جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Sustainable development » در نشریات گروه « آبخیزداری، بیابان، محیط زیست، مرتع »

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of green innovation strategies and green information system on green innovation with the mediating role of green organizational identity and environmental organizational legitimacy (Case study: Shazand Arak Petrochemical Company). This research is a descriptive survey based on the applied purpose and also in terms of method. The statistical population includes all managers and employees of Shazand Petrochemical Company of Markazi province (Arak city) were selected by available sampling method. For data collection, standard questionnaires were used. Structural equation modeling and PLS software were used to test the hypotheses and analyze the data. Examining the hypotheses of the data Green Innovation Strategies and Green Information System on Green Innovation and Green Organizational Identity and Environmental Organizational Legitimacy have been proven. The results show that the relationships between all variables of the model are significant and the proposed model is also approved. The research findings also indicate that at the 95% confidence level of green innovation strategies and green information system has a positive and significant effect on green innovation with the mediating role of green organizational identity and environmental organizational legitimacy. The results of testing the hypotheses indicate that the green identity of the organization affects the environmental commitment more than the organizational legitimacy.

Achieving a sustainable approach to human development, which includes avoiding the destruction of habitats and avoiding the extinction of species, requires a better understanding of the options facing humans for development. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the ecological footprint and biological capacity of Razavi Khorasan province. In this study, the carbon footprint, the ecological footprint of agricultural, horticultural, protein, and aquatic products were integrated to calculate the provincial ecological footprint and the amount of biological capacity in different cities were calculated to analyze the biological capacity at the level of this province. The findings show that the ecological footprint of the entire province is 18,020 thousand global hectares. The total biological capacity of different cities also indicates that the biological capacity of the entire province is 14,362,89 thousand hectares. These cases indicate that Khorasan Razavi province needs an area of ​​about 1.25 times its size to reduce the ecological footprint of the population living in it. A more detailed investigation on the relationship between the two parameters of the total ecological footprint and the total biological capacity shows the important points of the current condition of the use of natural resources and the impact of people living in different cities. The results of this research can provide effective knowledge and tools for policy makers and decision makers of planning and land management, which are necessary for managing the existing ecosystems and environmental assets of the Khorasan Razavi province, as well as the pressure on those ecosystems as a result of human activities.

Introduction and Goal:

Due to the current droughts and the sharp drop in ground water reserves in most of the country's plains, aquifer projects have received more and more attention as a suitable solution. The issue of assessing the sustainability of water catchment projects in various environmental, economic, social and particularly institutional dimensions is crucial. In this research, the evaluation of the sustainability of the institutional dimension in the south of Fars province (Iran) has been investigated on a local scale using the social network analysis method.

The evaluation of the sustainability of the institutional dimension in the three aquifer projects of the Katuyeh (Larestan), Kal (Lamard) and Baherstan (Mohr), which were implemented between 2017-2019, was examined through a five-step process. First, the two metrics of trust and cooperation were selected through the consensus of experts and using the classical Delphi method. Second, social relations networks including six topics were established in all three target villages. Third, the relevant questionnaire was designed. The number of completed questionnaires for the villages of Katuyeh, Kal and Behrestan is 25, 60 and 20 respectively (105 in total). In the fourth step, the information obtained from the questionnaires for each village was entered into the UCINET software. Then density and centrality measures (degree and betweenness) were calculated to evaluate two measures of trust and cooperation. Fifth, the two topics of "cooperation of administrations" and "willingness to cooperate with administrations" were determined for the two selection metrics and the stability of these two metrics of cooperation and trust in three villages, respectively.

The results of this research showed that in Katwieh village, the degree of stability for both measures of cooperation and trust was 3.3 (moderate stability). Therefore, the degree of stability in the institutional dimension was estimated to be 3.3 or average stability for Katwieh village. In Kal village, the degree of stability for the two measures of cooperation and trust was 2.7 and 2.3 respectively. Therefore, the degree of stability in the institutional dimension for Kal village was estimated as 2.5 or almost unstable to moderate stability. In Bahristan village, the degree of stability for the two measures of cooperation and trust was 3 and 1.7, respectively. Therefore, the degree of stability in the institutional dimension for Bahristan village was estimated as 2.4 or almost unstable.

Conclusion and Suggestions :

In the three villages of Katoyeh, Kal and Behrestan, the government body of the Natural Resources and Watershed Management Department of the respective city and accordingly the General Department of Natural Resources and Watershed Management of the province on the one hand and the Islamic Council of the said villages as the representatives of the residents on the other hand, were able to establish two-way relations, trust and create mutual cooperation between the parties. Therefore, this issue strengthened the institutional dimension in the sustainability of watershed project development. In order to gain more trust and cooperation of the watershed residents and its continuity in the field of watershed activities, it is suggested that the maintenance of the watershed project plan be entrusted to the local trustees or the Islamic councils of the villages in order to provide a suitable platform for strengthening and continuing participation, cooperation and Provide mutual trust of watershed residents and government institutions in the field of water and soil conservation.

Considering the numerous environmental risks of oil and gas industries, the environmental risk assessment of these activities is considered one of the most important aspects of identifying and providing management solutions to reduce these risks. The current research aims to identify environmental risk aspects and provide practical and preventive solutions to reduce or eliminate environmental effects in offshore drilling rigs located in South Pars region using the method of Environmental Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (EFMEA). In order to evaluate the aspects of environmental risk, the risk priority number was determined based on objective observations, interviews with management, supervisors and employees in drilling rigs, and the degree of risk was calculated using the frequency distribution method. The results of this research showed that the aspects of environmental risk at low, medium, high and very high-risk levels were equal to 3, 3, 13 and 80%, respectively, and after applying control measures, the percentage of risk was equal to 9, 19, 28 and 44 were evaluated. The increase in the percentage of medium to high level environmental risks was due to the significant reduction of very high risks and their placement in these classes. Based on the obtained results, well eruption, leakage, and spreading of chemical substances respectively had the highest risk number in the current study, and by applying control measures, the amount of environmental risk resulting from them was significantly reduced. Based on this, it can be said that the EFMEA method had a high potential to reduce environmental risks.

This research was carried out with the general purpose of developing strategies for the development of friendly (green) businesses in the agricultural sector of Khuzestan province. In this research, the four points of SWOT, i.e. strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat, were investigated using analytical studies and literature, and they were prioritized using the AHP technique. The statistical population of the research was knowledgeable experts and subject specialists in relevant organizations who were purposefully selected for the study. SWOT-AHP technique was used to process information using Expert Choice software. The findings of the research showed that in evaluating the criteria, weaknesses, threats, opportunities, and strengths were assigned the first to fourth priorities, which indicates the predominance of the risky environment over the useful environment. In addition, in prioritizing strategic areas, the results showed that the first strategy WT means defensive strategy (minimum-minimum), the second strategy WO means adaptive strategy (minimum-maximum strategy), the third strategy ST strategy means contingent strategy (maximum-minimum). And finally, the last strategy in the subject under consideration is the SO strategy, that is, the offensive strategy (maximum-maximum).

In the comprehensive and integrated watershed management approach, watershed management has progressed from a mechanical and biological program to a comprehensive and integrated management system, through which we can guarantee human needs for the present and future generations in a reasonable way. Despite the fact that there is no doubt about the effectiveness of most watershed projects, the alignment of these projects with the goals of sustainable development needs to be evaluated.

We used IUCN method to assess sustainability of the watershed management plans in Sistan and Tol Heidari watershed of Jahrom County from 2005 to 2021. The most important strength of this method is simultaneous consideration of human and ecosystem factors. For this purpose, using opinion of experts, we determined criteria and indices in two main categories including ecosystem and human welfare. Finally, we selected three criteria and 15 indices for ecosystem section and four criteria and 13 indices for human section to assess watershed sustainability condition. The sustainability assessment of the watershed was performed with and without weighting the indicators and criteria.

The final score, according to the stability barometer respectively in the first method, was 66.30 before implementation and 71.33 after implementation. In the second method, the final score of 60.64 and 66.66 which indicates an upward trend in the level of stability and increase in the state of stability.

The results of the present study show that the watershed projects carried out in the region have been able to bring about a relative improvement in the ecological and economic-social conditions of the region.

Climate has an important role in agricultural activities and can be examined from two perspectives. First, what locations are suitable for a specific plant, and second, what plants are suitable for a climate. The latter approach is less considered; thus in this study, it has been investigated by introducing a standard method (Sys method). The study area is located in Mako city. Climatic suitability evaluation was performed by numerical (parametric) method using the Maku Synoptic Station data for pistachio, almond, pears, plum, sour cherry and sweet cherry. The findings showed that except for pistachio, with marginally suitable class (S3), other plants were classified as moderately suitable class (S2) but the value of climatic index for each crop was different. The introduced method made it possible to identify the most important effective climatic factors for the cultivation of each plant and determine the most limiting factor in the phenological period. Such findings showed that there is a close relationship between crops, phenological period, climatic characteristic and location. Based on this, the most suitable plant or plant species can be selected for a region, using the phenological period of the plant and climatic characteristics. However, for sustainable development, other components of the land, such as soil and/or topography, should also be evaluated. In general, the introduced approach can be used as an efficient tool, both for choosing the most suitable plants in a climate and for choosing the most suitable place (in terms of climate) for specific plants.

Iran has an area of about 165 million hectares and is located in arid and semi-arid regions. According to the latest data provided by the Natural Resource and Watershed Management Organization, about 110 million hectares of the area of Iran is at risk of desertification. At present, more than 32 million hectares of the country's deserts are more than 32 million hectares, of which over 5.7 million hectares are highly exposed to wind erosion and are considered as dust storm sources. In general, desertification refers to the development in which natural resource areas are confronted with intensification of soil erosion, a reduction of fertility, and exit from the production area. Iran is one of the countries in the world where the desertification rate is high. In order to seriously deal with the phenomenon of desertification and implement desertification plans, desertification activities should be considered as economic activities, while creating a context for the return of investments, it follows the cooperation and participation of the people. A research project was defined and implemented in the Research Institute of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute with the aim of applying and developing successful model/models of dealing with desertification and the economic development of desert areas in Iran and the world. In this plan, the most successful models implemented in the world were examined and finally, the economic desertification plan of the Kubuqi desert in Inner Mongolia, which has been successfully implemented in China, was chosen as a model to be examined in some desert of Iran. However, it is not possible to use a single method for all desert areas. Due to the diversity of deserts, including factors of desertification and resource capacity, the use of experience and executive components of successful plans should be customized for the target area. The success of the Kubuqi model, which has been carefully examined in the analysis of management processes, attracts private investors and people’s participation. On the basis of the analysis results, Reza Abad village in Biarjmand city, Shahroud district, Semnan Province was selected as a pilot region to conduct preliminary studies and provide a development model for desert reclamation, which will be discussed in this paper.

Nowadays, the severe degradation of the environment and the reduction of the performance of watersheds are very important in order to respond to the various demands of human societies. In the meantime, in order to deal with these threats, the use of the approach of integrated management of watersheds as an infrastructure and acceptable management principles in the world community and based on conceptual and mental models has a special emphasis. The SWOT analysis has structural features and suitable flexibility that has a wide range of capabilities in managing different ecosystems. In the SWOT analytical model, strategies are formulated to maximize strengths and opportunities and minimize weaknesses and threats. Therefore, in this research, an attempt was made to evaluate the impact of various anthropogenic and natural factors on the status of Mikhsaz Watershed with the SWOT approach.

The Mikhsaz Watershed with an area of ​​11191.1 hectares is located in the west of Mazandaran Province and in Nowshahr City, Kajur district and Zanus Rostaq village. In terms of elevation changes, the lowest height is 1374.7 meters above sea level located at the outlet of the watershed and the highest is 3689 meters located in the southern. The average amount of annual precipitation in the Mikhsaz Watershed is 427.8 mm and the average annual temperature is 10.53 degrees celsius. SWOT analysis is one of the most efficient methods of strategic management which can be used for beneficial results in different study watersheds, analysis of local capacities and generally in order to achieve the goals of integrated development planning studies in economic, social, cultural and physical. The first step in strategic management is the establishment of the SWOT matrix. The SWOT matrix, considering the conditions, internal and external factors governing in a system that provides a good basis for developing approaches. In order to present the strategy in the framework of this approach, four types of strategies have been used, including competitive-offensive, diversity, revision and defensive. In order to provide any type of strategy, two or more components of the existing factors that cover each other or are related were considered. Then, in direction of these combined factors, the best strategies for the study area were determined and finally the factors were ranked. In the execution of SWAT strategies, by using the internal strengths, it is possible to make maximum benefit of external opportunities.

Two factors of income reliance on different sectors (livestock-agriculture-services) and climatic diversity (rainfall and temperature) in the watershed with a weighted score of 0.23 are usually the most important among the strengths. In the weaknesses, the factor of inadequacy of property compared to family members has been identified as the most important weakness of the watershed with a weighted score of 0.63. Two factors of the possibility of reviving handicrafts and nature suitability for tourism with a common score of 0.3, were the most important opportunities in the watershed. In this watershed, the possibility of spring floods caused by melting snow with a score of 0.2 and early and late cold temperatures with a score of 0.18 are among the most important threats. Therefore, internal factors with a score of 3.54 have a greater effect on improving the situation of Mekhsaz Watershed than external factors with a score of 2.89.

In this research, the impact of natural and anthropogenic factors on the management of Mekhsaz Watershed in Mazandaran Province was evaluated and measured using the SWOT model. The results showed that in the Mekhsaz Watershed, income reliance on different sectors and climatic diversity are the most important strengths and lack of property compared to the family members is the most important weakness. The prioritization of the region's strategies also indicates that the strategy of reducing the destruction of resources and modification of the livelihood pattern are ranked first and second with the scores of 2.21 and 2.19, respectively.

The role of sustainable development in society is widely acknowledged, emphasizing the importance of proper investment, particularly in social capital, which thrives on trust and collaboration. This study employs social network analysis to assess the impact of an empowerment project on local communities in Ghaleganj County, analyzing social effectiveness before and after project implementation.

The study utilizes social network analysis to assess the performance of the local community empowerment project in Ghaleganj County. Social network positions were analyzed before the establishment of rural microcredit funds and after the project's implementation. Key social network indicators such as Density, Reciprocity, Transitivity, and Geodesic Distance were examined. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire administered to 164 members of local microcredit funds in Azadshahr, Aliabad, and Zirabad villages, employing a full network method.

The density index increased in all studied villages for both trust and collaboration ties after the empowerment project, with the highest density observed in Zirabad village (95.08%). Reciprocity index also increased post-project implementation, indicating enhanced bilateral and mutual relations in trust and collaboration bonds, leading to increased social capital and participation in rural development funds. The study revealed a medium level of social capital before the project, which increased significantly with the establishment of microcredit funds.

The study concludes that increased social capital enhances adherence to norms, fosters a sense of belonging, and encourages responsibility among villagers. The formation of a microcredit fund and associated social structures in the village have positively impacted trust, collaboration, and empowerment. Membership in a social network enhances communication, influences trust in knowledge sources, and ultimately contributes to the empowerment of villagers.

Land use changes in countries like Iran, which is facing space limitations, should be thoughtful and in accordance with proper planning, just like water consumption. On the other hand, the inherent dynamism of human beings and their needs has made the way and extent of land use change over time. Therefore, the aim of this research is the dynamic modeling of land use changes based on the human-environmental system in Taleghan watershed. For this purpose, land use maps for the years 1994, 1999, 2002, 2009, 2014, 2019 were classified into six classes of pasture, forest, agricultural land, barren land, residential land, and water using Landsat satellite time series images. After the validation of the maps and the detection of changes, under the three scenarios of current economic growth, rapid economic growth and sustainable development, simulation was carried out until 1435 using dynamic system modeling. The results of detecting land use changes during the period show that the trend of changes in agricultural lands, pastures, forests, has been decreasing, and barren lands and residential areas have always had an increasing trend during the survey period. The results of the simulation show that among the three scenarios examined, the sustainable development scenario of coordination between the amount of land utilization and meeting the needs of the community and economic growth has been acceptable. Therefore, it can be concluded that the sustainable development scenario is an important basis for land use planning in the coming years in order to reduce the destruction of natural resources and maintain a stable state in it, and this scenario will bring favorable economic growth in the future.

Ever-increasing of population, global warming, and other natural disasters such as droughts and floods have led to a significant decline in health and ecosystem services. It further improves the necessity of planning and providing management measures for the tendency of watersheds towards optimal health, providing sustainable services, and avoiding critical conditions. However, due to the different conditions of the watersheds resulting from the prevailing conditions and their different resilience levels against the pressures, the elasticity of the watersheds to tend towards a relatively stable state is different. It accordingly is necessary to know the elasticity of watersheds to prioritize actions aimed at increasing the watershed health and ecosystem services. However, it was determined by reviewing the studies, until now, the conceptualization and modeling of the watersheds elasticity range in terms of watershed health and cultural, regulatory, provisioning, and supportive services have not been addressed yet. Therefore, in the present study, the management approach of the watershed elasticity domain and its importance and benefits in integrated watershed management are presented. Based on this, a framework for estimating the elasticity of watershed can be determined and a suitable model for explaining appropriate management practices to achieve sustainable development can be provided to local, regional, and national managers.

Rangelands and forest lands are crucial components of natural resources, and their preservation is essential for the survival of human societies. The improper use of land can lead to the devaluation and destruction of these resources, resulting in a decrease in the income of users. Hence, sustainable development and optimal use of natural resources are necessary for future generations. This study aims to develop an optimal utilization model that considers income maximization in rangelands in North Khorasan province.

The study was conducted in Dasht rangelands of Garmeh city in North Khorasan province. The required information was collected through face-to-face interviews with beneficiaries, and several representative beneficiaries were selected based on their available capital. The optimal combination of income sources for each representative was determined using a linear programming model. The planning model used in this study was a linear programming model that considered three decision variables related to the share allocated to each utilization (livestock grazing, apiculture, and medicinal plant breeding). The restrictions included capital, labor, and water. The goal was to maximize the household's net income. The model was solved using LINDO software, and linear programming patterns were implemented for all representative beneficiaries of Dasht rangelands.

The optimal patterns of utilization showed an increase in apiculture activity and a decrease in livestock grazing compared to the current patterns used by the representative beneficiaries. The efficiency of the optimal model increased by a significant percentage compared to the current model for all representative beneficiaries. The results indicated that apiculture activity provided the highest profit for all representative beneficiaries.

The study concluded that optimal utilization of rangelands and its optimization are crucial for income maximization. The results showed that apiculture activity should be considered as a significant income source. The study highlights the importance of sustainable development and optimal use of natural resources without damaging them for future generations.

Several factors contribute to negative changes in the quality and quantity of pastures, leading to soil and vegetation degradation, reduced farmers' income, destructive floods, migration of villagers and nomads to urban areas, and rural poverty. One significant factor among these is rangeland management. Recognizing the importance of effective rangeland management, this research aims to analyze the factors influencing rangeland management in Kermanshah province.

This study adopts a descriptive-analytical research approach. The statistical population comprises managers and experts from the General Directorate of Natural Resources and Watershed Management of Kermanshah province. A sample of 31 individuals was randomly selected, and questionnaires were administered to them. Ultimately, 28 completed questionnaires were returned. The data collection tool was a questionnaire designed based on field research and individual interviews with experts and managers of the General Directorate of Natural Resources and Watershed Management of Kermanshah province. The questionnaire consisted of two parts: the first part collected personal characteristics of respondents, including gender, age, education level, occupation, number of households, and income. The second part focused on pasture management and utilized a five-level Likert scale. Structural equation modeling was employed for data analysis. The questionnaire's formal and content validity were confirmed through the input of professors from Razi University of Kermanshah and subject matter experts, with necessary revisions made in multiple stages. Reliability of the measurement tool was assessed using Cronbach's alpha method.

The results revealed that among the five factors affecting pasture management, rules and regulations explained the highest proportion of variation, while man-made problems contributed the least. The average variance extracted (AVE) for the planning index was 0.766, man-made problems index was 0.711, rules and regulations index was 0.799, individual skill index was 0.526, and monitoring index was 0.626, indicating convergent validity. The combined reliability (CR) coefficient for the planning index was 0.755, man-made problems index was 0.737, rules and regulations index was 0.802, individual skill index was 0.514, and monitoring index was 0.526, indicating adequate reliability. Indirect effects on rangeland management were found to be most significant for multi-level program goals, inappropriate exploitation practices by farmers, unprincipled and unscientific agricultural methods, improper plowing techniques, inadequate mechanization, lack of deterrence and implementation guarantees in rangeland evaluation laws, and insufficient comprehensive management supervision throughout the cycle. Conversely, variables such as managers' low acceptance of planning and people's lack of knowledge and awareness regarding proper pasture use had the least impact.

The results highlight the importance of planning indicators (0.30), man-made problems (0.18), rules and regulations (0.66), individual skill (0.46), and supervision (0.22) in explaining factor loadings. Effective policies and management measures need to be designed to steer pasture conditions towards improvement. Achieving this objective requires a deep understanding of how managers make decisions, plan, and implement strategies.

Today, watersheds are facing various environmental issues. Factors such as weak organization in government sectors, lack of appropriate management structures, disregard for factors threatening international peace and security as well as climate change, rights governing soil and water protection, set of laws governing forests and pastures, weakness in agricultural activities and not paying attention to the right of animals prevent watersheds from achieving sustainable development. On the other hand, the lack or defect in the laws related to environmental justice has aggravated these tensions. Therefore, the current research has been compiled by examining the laws related to environmental justice at the national and international levels, in order to identify the weak points in the laws, in order to estimate the needs of the people without harming the needs of future generations in a descriptive-analytical method. The results of the research showed that the only way to improve the disordered state of watersheds in the world is to spread the shade of empathy between different countries based on environmental protection through the amendment of laws and principled management based on maintaining respect for the environment and its elements. From the results, it is also recommended to establish activities related to sustainable development based on the common relationships of physical-social and cultural aspects of humans with other components of nature.

In the last two decades, the concept of social capital has been emphasized through its connection with the basic social components, including awareness, participation, trust, cohesion and social network, in the direction of the sustainable development of societies, especially local societies; Therefore, to achieve sustainable local development, having social capital is essential. Considering the importance of this issue and relying on numerous problems and deficiencies at the level of villages in dry areas, this article analyzes the dynamics of social capital in the establishment of local sustainable development in the dry area of southern Kerman based on the method of social network analysis in two periods before and after. It has implemented the community-oriented project of empowering local communities in three villages of Gaubnan, Chahan and Chah Nasir of Qalaganj city. First, by completing the questionnaire and direct interview with the local stakeholders (the heads of the rural microcredit fund), the required data was collected. Then, outgroup social capital was investigated based on trust and participation links using quantitative and mathematical indicators of the macro level of the network (density index and E-I). The results show the increase of density index and improvement of out-group relations in the stage after the implementation of the project and strengthening the amount of out-gro, to realize rich outgroup social capital in this society, because the social dimension of development It is not possible to be sustainable without taking into account the social capital and the participation of that area.

Rangelands are one of the most important renewable resources that play a vital role in the preservation and sustainability of the environment, water and soil resources, and livelihood security for rural communities. However, overgrazing has led to severe soil erosion on many rangelands in recent years. An important strategy for rangeland conservation, which has received less attention in previous research, is to change rancher behavior in a pro-environmental direction. Therefore, this study focused on determining the factors that influence ranchers' use of rangeland conservation behaviors (RCB) in western Iran. Therefore, this study was conducted with the general aim of the role of social capital on rangeland conservation behavior among ranchers. The study statistical population consisted of all ranchers in the Saral district of Kurdistan province (Western Iran) who were selected through a multistage stratified sampling procedure with appropriate allocation. The main research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The results of this study showed that the studied ranchers do not perform rangeland conservation behaviors well and in addition, the results of regression analysis showed that the dimensions of social capital (social norm, social awareness, collective action, social cohesion, social trust) are able Explains 65.2% of rangeland conservation behavior. In this regard, policymakers in this field are suggested to prevent its excessive destruction by forming cooperatives and holding training courses in the field of rangeland protection.

The water shortage crisis that is sweeping the globe today has posed serious harm and threat to people around the world. Meanwhile, Iran is one of the water-scarce countries due to its location in the arid and semi-arid belt and fluctuations in rainfall. The water status in most of its regions is in a state of tension and sometimes crisis. The pervasive nature of water and the existence of numerous human and environmental factors affecting its reliability have greatly complicated the interactions between the human-environmental dimensions. Therefore, the study of these complex environmental systems that are affected by human actions is a major scientific challenge. This challenge must bridge the gap between the natural sciences and the social sciences and dominate modeling at different scales. Therefore, there is a need to integrate knowledge from the natural and social sciences. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to analyze the water crisis and the concept of water security by presenting a framework for Human-Environment System (HES) interactions in the Neishabur Plain watershed. In this regard, first, the process of changing the water issue in the Neishabur Plain watershed during 2011-2020 was investigated, and then, according to the identification of the prevailing situation in the watershed, considering the influence of various human and natural factors in the current crisis, to identify the main factors affecting the occurrence of the crisis and determining how they interact and feedback for a comprehensive analysis of the water crisis and the consequences of this water shortage in the region. The results of the investigation of the water issue in the area generally show a decrease in precipitation, warming of the air, increase in evaporation and transpiration, dryness, and more dehydration. This is while the largest volume of water harvesting in the basin (ca. 450 million m3 in the 2019-2020 water year) is also dedicated to the agricultural sector. In addition, the results show that understanding the hierarchical levels of environmental awareness and ultimately learning and practice based on key components and interactions identified by the HES framework, facilitates the analysis of system complexity.

Transportation is one of the main aspects of urban life, and organizing transportation is one of the basic needs of a healthy city. Dealing with sustainable development in transportation is very important due to human's basic concerns in the field of loss of resources, environmental pollution, and dangerous phenomena such as global warming, greenhouse effect, and air inversion. In this regard, the present study was prepared with the aim of evaluating the sustainable management of intra-city transportation with the approach of environmental sustainability. The research method is analytical-descriptive and the data was collected through library and field studies. The components of the research include economic, social, environmental-ecological, and functional-physical, which have been operationalized in the form of a survey questionnaire. Descriptive statistics (frequency distribution, mean, standard deviation, and dispersion coefficient) and inferential statistics (one-sample T-test) were used to analyze the data. The statistical population is the total population of the citizens of District 12 of Tehran municipality (240,720 people), and a sample of 400 people was randomly questioned. The average of the sustainable management variable of intra-city transportation is 2.96 with a stable level, the average of the economic component is 3.31 with a semi-stable level, the average of the social component is 3.01 with a semi-stable level, the average of the environmental-ecological component is 2.49 with an unstable level, and finally, the average of the physical component is 2.8 performance has been evaluated as a semi-stable level. Also, the results in the inferential part indicate that the sustainable management of intra-city transportation in the economic and physical-functional components is not in line with the sustainability of the urban environment and the social and environmental-ecological components are not in line with the sustainability of the urban environment. The sustainable management of transportation in the 12th district of the Tehran metropolis is not in line with the sustainability of the urban environment. In this regard, the suggestions presented in this research can be effective in the decision-making of urban transportation management to achieve environmentally sustainable transportation.

Given Iran's location in the dry belt of the world and the lack of a comprehensive and accurate assessment of water security in the country, the study of variability in this category as one of the important dimensions of national security to develop appropriate management models seems important and inevitable. The present study aims to investigate and evaluate the water security in the large watershed of Central Plateau due to its large size and high population in terms of eight important sub-indicators including per capita renewable water resources, the intensity of water use, water productivity, investment in water infrastructure, water quality, access to drinking water and water pollution management, green cover changes and changes in large water bodies were established and implemented over a 20-years with 5-year intervals (1996 to 2016). The calculated values ​​for water security are 0.356, 0.330, 0.363, 0.291, and 0.291 respectively for 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011, and 2016 and the average during the twenty years of research was 0.326 units. The results also show that per capita renewable water resources and index of water use have the greatest impact on water security based on the prioritization of factors affecting water security. It is necessary to establish sustainable management of water resources while taking into account political, social, and economic requirements and paying attention to the issue of water security by the executive and legislative bodies in order to promote national security to establish a proper balance in the use of water resources and water security and Consequently, national security will be improved.