جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « اسانس » در نشریات گروه « منابع طبیعی »

The Calotropis procera Aiton plant is a valuable and effective medicinal species used to treat various diseases, including as an anti-carminative and for indigestion, as well as for anticancer and anticonvulsant treatments. This species naturally inhabits fragmented habitats in southern Iran, particularly near the coasts of the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea, in the arid and semi-arid regions of Sistan and Baluchistan, Khuzestan, Bushehr, and Hormozgan. On the other hand, due to the discovery of adverse effects caused by chemical drugs, people have turned their attention towards using medicinal plants. The health of agricultural products, especially medicinal plants, has special importance. The symbiosis of plants with mycorrhiza can be lead to improve of the root development and will affect on the absorption of water and nutrients. Aim of this study was investigate the effects of symbiosis between C. procera Aiton. with three different species of mycorrhizal on some phytochemical and antioxidant activity, and content of potassium, phosphorus, and sodium in shoots of C. procera Aiton. This research was conducted in the greenhouse of the Horticultural Science Department, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran. Transplants were cultured in the soil medium in pot condition. This experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with four treatments include inoculation with three different mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus intraradicese, Glomus fasiculatum, and Glomus mosseae) and control (without inoculation) and three replicate.  Meusered indices were assessed 8 weeks after transplanting. Measured parameters include; growth indices such as fresh and dry weight of root and shoot, and phytochemical indices are chlorophyll a and b, Carotenoid, phenol, flavonoid, antioxidant activity, protein, and concentration of potassium, phosphorus, and sodium in shoots. Data were analyzed by ANOVA test using JMP, and means were compared using the LSD test at P˂0.01. The results of variance analysis were shown significant effects of mycorrhizal symbiosis on all investigated indices (P ≤ 0.01). Also, means comparison shows a significant difference between the effects of different mycorrhiza species. The highest content of chlorophyll a and carotenoid was obtained in symbiosis with G. mossae, and the highest content of chlorophyll b existed in symbiosis with G. fasiculatum and G. intraradicese. In this regard, it has been found that mycorrhizal symbiosis leads to an increase in water absorption, and an improvement in the absorption of nutrients by the plant, thereby leading to an increase in chlorophyll synthesis enzymes activity. symbiosis of G. fasiculatum had the highest effects on increasing phenol and antioxidant activity. increase in antioxidant activity leading to strong suppression of reactive oxygen species, which ultimately increases the remedial capability of C. procera Aiton. The highest amount of flavonoid was observed in the condition of symbiosis with G. intraradicese and G. fasiculatum, and the highest content of protein was observed in condition of symbiosis with G. fasiculatum and G. mossae. Symbiosis with the G. intraradicese significantly increased the concentration of potassium and phosphorus in shoots of C. procera Aiton, while symbiosis with G. mossae causes to a significant increase in sodium concentration. Generally, the results of the current study were shown that symbiosis with G. fasiculatum and G. intraradicese are more useful than symbiosis with G. mossae. The symbiosis of plants with mycorrhiza fungi increases the volume and length of their roots, as a result of which the roots have more contact with the soil, and the amount of water and nutrient absorption from the soil increases. results of the current study demonstrate that the phytochemical, antioxidant activity, and concentration of potassium and phosphorus and sodium have differed among extract and shoots related to symbiosis of C. procera Aiton and species of fungi. And symbiosis with G. fasiculatum had the greatest effect in increasing the production of secondary metabolites.

Yarrow as a medicinal plant belongs to the family of Asteraceae that its' essential oils are used in health and pharmaceutical industries. In the present study, in order to evaluate and comparethe quantity and quality of essential oils of flowering shoots and individual plant parts (flowers, leaves and stems), Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch plants were collected in flowering stage from the Qushchi in Urmia in West Azerbaijan province during June 2017. After drying the plant, the essential oils of the organs were carried out using Steam-distilled Clevenger. The Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis was used to analyze the essential oils. The results showed that the different organs differ in terms of percentage and essential oils composition. The highest oil yields were obtained from flowers (0.70%) and flowering shoots (0.62 %), leaves (0.50%), respectively and the lowest oil yield was obtained from stems (0.16%). Totally 22 essential compounds in flowering shoots, 12 essential compounds in flower, 9 essential compounds in leaves and 7 essential compounds in shoots were identified. The compounds of Camphor, Camphene, Borneol, 1.8-Cineole, Beta-Eudesmo, Alpha-Pinene and Caryophyllene oxide were the dominant components of the essential oils of organs. According to the results, the use of flowering branches are recommended for essential oil extraction due to the presence of higher percentages and more essential oil compounds.

Thymus daenensis Celak. is an aromatic species with medicinal properties that is native to the northwest, center, and southwest of Iran. In Iranian traditional medicine, the infusion and decoction of the aerial parts of Thymus species are used to produce tonic, carminative, digestive, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, and expectorant substances, as well as to treat colds. This plant's essential oil contains several active compounds, the most important of which are thymol, paracemen, beta-caryophyllen, carvacrol, and gamma-terpinene. Among the numerous techniques used to increase the production of active compounds in essential oil, bioelicitors are the most acceptable. This study examined the impact of biological elicitors, chitosan and salicylic acid, on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Thymus daenensis. This research was designed in factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications during the 2016-2017 crop year at the institute of agricultural research in University of Zabol.  The first experimental factor was chitosan (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mM) and the second factor was salicylic acid (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mM). Thyme seeds were collected from the natural areas of Hamadan province in autumn 2015 and then was cultivated in December 2016 in 3 Kg pots containing equal parts garden soil, sand, and cow manure. Foliar elicitation was performed in two stages, every seven days, 4 months  after planting (10 cm plant height), at the stage of full bloom. The pigments of photosynthetic organisms were measured using spectrophotometry. The Folin–Ciocalteu and Aluminum chloride methods were used to measure the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, respectively. Using the Diphenyl Picryl Hydrazyl (DPPH) assay, antioxidant activity of extracts was determined. The essential oil was extracted using a clevenger-type apparatus and water distillation for 3 hours. The data were analyzed using SAS statistical software (Ver. 9.1), and the mean of the treatments was compared using Duncan's multiple range test. The effects of chitosan, salicylic acid, and their interactions on morphological and phytochemical parameters were significant. Salicylic acid and chitosan treatment produced the highest levels of fresh weight, dry weight, inflorescence length, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids. The highest total phenol content was found in chitosan and salicylic acid (67.91 mg GA/g DW) (with concentrations of 1 and 1.5 mM, respectively). The greatest amount of total flavonoids (4.79 mg Q/g DW) was obtained when chitosan and salicylic acid were applied together (1.5 and 1 mM, respectively). The combination of chitosan and salicylic acid exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (98.13%) (both of them in 1 mM concentration). In addition, elicitation with salicylic acid (1.5 mM) produced the highest amount of essential oil (1.33 % V/W), a 47% increase compared to the control. The use of these elicitors can improve the yield and quality of Thymus daenensis. According to the findings, foliar application of salicylic acid and chitosan at a concentration 1.5 mM higher than other treatments had a positive effect on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of this plant by stimulating the plant's physiological cycle and photosynthetic pigment synthesis. By increasing vegetative growth, it increased photosynthetic efficiency and the synthesis of secondary metabolites. Given the positive role of biostimulants of salicylic acid and chitosan in achieving a higher quantitative and qualitative yield in thyme, it is recommended that these compounds be used as the best option for achieving sustainable agricultural goals and reducing environmental risks.

Drought stress can limit the growth and yield of plants like peppermint. One way to increase yield and product quality is by using growth stimulants that can increase resistance to stress and accelerate plant development. The role of growth stimulants is to increase resistance to stress and accelerate plant development and growth, especially of roots and leaves. Kitoplus is a growth stimulant that contains chitosan and has been used to reduce the effects of drought stress. Iron also reduces the effects of drought stress by improving gas exchange, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, and reducing transpiration. The use of nano-fertilizers for plant nutrition is a new application of nanotechnology in agriculture. Iron oxide nanoparticles with chitosan coating can provide the necessary elements for plants. This study examined the effect of chitosan-coated iron oxide nanoparticles on mitigating drought stress in peppermint.

To assess the impact of Kitoplus growth stimulant and chitosan-coated iron oxide nanoparticles on peppermint yield, morphology, and essential oil under drought stress, a factorial split-plot experiment was conducted. The experiment had three replications and treatments included three levels of water stress (irrigation in soil moisture depletion of 30, 60, and 90% of field capacity moisture), three concentrations of Kitoplus growth stimulant (0, 0.5, and 1%), and three concentrations of chitosan-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (0, 5 and 10 µM)). Peppermint rhizomes planted in small pots and keeping them in a greenhouse for 20 days before planting in the experimental field. Drought stress and foliar spraying began 20 days after transferring the plants to the field. Soil moisture was measured using hygrometer sensors and irrigation was done when the desired level of soil moisture was reached (90, 60 and 30% soil FC moisture) with an equal volume (400 liters) for each plot separately. Foliar application was performed three times with a 15-day interval. One week after the last spraying, characteristics such as stem diameter, number of nodes, inter-node distance, flower cluster weight, fresh and dry weight of aerial parts, and essential oil percentage were evaluated.

The study found that foliar spraying with Kitoplus growth stimulant and chitosan-coated iron oxide nanoparticles had a positive impact on peppermint yield and quality, especially under drought stress. Drought stress significantly affected the fresh and dry weight and morphology of peppermint. Increasing irrigation, Kitoplus growth stimulant concentration, and chitosan-coated iron oxide nanoparticle concentration improved these attributes. However, high concentrations of Kitoplus growth stimulant and chitosan-coated iron oxide nanoparticles caused a sharp decrease. The ratio of dry to fresh weight was higher in treated plants than in untreated plants under irrigation conditions. The highest ratio of dry to fresh weight (36.08%) was observed in plants treated with 1% Kitoplus growth stimulant and 5 µM chitosan-coated iron oxide nanoparticles under 30% field capacity irrigation conditions. The highest essential oil yield was observed in plants under 90% field capacity irrigation conditions combined with 1% Kitoplus growth stimulant foliar application (1.056 ml per 30 gr of dry tissue).

The study concluded that combined foliar application of 0.5% Kitoplus growth stimulant and 10 μM chitosan-coated iron oxide nanoparticles had a greater impact on peppermint yield and quality, especially under drought stress. This treatment compensated for the negative effects of drought stress. In general, agricultural techniques can increase peppermint yield and essential oil percentage.

Greenhouse cucumber is one of the most importance economic crops in Iran and many countries of the world. Many diseases threaten cucumber, and in other words, this product is always exposed to pathogenic organisms in its living environment, in which fungi and other plant pathogens cause many losses in vegetable and summer fields in Iran and around the world. Destructive diseases that cause significant damage to vegetable and summer crops in fields and greenhouses every year are seedling death disease and plant death disease caused by Phytophthora pseudofungus. The use of plant extracts and essential oils are of great value because so far no resistance to these types of compounds has been observed in pests and diseases, perhaps the reason for this is the presence of various effective compounds in these compounds and considering. The existing problems regarding the use of fungicides, study and research on new and reliable and low-cost methods for the control and management of plant diseases is a necessity for agriculture mangment in the world. In this study, the antifungal effects of denaei thyme essential oil (Zataria multiflora) & two fungicides fusetyl aluminum & metalaxyl-mancozeb were investigated to control the disease of greenhouse cucumber caused by Phytophthora.

In autumn and winter of 2018, sampling of cucumber greenhouses suspected of contamination was done in Garmsar city, Semnan province, Iran. The pathogenicity test of pseudofungal isolates was performed. Cucumber seeds were transferred to pots after germination and having two leaves. In the three- to four-leaf stage of the seedlings, the soil near the crown and roots was removed and the colony causing Phythophthora disease was placed next to the crown. In the control treatment, only pure culture medium without pseudofungi was used. Disease evaluation was done one month later. The test of mixing these three factors (thyme essential oil & two fungicides fosetil aluminum & metalaxyl-mancozeb) was used for laboratory tests. In this research, in addition to the effect of denaei thyme essential oil, fustil aluminum and metalaxyl-mancozeb were also used in five concentrations of 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 ppm on Phytophthora pseudofungus. In order to determine the inhibition percentage of denaeithyme extract. Also,denaei thyme extract was evaluated in different concentrations including 250, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm. In  greenhouse tests including pathogenicity test, evaluation of the mentioned treatments on the symptoms of the disease caused by Phytophthora sp. The activity of peroxidase, catalase & phenylalanine ammonialyase was also investigated. In tirst, the seeds of the cucumber plant after disinfection and cultivation in pots, in the stage of three to four leaves, according to the method of proving pathogenicity, respectively, the pathogen of Phytophthora sp. were inoculated (Gholamnezhad et al., 2016). After 24 hours, 50 ml of denaei thyme extract and the fungicides used in this research were added to the soil around the roots of the plants infected with the pathogen with a concentration of 1500 and 150 ppm, respectively.

The results showed that among the five fungal isolates studied in this study, isolates P1 & P5 caused more disease (78.52 & 62.68%, respectively). In the test of the effect of different treatments in preventing the growth of pathogenic fungal mycelium, a concentration of 60 ppm of metalaxyl-mancozeb fungicide with 96.32% had the highest effect in the control of the pathogen, but also concentration of 5 ppm of fossil aluminum with a rate of 12.30% had the lowest effect. . In present reserch metalaxyl-mancozeb fungicide 150 ppm by 88.60% inhibition of the pathogen and fusitel aluminum fungicide 150 ppm by 79.37% reduction of disease in the greenhouse were the best treatments during study. These results showed that to increase the effectiveness of this essential oil, it is necessary to use a higher concentration of essential oil compared to the chemical compounds studied in this study.

According to the results of this study, thyme essential oil has a high potential both in terms of antifungal power and induction of plant defense mechanisms against plant pathogens. However, the results of parametric analysis as well as analysis of variance showed that, compared to chemical compounds, higher concentrations of plant essential oils should be used to combat this disease.

Animal husbandry is an integral part of agriculture and has a great impact on the national economy. Livestock production is affected by many external and internal factors, and nutrition is an important part of it. Rising prices for agricultural products and feed costs for farm animals have increased the problems of this part of agriculture, and recently studies have focused on new plant-based alternative foods to solve this problem. Medicinal plants are a plausible alternative as they improve a number of vital processes in the animal body. For animal nutritionists, an eco-friendly alternative to enhance production, prevent and treat disease conditions of animal is a great challenge. Keeping livestock healthy is important to achive healthy animal products. The use of natural product like herbs, and medicinal plants are preferred over chemical compounds for improvement of overall animal health and to satisfy consumer concerns as well. Phytogenic additives and their products have a major impact on feed intake, growth, meat, milk and egg production. They also have known to increase the quality and stability of animal products.The advantage of phytogenic complements with active materials in animal nutrition could include the stimulation of appetite and feed intake, improvement of endogenous digestive enzyme secretion, activation of immune response and antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant and antihelminthic actions. The purpose of this article is to investigate the effectiveness, mode of action and commercial application of thymus as a plant feed additive in animal feed.

thyme plants were collected and identified using available references since 30 April 2016 to 11 September 2016. After that, the voucher samples were prepared and their ethno-botanical information was collected. Their flavonoids profiles were determined using 2-dimesional and thin layer chromatography methods. Essential oil compounds were isolated using hydro-distillation method and analyzed by GC-MS to identify their constituents. In these areas, two species of Thymus daenensis and Thymus serpyllum var. squarrosus (with two populations of CEF10a and CEF10b) was observed and recorded. The results of phytochemical studies showed that these species have flavonoid sulfates and flavonoid C & C / O glycosides and no aglycones. 9 types of flavonoid compounds of Thymus daenensis and 7 types of flavonoid compounds of T.serpyllum var. squarrosus, were identified. 27 types of compounds were observed in the essential oil of T. daenensis species. They were including 17 monoterpene compounds, 4 aldehyde compounds, 2 alcohol compounds, 2 alkane compounds, 1 ketone compound and 1 sesquiterpene compound. 29 monoterpenes, sesquiterpene, alken and ketone compounds were observed in the essential oil of T. serpyllum var. squarrosus population (CEF10a) and 19 monoterpenes, sesquiterpene, alcohol and aldehyde compounds were observed in population (CEF10b).

The essential oils of medicinal plants are evaluated and used in the pharmaceutical and food industry based on the amount of active ingredients in them. One of the effective methods for identifying and evaluating essential oils is the electronic nose, which has fewer weaknesses than conventional methods. In this study, an electronic nose system consisting of 8 metal oxide semiconductor sensors was designed to determine the purity of peppermint essential oil. The PCA method was used to reduce the size of the data and identify effective sensors, and the artificial neural network method was used to calculate the accuracy of data classification. Based on the results, the principal component analysis method with two main components PC1 and PC2 was able to explain 82% of the variance of the data. Sensors that had a greater impact on the separation of essential oil purity classes were also identified. The accuracy of data classification in the training and testing stages in the artificial neural network method was 81% and 70%, respectively. Therefore, the proposed electronic nose system based on the mentioned algorithm is a reliable and low-cost tool for qualitative grading of different samples of purity of peppermint essential oil from each other.

Iran is one of the richest sources of medicinal plants in the world due to its high climatic diversity. Cumin is one of the most important and economical medicinal plants of the Umbelliferae family, which has a high distribution in different parts of the country and is one of the most important export plants of Iran. This study was conducted to investigate the quantitative and qualitative diversity of cumin essential oil in Khorasan Razavi province in 2018-2019. For this purpose, seeds were collected from farms in 6 different regions of the province at the harvest time. Seeds were extracted by water distillation for 2 hours. Gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC / MS) devices were used to identify the essential oil compounds and determine their percentage. Nine compounds in the essential oils of Gonabad (N1), Neishabour (N2), Taybad (N3) and Khoshab (N4), 15 compounds in the essential oils of plants in Fariman region (N5) and finally 13 compounds in the essential oils of Dargaz region (N6) were identified. In total, 9 compounds; gamma-terpinene-7-al, cuminaldehyde, terpinene-4-ol, gamma-terpinene, α-phellandrene, p-cymene, sabinene, β-Pinene, α-Pinene were common in cumin essential oil extracted from 6 regions of Khorasan Razavi province. The two compounds cis-dihydrocarvone and (E) -Caryophyllene were identified exclusively in region (N5) with of 0.45% and 0.19%, respectively. α-thujene, α-terpinene, limonene and 1,8-cineol were obtained only from essential oils of (N5) and (N6).

The symbiosis of plants with microorganisms and other living organisms helps maintain and sustain plant species. In this research, the effect of soil mineral elements with colonization and some soil characteristics on the population of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spores in rhizosphere of Chaerophyllum macrospermum in spring and summer season in rangelands of Urmia Soluk waterfall in 2018 was done. The statistical results show that season and station have a significant effect on the amount of AMF spores in the local rhizosphere of the plant. The percentage of mycorrhizal colonization in summer was higher (172.26%) than spring. Also, the number of spores in the soil, the percentage of symbiosis (as root length colonization) and seasonal factor had a significant effect on the essential oil yield of the plant and the highest yield of essential oil was observed in summer. By decreasing the amount of phosphorus in the rhizospheric soil, the colonization percentage was increased. The proper indigenous type of mycorrhiza helps to absorb water, nutrients, potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen of the plant, which has resulted in increased plant life and growth under severe environmental conditions. Considering the importance of mycorrhizal symbiosis and its interaction with soil mineral elements, this information can be effective in the development of cultivation of medicinal plant Chaerophyllum macrospermum.

To investigate the effect of different drying methods on some quantitative and qualitative properties of mint, an experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with three replicates. Treatments included drying in shadow, drying in the sun and drying in the oven at 45 °C, 55 °C and 65 °C. Results showed that the drying method had significant effects on the drying time, essential oil content, microbial level and the colour of dried plant samples, however, it did not have any significant impact on the content of phenolic compounds, mineral elements and components of essential oil. The highest content of oil and the best colour were belonged to the methods of drying in shadow and in the oven at 45 °C; while the best results for the drying time and the microbial levels were obtained from treatments at high temperatures in the oven. Also, the results of the essential oil analysis by gas chromatography indicated that the major components of the mint essential oil are limonene and carvone, which comprise more than 80 percent of the total essential oil in mint.

In order to evaluate the seed and essential oil yield and harvest index of cumin, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design was conducted with three replications, at the research farm of the faculty of agriculture of Urmia University in 2010. Treatments were four irrigation regimes (irrigation after 50, 100, 150 and 200 mm of evaporation from a class A pan) and different amounts of superabsorbent polymer (0, 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 kg/ha). The highest biomass yield (3640 kg/ha), seed yield (1226 kg/ha) and essential oil (36.5 kg/ha) belonged to irrigation after 50 mm of evaporation and 60 kg/ha superabsorbent polymer application. Increasing in irrigation distances to 100, 150 and 200 mm of evaporation needs to 180 and 120 kg/ha polymer to produce maximum yield (biomass and seed), but they were 60 and 300 kg/ha polymer for essential oil yield and harvest index, respectively. The maximum harvest index of seed for irrigation after 100, 150 and 200 mm of evaporation belonged to 180 kg/ha superabsorbent treatment. Application of superabsorbent at irrigation after 50 mm of evaporation (non-stress condition) does not have efficiency for essential oil production compared with the control (without polymer in this irrigation). In conclusion, increasing irrigation intervals from 50 to 200 mm of evaporation from pan lead to reduce the yield (biomass, seed and essential oil), that application of superabsorbent polymer A200 compensate part of this reduction.

In this research, samples of Origanum were collected in areas of Kojour region of northern Iran during the flowering stage on June 2008. The Sampling was conducted in three time intervals: morning, noon and evening. All samples were air-dried in the shade. Extraction carried out by hydro-distillation technique by modified clevenger trap for two different times (2 and 4 hours). Analysis was evaluated by GC and GC-MS apparatus. Based on dry weight of the herb, oil percentage of morning, noon and evening samples were 1.00, 1.11 and 1.01% after 2 hours and 0.92, 0.86 and 0.80% after 4 hours of distillation, respectively. It shows that morning samples have the most essential oil contents. Among 35 identified compounds of the essential oils of this herb, Thymol, γ- Terpinene, 1, 8-Cineole, ß-Cymene and Carvacrol were the major compounds in the first two hours of extraction while after 4 hours of extraction, trans- Caryophyllene, Germacrene D, Bicyclogermacrene and decane were the most important essential oils.

Absenthium, a plant of the compositae family, is a grass which is static and has the height between 40-60 cm and even one meter which grows naturally in the heights of up to 2000 meters. In this study, the flowering twigs of Absenthium were collected from the natural vegetatives in Kojur area of Nowshahr in three time intervals: in the morning (at 6 a.m.), at noon (at 12), and in the afternoon (at 20 p.m.) in khordard, 1387, and then the samples were dried under the shade condition. Then the essential oil was distilled and collected in two different time intervals (two hours and four hours) by the Klonger apparatus and then was injected into GC and GC-mass for the analysis. Based on the dry weight of the plant, the output of the essential oil samples obtained in the morning, at noon and in the afternoon were 0.97%, 1.17%, and 1.12% after two hours, and 0.92%, 1.02%, 0.97% after 4 hours respectively. This shows that the amount of essential oil in the afternoon sample was greater than the other samples. Of the 20 extracted compounds, ß-Thujone, 1,8 Cineole, ß -Pinene, ∂- Phellanderene were the main ones after 2 hours, and 2-Ethyl, 4-Methyl, 1- Phenil, 1,3 Pentadien, Nuciferol , 7-Ethyl, 1,4 Dimethylazulene and Germacrene D were indentified as the major components after 4 hours.