جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « germination » در نشریات گروه « منابع طبیعی »

In order to investigate the effect of planting date on germination characteristics and biochemical activity of seed in different quinoa genotypes, an experiment was conducted in the Research Laboratory of Seed Physiology and Biotechnology of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences at University of Guilan in 2019. The experiment was performed as a split plot in the form of a Randomized Complete Block Design in three replications. The seeds of three genotypes T, R and Q29 were planted on six planting dates: 15 January, 15 February, 15 March, 15 February, 15 May and 15 June in the research farm of Karaj Seedling and Seed Breeding Research Institute. The harvested seeds from the treatments available in the field were transferred to the laboratory in order to investigate seed germination characteristics and vigour, and were measured germination percentage and rate, length and weight of the seedling, length and weight index of the seed vigour, electrical conductivity of the seed solution, and biochemical characteristics of soluble protein content, malondialdehyde content, alpha amylase, catalase and peroxidase enzyme activity. The interaction of two factors was significant on germination percentage, germination rate, number of abnormal seedlings, activity of alpha-amylase, catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase enzymes, soluble protein content, malondialdehyde content and electrical conductivity of seed solution. The three planting dates of 15 January, 15 February, 15 March in Q29 genotype showed the highest percentage, germination rate, alpha-amylase enzyme activity and the highest number of abnormal seedlings.

This research was done in order to find the most effective treatment to break the hardness of Persian camelthorn (Alhagi camelorum) seeds, which is one of the major problems of its cultivation on a large scale. treatments including 98% sulfuric acid (treatments of 25, 30 and 35 minutes) and 100°C hot water (treatments of 30 seconds, 1 and 3 minutes) were performed in comparison with the control. The factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design. The results showed that the populations had significant differences in terms of all traits and the difference between seed hardness treatments and their interaction effects for all traits was significant at the 1% level. The results of the findings show that the presence of the hard shell is a physical barrier and it acts as factors limiting germination by preventing the expansion of the embryo or by limiting water absorption and gas exchange. Therefore, applying a series of seed scratching treatments such as sulfuric acid treatment and 100°C water will improve the germination of the camelthorn seed. Because the use of treatments such as sulfuric acid involves problems such as the risk of working with acid, and also due to the cheapness and availability of water, the lack of special facilities and materials, the harmlessness and simplicity of working with it to stimulate germination and remove hardness, 100 °C water for 30 seconds and placement of seeds in 30 °C germinator is the priority for treating Iranian seeds.

Considering the questions about the reasons for the decline in the quality of corn seeds in Moghan, especially regarding the management of corn cob dryers, this experiment was conducted in order to diagnose the effect of the dryer function on seed quality. For this purpose, 24 samples of corn seed variety 704 were prepared in two stages from nine seed processing stations in 2018. 12 cobs from the shipment were transported from the field and before entering the dryer and 12 dried cobs of the same shipment were randomly registered and tested in the National Seed Quality Laboratory. In addition to laboratory tests, each sample was cultivated in the field in the form of a RCBD in three replications. According to the results there is no significant difference between the sampling time before and after drying. The interaction of processing station and sampling time, except in two stations, did not show any significant difference on seed quality indicators. Based on the results, in the stations with higher output seed quality, the cobs were harvested with a moisture content of 25-29% and aerated at a temperature of 32-35℃ and after reaching the average moisture content of the mass about 20%, the temperature increased to 38℃. According to the results, the dryers function has a minor role in causing damage to seeds and reducing seed quality, and due to the low germination power of seeds produced in farms, other factors including farm management are effective in reducing the quality of corn seeds.

In this research, morphological and biochemical traits of 10 isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria, salt tolerance and the effect of bacteria on germination and seedling growth indicators of sesame cultivars under salt stress were conducted. All isolates were Gram-negative and had positive motility and fluorescent properties. Among the bacteria, P2, P3 and P9 isolates were more capable of solubilizing inorganic phosphorus. The ability to produce siderophore was higher in some isolates and the isolates P1, P2, P3, P8, and P10 showed the highest in vitro salt-tolerance. A factorial experiment including two sesame cultivars, 4 salinity levels and inoculation with 3 isolates was done in the form of a completely randomized design in three replications. Based on the results, the effect of bacteria, salinity, variety and their interaction on the percentage and rate of germination, germination indices, allometric coefficient and seedling length and weight index were significant. Under salt stress, the germination and growth of seedlings significantly decreased but, the pretreatment of sesame seeds with salt-tolerant isolates increased the characteristics related to germination and growth indices of sesame cultivars. The highest effect on all parameters including germination rate belonged to P9. Therefore, P9 isolate can be used to increase the tolerance of sesame to salinity stress.

Satureja khuzistanica is native to Iran, which is used as a vegetable, spice, decoction, and painkiller and disinfectant in traditional medicine, food and pharmaceutical industries, and has antifungal, antimicrobial, and antibacterial properties. This plant has pain-relieving, anti-diabetic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristics, and reduces blood fat and triglycerides. Biochar, called black gold in agriculture, is a carbon-rich organic substance, which is obtained by pyrolyzing biomass or plant residues in the presence or absence of oxygen at 300-1000 ˚C. The material can affect soil physico-chemical characteristics, leading to a change in its biological characteristics and better fertility, and consequently, more plant yield. In addition, biochar results in absorbing and retaining nutrients, raising water holding capacity, increasing cation exchange capacity, improving soil structure, and subsequently providing mineral nutrients (P, Mg2+, Ca2+ and K+) for plants.           

To investigate the impact of pomegranate biochar on the germination, biochemical and growth indices of khuzistanica, an experiment was conducted in the Ecophysiology Laboratory of Medicinal Plants, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute of Shahid Beheshti University of Tehran during 2022. To prepare biochar, the required amount of pomegranate wood (Punica granatum) was collected from the pomegranate orchards located in Saveh region, and then dried, packed in aluminum sheets, and placed in a furnace at 450 ˚C for four h to perform the pyrolysis process. The experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design with three replications. In this study, the effects of biochar treatment at four different levels including 0 (control), 1, 2 and 3 % (w/w) on germination indices, growth indices, leaf relative water content, chlorophyll content and activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes were investigated.

Results showed that the effect of pomegranate biochar on germination percentage, germination speed, mean germination time, seed vigour index, shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, leaf relative water content and chlorophyll a and b content was significant at 1 % probability level, but the effect on activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes was not significant. Based on results, a significant improvement was observed in germination percentage, germination speed, and mean germination time and growth indices with the application of biochar 2 %. The mean comparing results showed that the levels of 1, 2, and 3 % of pomegranate biochar increased the germination percentage. In this study, the lowest (61 %) and highest (88 %) germination percentages were observed in control and biochar 2 %, respectively. Also, the highest germination speed was recorded under application of biochar 2 % (with an average rate of 11.66 seed d-1). The lowest germination speed was observed in control (with an average rate of 6.66 seed d-1). Increasing the level of pomegranate biochar to 2 % decreased the duration of germination, so that the longest germination duration (5.86 d) was for the control and the shortest duration (4.33 d) was for biochar 2 %. The highest germination index (2024.67) was observed in seeds sown in culture trays filled with soil mixed with 2 % pomegranate biochar, and the lowest value (777.13) was observed in the control. The highest length (23 cm), fresh weight (1.05 g) and dry weight (0.124 g) of the shoots were observed in the treatment of 2 % pomegranate biochar, and the lowest values were recorded in control. In the present study, increasing the level of pomegranate biochar up to 2 % increased the root length, but increasing the level of pomegranate biochar up to 3 % decreased root length. The maximum amount of length (7.6 cm), fresh weight (0.31 g) and dry weight (0.034 g) of the root was obtained under the application of 2 % pomegranate biochar, which had a significant increase compared to the control. By increasing the use of pomegranate biochar, the leaf relative water content increased, so that the highest relative water content (80.33 %) was observed with the use of biochar 3 %. The highest levels of chlorophyll a (2.91 mg g-1 FW) and b (0.95 mg g-1 FW) were obtained with the application of biochar 2 %, and the lowest values were for the control.

In conclusion, the use of biochar as an organic fertilizer in the production of khuzistanica medicinal plant, in addition to having a positive effect on the seed germination indices, can lead to improving growth rate and producing stronger seedlings.

In order to determine the cardinal temperature of decayed sugarcane seeds, this study was carried out factorially in a completely randomized design with three replications in Khuzestan University of Agriculture and Natural Resources. The first factor was aging at 5 levels (0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours of decline) and germination temperatures at 7 levels (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 ° C). The results showed that the percentage and speed of germination were affected by the interaction of temperature in the decay so that their highest value was in the temperature range of 20 to 25 ° C and the decay in addition to reducing their amount increased the range of changes of this plant at different temperatures. The highest germination percentage was observed at 20 ° C in undeveloped seeds and 15 to 20 ° C at 24 and 48 h. Estimation of different non-linear models on germination rate also showed that among the evaluated models, the better toothed model was the model for germination of sugarcane seeds at different levels of decay. The germination basal temperature of sugarcane was estimated to be 1 ° C in non-degradable conditions, which increased to 1.8 ° C in 24 hours of decline and decreased again in higher degradations. The optimum germination temperature of this plant was between 20 to 32 at no aging conditions.

In order to study the effect of different levels of drought stress and temperature on seed germination of buckwheat, a factorial experiment was conducted as completely randomized design with three replications. Experimental treatments were included different levels of drought stress (0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6 and -0.8 MPa) and different temperatures (8, 12, 16, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 oC). Results indicated that all models of thermal time, hydro time, and hydrothermal time could predict the germination of buckwheat in temperature and osmotic potential. Basic temperature (Tb) was estimated from -0.98 to 11 oC, optimum temperature (To) from 21.7 to 24.7 oC, and maximum temperature (Tc) from 30 to 41.5 oC, which osmotic potential increased Tb and decrease To and Tc in Buckwheat. Also, increasing temperature enhanced germination rate (decrease θHT from 18 MPa day at 8 oC to 3 MPa day at 35 oC), and decreased stress tolerance due to increasing basic potential (increase ψ50 from -0.927 MPa to 0.043 MPa). According to the hydrothermal time model output, Tb in this plant was about 1.93 oC and at 92 MPa oC day, highest germination rate was recorded and ψTb in this plant in Tb was about -1.31 MPa. Also it was defined that, each of these three models predicted buckwheat seed germination under different temperature and water potential, but hydrothermal time was a general model and we can suggested it.

Plants survive in salinity stress by different mechanisms (Mustafa et al., 2020). Melon is grown in arid and semi-arid regions worldwide especially in where the salinity is a threat. Iran is known as one of major centers of diversity for melon in the world (Pitrat, 2008). There is a wide genetic variation among Iranian native melon landraces. This wide range of diversity can be exploited for increasing drought tolerance in breeding programs. Iran ranks fifth in global melon production (FAOSTAT, 2019). Cultivation of native melons in Iran is offten implemented in the margins of desert areas which have degrees of drought and salinity. Therefore salinity tolerance is known as important factor in melon cropping in Iran. Melon is known as a semi-salt-tolerant plant. Salinity stress causes numerous damages such as irregular growth and developement, metabolic disorders, yield loss and poor flesh quality of Melon. Tolerance of melon genotypes to salinity stress depends on the genetic tolerance of genotypes, environmental factoers like of salinity, and plant growth stage. The most marketable Iranian Melon genotypes are produced in warm and dry weather. According to the classification, Iranian Melon, is one of the plants adapted for semi-saline area (Sobhani & Hamidi, 2014).

This study was carried out in 2019 cropping season in Vegetable Research Center (VRC) of Horticulture Science Research Institute of Iran (HSRI) in factorial were administered in three replications design based on completely randomized block design with six melon genotypes including Durango, Shadegani, Shahabadi, Dargzi, Atashi and Khatouni and five salinity levels including 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 mmol Sodium Chloride. Melon genotypes was planted in the sand in the greenhouse. The sand was washed three times with tap water and sterilized in 120 °C and 1 bar for 30 minutes. Seeds were sown in about 10 L of sterilized sand in plastic pots. Wet weight of oots and shoots were measured and then placed in the oven at 70 °C for 48 hours to measure the dry weight. Genotypes tolerance to salinity was evaluated by the Van-Hoffman index (Mangal & Hooda, 1988). Germination percentage and relative growth in traits in both wet and dry plant organs were analyzed in factorial statistical method using SAS 9.4. Comparing means of the traits were laied out with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. All graphs were drawn using Excel 2013 software.

In 30 mmol of salinity, Dorango, Shadegani, Shahabadi, Dargzi, Atashi and Khatouni genotypes, respectively, and in 60, 90 and 120 mmol salinity Dorango, Shahabadi, Shadegani, Dargzi, Atashi and Khatuni genotypes, have the highest germination percentage respectively. Compared to the control (No salinity). Studying salinity tolerance of studied genotypes in vegetative growth stage showed that in 30 mmol salinity Shadegani, Dorango, Shahabadi, Khatouni, Atashi, Dargzi genotypes, respectively, in 60 mmol salinity Shadegani, Durango, Shahabadi, Khatouni, Dargazi genotypes, respectively. Atashi, at 90 mmol salinity, Shadegani, Durango, Khatouni, Dargzi, Shahabadi, Atashi genotypes, respectively, and at 120 mmol salinity, Shadegani, Durango, Shahabadi, Khatouni, Dargzi, and Atashi genotyopes, respectively. Germination was significantly different in the studied genotypes and decreased with increasing salinity level.

This result confirms the results of the similar researchs. Therefore, it is suggested that the salinity level and the proper genotype for that salinity level must be determined for a high yielding marketable fruit production.

This research was conducted with the aim of finding the magnetic field effect on changes in peroxidase enzyme activity, germination percentage, stem length and root growth of black locust seeds. The seed cultivation was done in 3 treatments (control, 4 millitesla and 8 millitesla) with 3 replications. 100 seeds were planted in each of the treatment containers, the sprouts were placed in the magnetic field for fifteen minutes in ten days and then the sprouts were counted. The rate of growth of root and stem was measured by a ruler and after that extraction was done. The obtained extract was placed in a centrifuge device and the peroxidase enzyme activity was calculated by a spectrophotometer in the light spectrum of 420 nm. LSD test was used to analyze the data. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the samples affected by the magnetic field regarding all four factors (percentage of germination, root and stem lengths (cm) and the enzyme activity level) with the control sample (p<0 /05). This confirmed that the buds created under the influence of the magnetic field had a higher physiological capacity. However, no significant difference was observed between the magnetic field of 4 and 8 millitesla (p>0.05). It is recommended for the germination of black locust species, which is one of the resistant and very important species in terms of physiological ability to create a green space, a magnetic field of 4 millitesla should be used.

In order to evaluate the effect of temperature, drought and priming on the percentage and rate germination of corn seeds, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with four replicates was conducted. Treatments included eight temperature (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 ºC), four drought potential (0, -0.4, -0.8 and -1.2 MPa), and five priming (control, hydroprimin, GA priming, ABA priming and, SA ptiming). Both percentage and rate of germination were inhibited at osmotic potentials ≤−0.8 MPa PEG. At 35 ºC temperature. Germination percentage of unprimed seeds was reduced from 94 to 36% in −1.2 MPa. Under these conditions, gibberellic acid hormone treatment improved seed germination. The effect of temperature on germination can be defined in terms of cardinal temperatures. We compared three non-linear regression models (Dent-like, segmented and beta). The outcome revealed that the Dent-like function was suitable for use in describing seed germination response to temperature. The base, optimum 1, optimum 2 and ceiling temperature were estimated to be 9.51, 24.12, 35 and 44.62 °C, respectively. The response of germination rate to both temperature and water potential can be described as a non-linear function of the hydrothermal model. According to the results of this study, hydropriming, gibberellic acid, and salicylic acid increased the mean deviation of the base temperature compared to non-priming treatment, increasing the standard deviation of the base temperature indicates the ability of seed germination in different osmotic potentials.

In many studies, the medicinal properties and impact of plantago ovata on mechanisms of human physical activities has been proven. So that one of the most useful, effective and harmless herbal laxative. drought is one of the limiting factors and a serious danger for the successful production of crops. An experiment was conducted to study germination characteristics of plantago ovata under water and drought stress conditions at different temperatures. The experiment was conducted at the University of Tehran lab, Karaj, in 2015. Temperatures regimes included 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 °C). For each temperature, the treatment for drought and water stress was four potentials (zero, -4, -8 and -12 bar) with sodium chloride. The effects of drouth stress on seed germination of plantago ovata at different temperatures showed the highest resistance to drought at 20 º C. drouth stress at different temperatures reduced germination parameters nad in the potential -12 germination stopped. Increased temperatures resulted in better conditions for seed germination and increase the drought stress tolerance. Increased severity of drought causes the reduction of temperature range in which the seed can germinate.

IIn order to evaluate the potential of germination and initial seedling growth of soybean seeds fed with zinc oxide nanoparticles, two experiments (in growth chamber and soil) were performed at Shahrekord University in 2020. The treatments in the maternal plant included different compounds of zinc (zinc oxide nanoparticles with sizes of 38, 59 nm and zinc chloride) and different concentrations (0, 50, 100, 200 and 500 mg/kg soil). With increasing the concentration of zinc oxide nanoparticles, especially 38 nm nanoparticles at a concentration of 200 mg/kg, germination percentage and germination rate (67 and 89%, respectively), radicle length and weight (133 and 356%, respectively), plumule length and weight (135 and 103%, respectively) and as a result, seedling vigor index increased (291%). Significant increase in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids (28, 333 and 73%, respectively), plant height (41%), leaf area (66%), shoot weight (167%) of seedlings of soybeans fed with 200 mg/kg ZnO 38-nm was observed but at a concentration of 500 mg/kg of zinc compounds the toxic effects on soybean seedlings was observed. In general, it is concluded that feeding soybean plant with zinc oxide nanoparticles can be very effective in increasing the vigor of produced seed.

In order to investigate the effects of priming with salicylic acid and salinity stress on improvement of germination characteristics, activity of antioxidant enzymes and and membrane lipid peroxidation of wheat cultivar Mihan, an experiment was conducted as factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications in the physiology lab at the Islamic Azad University of Kaleiber Branch in 2018.The treatments consisted of different concentrations of acid salicylic in four levels (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM) and salt stress was inducted by NaCl solution (0, 50 100, 150 mM). The results analysis of variance showed that the effects of salinity and salicylic acid on germination indices and activity of antioxidant enzymes was significant.Results comparison of data showed that NaCl priming by salicylic acid increased the germination percentage, root growth, root, seedling dry weight and decreasing activity of antioxidant enzymes and seed protein content in the salty environment. Salicylic acid increased the level of cell division of seedlings and roots which caused an increase in plant growth. Enzymes activity assay showed that enzyme activity was increased under salt stress conditions and SA reduced activity of antioxidant enzyme by decreasing the salinity effects. In brief, the SA treatment reduced the damaging action of salinity on seedling growth and accelerated a restoration of growth processes. It seems that Salicylic acid as a plant growth regulator under salinity condition, activated plant tolerance mechanisms to salinity condition and decrease damaging effect of salinity on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat.

One of the technologies used to improve seed germination is use of cold plasma. Cold plasma is created at atmospheric pressure or vacuum by using electrical discharge in low pressure gas. In order to investigate the effect of two cold plasma production systems on improving the germination indices of chickpea seeds from Adel, Mansour and Azad cultivars in three plasma exposure times of 0, 30 and 60 seconds, they were studied in a completely randomized factorial design. The results showed that cold plasma treatment by corona method at 30 seconds exposure caused a significant increase in the root length index compared to the control treatment in Adel and Mansur varieties. Also, cold plasma treatment by corona method in 30 seconds of exposure caused improvement in seed vigor in Adel and Mansour varieties, respectively, by 35% and 41% compared to the control and root length in 30 seconds corona treatment in Adel Mansur and Azad varieties, respectively increased by 38%, 42% and 2% compared to the control. On the other hand, in the barrier method, only in the root length index, in Azad variety and in exposure to cold plasma for 60 seconds, 25% increase was observed compared to the control. Therefore a significant positive effect on increasing seed vigor and root length of chickpea varieties tested in cold plasma treatment by corona method compared to the control, while the barrier dielectric method has more uniformity in the treatments than corona method.

This study was conducted to evaluate the health and quality of onion seeds that were submitted to Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute (SPCRI) in 2016-2017 for obtaining a certificate. For this purpose, the germination rate and seed vigor of 9 onion cultivars were evaluated in the seed quality analysis laboratory. Botrytis allii infection was assessed in the second part of onion seed samples based on Blatter method. Third part of onion seeds was cultivated based on a completely randomized block design with 3 replications in two regions (Karaj and Dezfoul) and two years. Gray rot prevalence in field and its effect on seedling emergence and yield was investigated. Results showed that seed germination of different onion cultivars were significantly different from each other. Also, cold and accelerated aging treatment significantly reduced germination of onion seeds. Seeds treated by carboxin thiram fungicide were free of gray rot, but untreated seeds were infected with an average of 1-4% of the causative agent. The level of infection was not related to onion seed germination, seedling field establishment and yield.

In order to investigate the effect of different treatments on dormancy breaking of Prickly scorpions weed (Scorpiurus muricatus L), three separate experiments were conducted in 2021 at Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan with four replications. experimental treatments consisted of immersion in boiling water (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 seconds), immersion in sulfuric acid (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 minutes), scarification and soaking (with scarification+ with soaking, with scarification + non soaking, without scarification +with soaking and without scarification and without soaking). The results of boiling water indicated that with increasing soaking time, germination percentage decreased and the highest germination percentage was observed in 30 seconds (85%). under sulfuric acid application conditions, 34% of seeds germinated in 10 minutes and at other times (20 -70 minutes) maximum germination was observed. The highest germination rate in sulfuric acid treatment was predicted to be 52 minutes. The results of scarification and soaking treatments showed that scarification alone led to an increase in germination percentage (92%) and germination decreased to 56% in soaking conditions with scarification. Immersing seeds in sulfuric acid for 50 minutes, application boiling water for 30 seconds and scarification as a solution to braking dormancy of Prickly can be recommended.

In order to investigate the effect of priming on different aspects of germination of aged pumpkin seeds under drought stress, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with four replications in the laboratory. Treatments included different levels of aging (control, 85% and 75% of control germination), salt stress (0, 75 and 150 Mmol) and priming (control, hydro, gibberellin, GR24, benzyl aminopurine and spermidine). The seeds reached the desired vigor level by accelerated ageing test. Morphological traits were also studied using seedling growth test. Mobility of seed lipid reserves, carbohydrate, number of photosynthetic pigments, photosynthesis, α-amylase and the amount of sodium ions were measured. In the study of germination traits, motility of lipid reserves, carbohydrates, chlorophyll a, photosynthesis and sodium content, salinity stress, seed deterioration and priming led to a significant change in them compared to the control seed. While in the case of shoot and root dry weight, chlorophyll b, and chlorophyll a / b ratio under salinity, seed deterioration and priming, no statistically significant change were compared to the control seed, the greatest effect of gibberellin-related seed priming was observed on germination traits and spermidine on physiological traits.

Seed priming is one of the most effective methods for improving germination and seedling establishment. In order to study the effect of priming on germination of different shapes of Marigold compact petal variety (Calendula officinalis L.), a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in 2014. The germination traits were calculated for different shapes of Marigold seedlings such as germination percentage, germination rate, seedling index, root length and shoot length. The results showed that crescent-shaped seeds exhibited the highest percentage, rate and germination index with 75.51%, 4.48 germination per day and 18.97%, respectively. In addition, the effect of osmo and hydro priming on seeds showed that the highest germination percentage (75.56%) was observed in zero bar of osmo priming and hydro priming of 8 hours. The highest germination rate in the hydro priming treatments was 8 and 16 hours, with values of 3.16 and 3.26 germination per day, respectively. The highest germination index of hydro priming treatments was recorded at 8 and 16 hours with values of 12.22 and 11.75, respectively. Priming action can be effective in reducing the negative effects of various factors during germination and afterwards. Overall, the results of this experiment showed that the use of osmo and hydro priming for the crescent-shaped seeds of Mrigold had the highest germination traits.

One of the methods of priming is biopriming with growth promoting bacteria to increase seed germination and stimulate seedling growth. In this study, different effects of gamma ray on bacteria as mutants, irradiated (wild type) and control bacteria and then their effect on germination and vegetative traits of seeds were investigated. Seeds were selected from the legumes, cereal and garden plants. Experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with 3 replications. The results showed that germination in the seeds had a positive reaction to the bacteria. But bean seeds had different responses to treatments. Reaction of different seeds to mutant and wild bacteria was different. Chickpeas achieved 100% germination with growth-promoting bacteria. Soybeans, flax, mung bean, wheat and lettuce had higher germination rates than controls. In the other measured vegetative traits, the bacteria showed different responses to the bacteria compared to the control and should be carefully studied for their use. But in general it can be said that all seeds increased in most of the traits compared to control and showed a positive reaction.