جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "پروتئین" در نشریات گروه "شیلات"

This study was conducted with the purpose of investigating the addition of different concentrations of selenium and iron nanoparticles to the diet and its effect on the values of growth indicators and the percentage of carcass chemical compounds in rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss). In this research, 240 rainbow trout with an average weight of 5.21 ± 0.02 grams were fed for 8 weeks with diets containing 0.5, 1, 2 mg/kg of selenium nanoparticles in amounts of 10, 30 and 50 mg. iron nanoparticles in a completely randomized design to 4 experimental treatments; Treatment 1 (control group), treatment 2 (0.5 Se + 10 Fe), treatment 3 (1 Se + 30 Fe) and treatment 4 (2 Se + 50 Fe) were each divided by 3 repetitions and fed as free ions. According to the results, the values of body weight, percentage of weight gain, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio in the amount of 2 mg of selenium nanoparticles and 50 mg of iron nanoparticles increased compared to other values and had a significant difference with other treatments (p<0.05). Also, food conversion coefficient, in amounts of 2 mg of selenium nanoparticles and 50 mg of iron nanoparticles, had a significant difference with other treatments (p<0.05). In carcass analysis, the highest amount of protein was found in the treatment of 0.5 mg/kg of selenium nanoparticles and 10 mg of iron nanoparticles, which was significantly different from the control treatment (p<0.05). And by increasing the amount of selenium and iron nanoparticles in the experimental treatments, the amount of protein increased. Also, in terms of the amount of fat, a significant difference was observed between the experimental treatments and the control treatment (p<0.05). The results showed that the use of 2 and 0.5 mg of selenium nanoparticles and 10 and 50 mg of iron nanoparticles has a good effect on rainbow trout.

Studies on nutrient utilization and growth performance of Beluga (Huso huso) raised on five feeding schedules (treatment 1 continuously fed plant protein diet, treatment 2 continuously fed fish meal diet, treatment 3 alternate feeding of a 1-day plant protein diet; followed by a 1-day fish meal diet, treatment 4 plant protein diet in the morning fallowed by fish meal diet in the afternoon and treatment 5 fish meal diet in the morning followed by plant protein diet in the afternoon) in 3 replication (20 fish in each repetition) under laboratory conditions showed that continuous feeding with Fish meal diet (treatment 2) resulted in maximum growth, which was not significantly different from treatments 4 and 5 (p<0.05). While feeding with plant protein diet (treatment 1) and feeding every other day (treatment 3) led to a decrease in fish growth performance (p<0.05). In terms of protein digestibility, the best treatments were 2, 4 and 5, which did not show any significant difference with other treatments (p<0.05). The highest amount of muscle arginine belonged to treatments 2, 4 and 5, which was significantly higher than muscle arginine of fish fed with treatments 1 and 3 (p<0.05). Also, the highest amount of glycine was observed in treatment 5, which was not significantly different from other treatments except treatment 1. No significant difference was observed in the amounts of other muscle amino acids of the experimental treatments (p<0.05). The obtained results showed that the alternating change of the dietary protein source during one day (morning and evening and vice versa) does not have any negative effect on the growth performance and feed efficiency, and in most of the nutritional factors, it is equal to the treatment fed with fish meal.

Here the advantages of employing a biorefinery approach in conjunction with optimization techniques were utilized to attain high overall process efficiency. Initially, an alkaline pH-shift process assisted by ultrasonic and its subsequent optimization were employed to maximize the extraction yield and whiteness index of muscle proteins isolated from lanternfish (B. pterotum). The optimal strategy was determined as follows: 6 mL g-1, pH1 (solubilization) 11.5, 310 W, and pH2 (precipitation) 5.8 with desirability of 0.84. Collagen hydrolysate was obtained from the connective tissue-containing sediment residue emerging during pH-shift process. The optimal isolated protein (OIP) was utilized to produce heat-set gels in combination with collagen hydrolysate. Breaking force and deformation of the OIP gel were measured at 123 (g) and 10.12 (mm) respectively. Collagen hydrolysate made breaking force (up to 2% w/w) and deformation (up to 10% w/w) improved and had positive effects on color characteristics (especially whiteness index) as well as water holding capacity. Hence, it can be concluded that the integration of a novel extraction technique such as ultrasonic with pH-shift process followed by optimization, as well as concurrent utilization of muscle and connective tissue proteins through a biorefinery approach; provides a significant advancement towards scaling up the extraction process.

The use of microalgae by human dates back to 2000 years ago in China, where it was used as food to survive famine. Microalgae are good sources of a wide range of beneficial compounds such as proteins, fats and pigments that have been used as food by humans for centuries. The aim of this study was examined to investigate amount of protein, fat, ash and cell growth and the total carotenoids by cultivating Dunaliella salina in Modified Johansson (DUM) and Guillard (f/2) medium under salinity stress of 100, 200, 300 ppt. The results showed that the highest protein production was 14/06 ± 0/34 % at low salinity of 100 ppt and the highest fat content was 35/81±1/64 % at salinity of 300 ppt. Also, the highest amount of carotenoids was produced 1/79 ± 0/30μg/mg under 300 ppt salinity stress in f/2 medium. The highest cell growth was 7808333±52041/6 cells/ml at 100 ppt salinity in Gillard culture medium. With increasing salinity of 300 ppt, the ash storage decreased by 7/18±76 %. In general, the results of this study showed that D. salina algae is a good source of pigments and fats when exposed to salinity stress.

It is important to know the nutritional requirements of ornamental fish to achieve better growth and production performance. In recent years, nutritional information has been obtained about some aquarium species. Also, in some cases, the diet information of these fish can be extracted from the results obtained from farmed fish. Having the right dietary formula for the complementary needs of aquarium fish improves the digestibility of nutrients, meets metabolic needs, and reduces maintenance costs and water pollution. And at the same time feeds the complete formula of sustainable aquaculture goals.  In addition, a complete diet follows the goals of sustainable aquaculture. So far, a variety of foods such as milk powder, flakes, slaughterhouse waste, dry food and a variety of live foods including rotifers, Artemia nauplii, Moina, daphnia, Ceriodaphnia and algae have been widely used to feed aquarium fish; each has its own nutritional and production value. Considering that the coloring of ornamental fish species is important in the trade of these fish, it is recommended to add pigments and carotenoids to the diet of aquarium fish. The aim of this study was to investigate the specific nutritional requirements to improve production and thus more economical fish farming.

Spirulina platensis has recently been identified as an important crop in the world, although its introduction and cultivation in Iran are still at an early stage. In this regard, autotrophic (without glucose) and mixotrophic cultures were performed in 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, 20 g l-1 glucose at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The manipulation of the environmental conditions from autotrophy to mixotrophy caused changes in the chemical composition of the cells due to changes in the orientation of carbon allocation into proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. As the application of 0.5 g l-1 of glucose via mixotrophic condition increased dry weight, cell concentration, protein, carbohydrate, chlorophyll, flavonoids, anthocyanin and phycoerythrin by 102.50, 106.06, 102.79, 141.38, 101.11, 129.82, 196.77 and 112.35 percent relative to the autotrophic culture. Mixotrophic cultures of 6 and 4 g l-1 glucose enhanced the carbohydrate concentration by 337.93 and 317.24 percent in compare with autotrophic culture. On the other side, autotrophy was more effective on increasing the production of lipids, phycocyanin and allophycocyanin. Overall, a change in the formulation of the common culture media, and the addition of 0.5 g l-1 of glucose is recommended to increase the efficiency of culture and ingredients amounts.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different dietary protein levels on growth, survival and body composition of Hediste diversicolor. Three isocaloric diets with three different protein levels containing high protein (50%), medium protein (35%) and low protein (20%) were designed in three replicates in completely randomized design. Hediste worm larvae weighing 0.02±0.005g were distributed into nine 40-L tanks with a density of 500 worms (2500 worms per m2). The worms were fed for 77 days. Results showed that final weight, final biomass (g/m2), biomass gain, specific growth rate, body weight increase and average daily growth in worms fed high protein (50%) were significantly higher than in comparison with other experimental treatments (p<0.05). The highest survival rate was recorded in worms fed medium protein (35%) (p<0.05). Worms fed 50% and 35% protein levels had the highest content of carcass protein that showed significant difference (p<0.05). Significant differences were observed in contents of lipid and ash (p<0.05). Worms fed protein at the level of 35% showed the highest level of carcass moisture (p<0.05). The lowest (p<0.05) feed conversion ratio and economic conversion ratio were seen in worms fed protein at the level of 50%. According to obtained findings, protein at the level of 50% (high) can be effective in enhancing of growth performance, feed efficiency, body composition of Hediste diversicolor and economic efficiency.

The body chemical composition in aquatic organisms is related to nutrition, habitat, age and sex. On the other hand, knowing the amount of chemical compositions helps to select the appropriate species for human nutrition and food industry. In this study, the change in chemical composition of common carp in different weights was investigated. For this purpose, 25 two-year-old carp were studied during the second year of rearing from different weight groups from 500 g to 1600 g. Protein, fat, ash and dry matter content of fish meat were measured. The results showed that the mean protein content of carp was 10.209 ± 2.106 %, fat was 9.429 ± 0.937%, ash 1.407 ± 198 % and dry matter 21.13 ± 1.62%, respectively. In addition, the results of this study indicate that there is no significant difference between chemical compositions of carp in different weights (P> 0.05). The results of the present study show that there is no relationship between chemical compositions (protein, fat, ash, dry matter) and the weight of common carp and the weight of fish has no effect on the chemical compositions. Therefore, there is no difference in common carp meat chemical compositions in different weights.

The effect of different dietary protein and salinity levels were evaluated on growth performances, feeding indices and carcass biochemical composition of the Litopenaeus vannamei. 350 shrimp with the initial average weight of 5.55±0.18 g and length of 8.81±0.15 cm were distributed randomly into 27 concrete experimental tanks. A 3×3 factorial experiment including three levels of salinity (0-3, 12-15 and 32-35 ppt) and three levels of dietary protein (25, 35 and 45%) was carried out for a period of 56 days. Experimental shrimps were fed at satiation 4 times a day throughout the experimental period. Based on the results, the highest indices of growth were observed in all the salinity levels in the experimental treatments fed diet containing 35% dietary protein. However, the highest body weight gain and specific growth rate were recorded at the highest levels of salinity (35-32 ppt). The best feeding indices were observed at the highest level of dietary protein and water salinity. No significant difference was observed in morphometric indices among different experimental treatments. The results of the body biochemical composition showed no significant difference in protein, ash and moisture content among treatments. However, higher lipid content was significantly observed in treatments with higher salinity and protein levels. Based on the results of this study, the economic point of view part of the protein diet with the 35% is suggested for L. vannamei cultured in 32-35 ppt salinity.

The effects of dietary protein levels were investigated on growth, carcass biochemical composition and apparent digestibility coefficient in Caspian trout, Salmo trutta caspius. The present study was carried out in a completely randomized design with five experimental diets containing five different dietary levels of protein: 35, 40, 45, 50 and 55%, and 15 fish per replication of each with an initial weight of 4.85 ± 0.45 g for 105 days.  Average oxygen concentration and water temperature were 7.6 ± 0.68 mg L-1 and 17.7 ± 1.5 °C, respectively, throughout the experimental period. Significantly higher final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and condition factor were observed in the fish fed diet with 40 and 45% protein compared to those fed on the 35 and 55 % protein diets. Feed efficiency ratio in treatments fed 35 and 55 % protein were significantly higher than those of fish fed 40 and 45% dietary protein levels (P≤ 0.05). Crude protein content increased with the increasing dietary protein levels, whereas crude lipid and moisture composition decreased with the increasing dietary protein levels. Therefore, it can be cocluded that increased levels of protein in the diets for juvenile Caspian trout (Salmo trutta caspius) up to 40 and 45% improved growth performance, feed utilization parameter and economic aspect.

In the present study, the apparent digestibility of protein and amino acids of ten types of plant and animal feed ingredients as the main sources of protein was evaluated in the Siberian sturgeon diet (290±22g). 

Materials & Methods

Feedstuffs included fish meal, meat and bone meal, poultry by-product meal, blood meal, feather meal, soybean meal, rapeseed meal, wheat gluten, corn gluten, and bakery yeast. The dietary treatments included reference diet and ten different experimental rations (30% of the target feed ingredient and 70% of the reference diet). Chromic oxide was used as an indigestible marker in dietary feed. A group of 165 Siberian sturgeons stocked into 33 tanks with 500 liters volume and fed with test diets (3 replicates per diet).

At the end of the experiment, the highest and lowest protein digestibility was observed in ϐish meal (92.87%) and poultry by-product meal (59.96%), respectively. Also, the highest level of amino acid digestibility in fish meal was measured (90.9% and 88.13% for total essential and non-essential amino acids, respectively). The lowest digestibility of the essential amino acids was reported in rapeseed meal (65.5%) and non-essential amino acids in poultry powder (60.68%).

Fish meal, meat and bone meal, poultry by-product meal, corn gluten, and wheat gluten were identified as feed ingredients with high protein and amino acids digestibility for Siberian sturgeon.

In this study, freshly harvested prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense were hydrolyzed with pepsin to develop a food ingredient and iron supplement. The degree of hydrolysis, protein/peptide concentration and iron-chelating capacity were verified by TCA soluble assay, direct UV spectrophotometric method and orthophenanthroline-based colorimetric assay, respectively. The result of TCA soluble assay revealed a high rate of hydrolysis for the first 6 h, reached the steady-state phase after 8 hours. The highest iron-binding capacity of the hydrolysate (49.7 μg/mg of peptide/protein) was obtained at a degree of hydrolysis of 36.5%. The partial lysate generated by pepsin had high levels of glycine, proline, arginine, alanine, and valine. It seems that in peptic M. nipponense hydrolysate, peptide bonds of Gly, Pro, and Ala residues as well as amino or imino group from Arg side chain support additional affinity for iron. Consequently, hydrolysis and enrichment would be a proper strategy for appropriate gain from this abundant prawn, into a high functional product.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of dietary protein levels on growth performance and body composition of Caspian Roach (Rutilus caspicus) fingerling. Four experimental diets were formulated to contain protein levels of 30, 35, 40, and 45%. Triplicate groups of 300 Roach (Average weight, 2.65±0.17g) were stocked in 100L-fiberglass tanks (25 fish/tank) and were fed based on 3% of their biomass for 57 days. The results showed that weight gain (WG%), specific growth rate (SGR), food conversion ratio (FCR), condition factor (CF) and survival (SR%) were not affected by dietary protein level but the protein efficiency ratio of protein levels containing 30 and 35% CP was significantly higher than other dietary treatments (p<0.05).The body compositions were affected by dietary protein levels. Body protein significantly decreased with increasing dietary protein levels but body lipid increased when protein increased to 40% level. The results of the present study indicated that growth enhancement of fish was not significant when the diets protein levels were increased from 30 to 45%, but fish fed a diet containing 30% CP had greater protein efficiency values when compared to those fed with other diets.

Efficient food supply is the most important factors which must be considered to introduction of white fish (Rutilus frisii kutum) in an aquaculture system Therefore, in order to evaluate the effect of dietary protein and zinc on the growth performance and survival of this species, 360 pieces of white fish with an average weight of 0.5 ± 0.56 g were placed in twelve tanks (60 liters) .Juvenile fish was fed with four different levels of protein diets (36 and 44%) and zinc (50 and 200 mg kg feed) for 83 days.
The results showed that the growth and survival of Kutum significantly affected by different levels of protein and dietary zinc.
The highest weight gain (0.79 ± 0.06), percent of weight gain (154.88 ± 8.7) and specific growth rate (1.13 ± 0.04) were observed in fish which fed with a diet containing 44 % protein and 0.005% zinc, But the diet containing 36% protein and 0.02 zinc 96.67 ± 0.00 percent) was revealed the highest survival rate. High With increasing levels of protein in the diet, whole-body protein contents are promoted. Overall, relativity the better response base on growth and body composition was observed in juvenile fish which with fed a diet containing 44% protein and 50 mg per kg zinc.

The effects of dietary protein levels on growth and feed efficiency were investigated in Caspian trout, Salmo trutta caspius. Five experimental diets containing five different dietary levels of protein (35, 40, 45, 50 and 55% diet) were fed to triplicate groups of 225 with an initial weight of 4.85 ± 0.45 g for 63 days. Oxygen concentration was 7.6 ± 0.68 mg L-1 and average water temperature was 17.7 ± 1.5 °C was in effect throughout the experimental period. Significant higher Final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and condition factor were observed in fish fed diet supplemented with optimum levels of protein (40 and 45%) than that of fish of other dietary groups such as 35 and 55 % protein. Feed efficiency ratio of fish fed 35 and 55 % protein were significantly higher than those of fish fed 40 and 45% dietary protein levels (P≤ 0.05).  There were no significant differences in white blood cell content of serum in all treatments, expect fish fed diet containing 45 % protein that was significantly higher than that of fish fed other diets. Lysozyme activity of fish fed 55 % protein was significantly higher than this of fish fed 35 % protein.  Based on the results of this study, could say that increased levels of protein in the diets of juvenile Caspian trout (Salmo trutta caspius) up to 40- 45% in diet, improved growth performance, feed utilization parameters and nonspecific immune response.

Unicellular algae as phytoplankton are the important, effective and cheap sources in larvae and aquatic organisms feeding. In this research, assessment of growth rate, pigments contents, total sugar and protein in two species; Dunaliella salina and D. bardawil were studied in three nutrient mediums; Ramaraj (R), Johnson (J) and Shaish (S), during 24days. øFor all mediums, cells growth rate in 1M NaCl was higher than that in 2M and about two times in D. salina compared to that in D. bardawil. The effect of medium kind on cell division, almost observed with the highest in J, S and R, respectively. In 1M, the highest specific growth rate of alga was observed at S and J and in 2M, it was occurred at J, during 8 days. The volume of D. bardawil cells was two times more than D. salina cells and the highest was observed at 2M and S for both species. The changes in fresh and dry weights showed an ascending pattern along with the time, especially in S and J, which was higher at S. In 1M D. bardawil, the highest amount of total carotenoid on the basis of per ml and per dry weights, was observed in S and R mediums, respectively. The changes in beta carotene content by salt concentrations treatments and kind of medium was similar to total carotenoid. The highest amount of total chlorophyll per ml in S and J mediums and the highest amount of this index per dry weight was observed by R treatment. The highest effect for protein increment was related to J which was different from the higher induction effect of R in total sugar production. Totally, these findings suggest the significant effect of medium kind and salt concentration on the increment of nutritional substances in salt water unicellular alga, in addition to the species kind.

A feeding trial with three protein levels (30, 35 and 40%) was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary protein level on growth performance and hematological parameters of juveniles Beluga sturgeon (Huso huso). One hundred and thirty-five fish (131.71 ± 1.68 g mean ± SD) were randomly distributed in nine circular concrete tanks (800 L) and were satiated four times daily for 8 weeks. The results showed that growth parameters including final weight, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, condition factor and weight gain was significantly higher in fish fed 35% protein compared to 40% (P<0.05), but there was no difference with fish fed 30% protein (P>0.05). Weight increased with increasing dietary protein level up to 40%, and then decreased significantly and body weight increase decreased by 40% protein s. The results of hematological parameters showed white blood cells, neutrophils and lymphocytes in fish that fed 35% protein compared to other groups (P<0.05). In conclusion, the results showed that protein restriction have effect on growth performance and hematological parameters of juveniles Beluga sturgeon.

In this study, biochemical heamolymph parameters indices of the white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) with three dietry protein levels(25, 35 and 45%) in the three levels of water salinity(0-3, 12-15 and 32-35 ppt) was studied. For experimental 350 shrimps with the average weight of 5.55±0.18 g and length of 8.81±0.15 cm were distributed randomly in 27 ten tones (length: 600 cm, width: 170 cm and height: 100 cm) concrete tanks. Experimental group were fed to satiation 4 times a day the experimental period. The results showed that at dietary protein levels of 35 and 45% and the water salinity of 32-35 ppt the amount of protein, urea, HDL and LDL increased (P≤ 0/05). Cholesterol and triglycerides levels in treatment with dietry protein level of 45% and the salinity of 32-35 ppt had increased. The glucose level of the plasma changed only by the modification of the protein level and had a revers relation with this variable (P≤ 0/05). However, different levels of protein and salinity had no effect on the amount of hemolymph uric acid. So besed biochemical heamolymph parameters on the results of this study, in dietry protein level 35% and salinity of 32-35 ppt and at least stress in the levels.