it was replaced with another. The mating period was six days. Reproductive factors including fertility, offspring and multiple births were examined. Results showed that there was no significant difference between initial weight, final weight, daily weight gain and daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio and dry matter digestibility. Blood glucose (125 mg/dl) had significant difference between treatments. The medium protein - energy treatment had the highest percentage (100%) of fertility. The offspring in low protein - energy showed the highest percentage. The longest gestation period and the most neonatal weight were observed in high protein -energy. In overall, moderate energy and moderate protein treatments are recommended for female rabbits ready for mating.

Fish powder is one of the most important ingredients in aquatic diets. A 63-day trial was conducted to examine the effect of different levels (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 100%) of fishmeal replacement for canola meal in the diet of pacu fish (Piaractus brachypomus, 45.12±1.36 g) on growth performance, survival rate, apparent digestibility coefficient of diets, activities of digestive and hepatic enzymes and hemato-immunological responses. The highest level of the final weight and specific growth rate and the lowest food conversion ratio were achieved in pacu fish fed with 40% canola meal. Significant decreasing trends were achieved in the serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein of pacu fish fed with increasing the contents of canola meal (p < 0.05). Based on the growth indices, the maximum tolerable contents of dietary glucosinolate and phytate in the pacu fish were 4.90-5.22 µmol g-1 and 6.12-6.52 g kg-1, respectively. The activities of amylase, lipase, and trypsin in pacu fish increased according to enhance CM substitution levels (p < 0.05). According to the broken line technique, the highest specific growth rate (1.91% body weight day-1) was observed in pacu fish fed with 40.2% CM.

Lawsonia inermis is one of the drought-resistant plants in the southern of Iran and contains a large number of antibiotic-like compounds and phenolic compounds such as tannins. This study was conducted to determine nutrients composition, Total phenolic and tannin contents and some fermentation parameters of Lawsonia inermis leaves via in vitro gas production technique. The leaves samples were randomly collected from six farms, air-dried and ground. Nutrients composition, total phenolic and tannin contents of samples was measured. The degradability kinetic of samples was determined via in vitro gas production method. The gas production was recorded at 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 72 and 96h of incubation. The results showed that crude protein, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), crude ash, calcium and phosphorous concentrations of samples were respectively 13.97, 0.18, 15.98, 3.17, 0.98, 0.08 and 0.01 percent. Additionally, total phenolic and tannin contents of the samples were 33.49 and 13 percent respectively. The amount of gas production was 55.3 ml. The fractional rate of gas production was 0.078/h. The organic matter digestibility of lawsonia inermis leaves was 61.83%. Totally, it can be concluded that due to its low neutral and acid detergent fiber and appropriate crude protein and organic matter digestibility, lawsonia inermis leaves can be fed to ruminant animals.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of different levels of date palm wastes on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, rumen and blood parameters and fiberlitic enzymes activity in fattening camels. Three male camels from Turkmen breed with an initial body weight of 335±15 kg and 24 months old were used in a rotate design for 3 periods of 21-day feeding experiment with a 14-day adaptation period and 7-days sampling. Experimental treatments included: 1) control diet (chopped Alfalfa+concentrate), 2) control diet with 10 % date palm waste and 3) control diet with 20 % date palm waste. Feed intake weighed for the last 7 days of period and faeces samples were collected for the last 3 days of period to determination of nutrient digestibility with acid insoluble ash method after drying. The results of current study showed that the experimental diets had significant effect on daily weight gain of male camels (p < 0.05). Inclusion of date palm waste in diet up to 10% increased daily weight gain (p < 0.05). There was not difference amongst treatments concerning dry matter intake and feed ratio. Date palm wastes effectively enhanced digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and fat (p < 0.05). Glucose, Cholesterol, High density lipoprotein (HDL), Low density lipoprotein (LDL) and Blood Urea-N (BUN) were not altered, in the male camels fed with Date palm wastes. Date palm wastes of in the diets did not significant effect on carboxy methyl-cellulase (CMM) and microcrystalline-cellulase activity in the particulate material (PM), extra cellular (EC), cellular (C) and total activity fraction, but microcrystalline-cellulase activity in the extra cellular (EC), and total activity fraction ternd to significant. There was not difference amongst treatments ruminal pH. The results showed that (DMI) and (DWG) of camels using ration 2 and nutrient digestibility of camels using ration 3 was higher than others. In conclusion, barely in fattening camels ration can be replaced at up to 20 percent without negative effects.

This study was conducted to investigate chemical composition, gas production parameters and digestibility of dominant species of weed plants on in vitro conditions. In this experiment, samples of Echinochola crus-gali, Portulaca oleracea, Sorghum halepense, Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album and Cynodon dactylon were collected from the Gonbad Kavoos area before seeding. The mean annual rainfall amount is below 450 mm and means annual temperature is above 20 °C. Plant specimens were dried in an oven at 60 °C until they reached constant weight and milled to pass a 1 and 1.5 mm screen. Their nutritive value was evaluated through determination of chemical compositions and in vitro gas production techniques. Samples were tested in an in vitro gas production method (96 h incubation) and batch rumen culture system (24 h incubation). Results showed that there were differences among treatments on chemical composition (P<0.05). Portulaca oleracea had highest Ash and crude protein and lowest NDF and total phenol. Highest content of NDF and total phenol and lowest Ash was related to Sorghum halepense. There were significantly differences among treatments on gas production parameters and Portulaca oleracea and Chenopodium album had lowest lowest and highest gas productionpotential, respectively. Highest and lowest short chain fatty acid content and OMD were related to Echinochloa crus-galli and Chenopodium album, respectively. Portulaca oleraceaand Sorghum halepense had highest and lowest in vitro DMD and OMD, microbial crude protein and microbial crude protein efficiency, respectively. The obtained results of this study showed that different weed plants have different nutritive value; however, these plants can be regarded as feed resources for animal nutrition. In general, the results showed that the weeds in the fields are nutritionally different, which is due to differences in the chemical composition and their nature.

This Experiment was carried out to determine the effects of urea and molasses -treated Corn Single Crosses SC 704 Stalklage in fattening performance of Turky-Ghashghaii male lamb. At first, corn residues were gatherd after harvesting of corn grain by Cambine method and processed with urea and molasses. Then, evaluates its chemical composition and in vivo apparent digestibility. The Corn Stalklage treated and untreated were included in the ration as to replace zero , 30 and 50% of total forage in a completely randomized design in the ration of fattening lambs. The rations (iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic) were fed to 6 Turky-Ghashghaii ram lambs. Results showed that In vivo digestibility coefficients for DM OM, NDF and ADF had significant differences between treated and non-treated Corn Stalklage.  It seems that according to the results of fattening traits and digestibility, the use of treated corn residues with 4% urea plus 10% molasses with ratios of 50% as total forages in feeding lambs in comparison with other treatments, had a better daily weight gain.

Effects of diets containing microwave-irradiated canola meal were evaluated on growth, nutrition performance, carcass composition and digestibility of nutrients in Huso huso fry with 31.18 ± 1.43 g in initial weight during 8-week experiment in a factorial design 4 × 2 with 8 treatments, each with 3 replications. Treatments included T1: %20 canola meal without irradiation; T2, T3 and T4: 20% irradiated-canola meal at 800 watts for 5, 10 and 15 min respectively; T5: 40% canola meal without irradiation; T6, T7, and T8: %40 800 watt – radiated canola meal at 5, 10 and 15 min respectively. At the end of the experiment, according to the results, the effects of diet containing microwave-irradiated canola meal on the final weight, weight gain, specific growth factor, feed conversion ratio and daily growth in H. huso fry were significant (p<0.05). The highest final weight, percentage of weight gain, daily growth and specific growth rate were found in T4, while the lowest ones in T5 (p<0.05). Food conversion ratio increased significantly in T5 compared to the other treatments (p<0.05). The results of analysis of variance exhibited that the effects of both canola meal rate (%) and irradiation time and also their interactions caused significant differences in the growth indices except for the coefficient of conversion (p<0.05), but only irradiation time displayed significant effect on food conversion ratio (p <0.05). During the experiment, survival rate was 100%. Microwave-irradiated canola meal diet did not significantly affect the protein and fat contents of the fish carcasses (p>0.05), but showed significant effect on the carcass ash content (p<0.05). According to these results, by increasing irradiation time, the protein digestibility increased (p<0.05). Microwave-irradiated canola meal exhibited no significant effects on fat digestibility and dry matter content (p>0.05). So, it can be added to the diet up to 40% without any unfavorable effect on protein digestibility and growth rate.

This study was carried out to determine the nutritional value of the two species of Ziziphus tree branches in animal nutrition. To determine digestibility, each tree species branches were mixed with a ratio of 10, 20 and 30% of the basic feed (alfalfa) and were fed to 4 mature male sheep, with feces collection method. The treatments were consisted of 7 experimental diet: alfalfa, 3 diets consisted of native Ziziphus tree branches (Ziziphus spina-christi) and 3 diets consisted of Ziziphus mauritiana tree branches in a completely randomized design. The results of chemical composition of DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF, ADF, GE and tannins for Z. spina-christi were 94.24, 90.07, 14.40, 2.01, 30.75, 17.65 percent, 4517.72 (cal/gr) percent and for Z. mauritiana were 94.61,83.30, 14.56, 1.77, 33.90, 18.55 percent, 4447.26 (cal/gr), and 3.95 percent respectively. The results showed that the digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF, ADF and GE were significantly different (P<0.05). Among the diet treatments, 10% Z. spina-christi had the best nutrient digestibility. The digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF, ADF and GE for 10% Z. spina-christi were 68, 59.1, 49.6, 76.1, 68.1 and 71.7, respectively. The findings from this study demonstrated that Ziziphus tree branches foliage has the potential to improve small livestock production in the dry lands of Bushehr by alleviating nutritional constraints during the dry season.